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Nutr 302 > MicroMinerals > Flashcards

MicroMinerals Flashcards

1
Q

Microminerals definition

A

<0.01% of body weight
* <100 mg/d

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2
Q

Microminerals with RDA established

A
  • Iron
  • Zinc
  • Copper
  • Iodine
  • Selenium
  • Molybdenum
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3
Q

List of microminerals

A

Iron
Zince
Copper
Selenium
Chromium
Iodine
Manganese
Molybdenum
Fluoride

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4
Q

Ultra trace elements

A

nikel
silicon
vanadium
arsenic
boron
cobalt

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5
Q

Iron sources heme iron?

A

MFP

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6
Q

iron sources nonheme iron

A

whole grains
dark leafy greens
nuts
legumes
MFP

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7
Q

form of iron and absorption %

A

heme- 24%
nonheme- Ferrous best

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8
Q

Iron Absorption increased by

A
  • Vitamin C- Maintains, reduces iron in ferrous form
  • MFP- Cysteine peptides Help with absorption of nonheme iron
  • Acids- Citrate, lactate
  • Lactoferrin in human milk
  • Fructose
  • Low iron status
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9
Q

iron absorption decreased by

A
  • Phytates- Whole grains, beans, nuts
  • Oxalates- Spinach, chard, beets, almonds, bran
  • Tannins- Polyphenols in coffee and tea
  • Calcium and phosphates
  • Zinc and manganese
  • High pH
  • EDTA
  • High iron status
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10
Q

Essential functional iron

A
  • Hemoglobin- Oxygen-carrying protein of RBCs
  • Myoglobin- Oxygen-storing/transport protein of
    muscles
  • Heme-containing compounds- Cytochromes, catalase, peroxidase
  • Transferrin- Iron transport protein
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11
Q

iron nonessentail storage

A
  • Ferritin- Iron storage protein, Liver, spleen, bone marrow
  • Hemosiderin- Breakdown form of ferritin
    (insoluble, Stored mainly in liver, iron overload: hemosiderin > ferritin
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12
Q

iron function

A
  • Oxygen storage and transport- Hemoglobin: loosely binds O2 and CO2 for transport between lungs and tissues/cells. - Myoglobin – oxygen transport/storage in muscle
  • Cytochromes- Oxygen and electron transport in ETS
  • Heme-containing enzymes:
  • Peroxidase - oxidizing enzyme
  • Catalase - coverts hydrogen peroxide to water & oxygen preventing oxidation
  • Tryptophan dioxygenase - conversion of tryptophan to niacin
  • Aconitase - coverts citrate to isocitrate in Kreb’s cycle
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13
Q

iron assessment

A
  • Hemoglobin
  • Hematocrit
  • Packed RBC volume
  • Affected by hydration
  • Serum iron
  • Fe bound to transferrin
  • TIBC
  • Fe that can be bound to transferrin
  • %Tsat
  • Serum Fe/TIBC x 100
  • Serum ferritin
  • Affected by inflammation, infection
  • Erythrocyte protoporphyrin
  • Precursor of heme
  • MCV – RBC volume
  • Hct/RBC count
  • MCH – Hgb content
  • Hgb/RBC count
  • MCHC – Hgb concentration
  • Hgb/Hct
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14
Q

iron deficiency

A

Stage 1: Storage iron depletion
Stage 2: Iron Deficiency Erythropoeisis
Stage 3: Iron Deficiency Anemia

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15
Q

Stage 1: Storage iron depletion

A
  • stores in liver, spleen, bone marrow
  • Not a functional problem
  • dec serum ferritin
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16
Q

Stage 2: Iron Deficiency Erythropoeisis

A
  • dec serum ferritin
  • dec supply of iron to erythroid marrow
  • dec %Tsat ( dec serum Fe, inc TIBC)
  • erythrocyte protoporphyrin
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17
Q

Stage 3: Iron Deficiency Anemia

A
  • Microcytic – small RBCs
  • MCV
  • Hypochromic – pale colored RBCs
  • MCH/MCHC
  • dec serum ferritin
  • dec supply of iron to erythroid marrow
  • dec %Tsat ( dec serum Fe, inc TIBC)
  • erythrocyte protoporphyrin
  • dec Hgb
  • dec Hct
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18
Q

iron deficiency at risk

A
  • Chronic blood loss
  • Menstruating women
  • Frequent blood donations
  • Hemorrhage/GI bleed
  • Pregnant women
  • inc blood volume
  • Demands of fetus/placenta
  • Infants, children, adolescents
  • dec intake
  • Growth spurts
  • Vegetarians/vegans
    *dec intake
  • decabsorption
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19
Q

iron def symptoms

A
  • Pallor
  • Fatigue
  • inc HR, rapid breathing
  • dec athletic performance and work capacity
  • Brittle, spoon-shaped nails
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20
Q

iron toxicity

A
  • Constipation
  • Hemosiderosis
  • Fe overload without tissue damage
  • Hemochromatosis
  • Genetic disorder
  • Fe overload with tissue damage
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21
Q

zinc sources

A
  • MFP
  • Red meat, organ meat
  • Oysters, mollusks
  • Dairy
  • Whole grains
  • Legumes
  • Green leafy and root vegetables
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22
Q

Zinc absorption and transport

A
  • Stored in intestinal cell as
    metallothionein and transported by
    albumin
  • Absorption ↓ by same factors as iron
  • Phytates
  • Oxalates
  • Polyphenols
  • High Zn status
  • Folate and Calcium may ↓ absorption
  • Iron supplements may ↓ absorption
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23
Q

Zinc functions

A
  • Cofactor for metalloenzymes
  • Protein and nucleic acid
    synthesis
  • Zinc fingers
  • Structural role for some
    hormones
  • Taste acuity
  • Immunity
  • Wound healing
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24
Q

Zinc deficiency symptoms

A
  • Growth retardation
  • Impaired sexual maturity
  • Skin lesions/ ↓ wound healing
  • Dysgeusia
  • Bone abnormalities
  • Alopecia
  • Impaired immunity
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25
Q

Zinc deficiency at risk

A
  • Diarrhea
  • Burns
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26
Q

Zinc toxicity

A
  • Metallic taste
  • Copper deficiency
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27
Q

Zinx assessment

A
  • Serum zinc
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28
Q

Copper sources

A
  • Organ meats
  • Shellfish
  • Nuts
  • Seeds
  • Legumes
  • Dried fruits
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29
Q

Copper absorption and transport

A
  • ↑ absorption:
  • Amino acids
  • Organic acids
  • ↓ absorption:
  • Phytates
  • Zinc
  • Vitamin C
  • High pH
  • Carrier in blood is protein
    ceruloplasmin
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30
Q

copper functions

A
  • Metalloenzymes
  • Superoxide dismutase
  • Other oxidase enzymes
  • Tyrosine metabolism
  • Dopamine
  • Norepinephrine
  • Melanin
  • Connective tissue/bone formation
  • Lysyl oxidase
  • Iron metabolism
  • Immune function
31
Q

copper deficiency symptoms

A
  • Hypochromic microcytic anemia
  • Impaired immune function
  • Neutropenia
  • Leukopenia
  • Disturbances in bone formation
  • Cardiovascular dysfunction
32
Q

copper at risk

A
  • High Zn intake
  • Antacids
33
Q

Copper toxicity

A
  • Wilson’s disease
  • Accumulation of copper in vital
    organs
  • Treat with Zn supplements
34
Q

Copper assessment

A
  • Serum copper
  • Ceruloplasmin concentration
    and activity
  • SOD activity
35
Q

Selenium sources animal

A
  • Seafood depends on mercury
    concentration
36
Q

Selenium soources plant

A
  • Content depends on soil
    concentration
  • Brazil nuts = richest known source
  • Wheat, broccoli and kale
    hyperaccumulate Se from soil
37
Q

selenium functions

A
  • Glutathione peroxidase function
  • Iodine metabolism and thyroid
    hormone production
  • Iodothyronine 5’-deiodinase
  • Conversion of thyroxin (T4) to
    triiodothyronine (T3)
  • Thioredoxin reductasem,
38
Q

selenium deficincy

A
  • Keshan disease
  • Cardiomyopathy
  • Kashin-Beck’s disease
  • Osteoarthropathy
  • Poor growth
  • ↓ antioxidant activity
39
Q

slenium toxiciy

A
  • Brittle nails
  • Hair loss
40
Q

selenium Assess

A
  • Plasma concentrations
  • Glutathione peroxidase activity
41
Q

chromium sources

A
  • MFP
  • Organ meats
  • Whole grains
  • Cheese
  • Peanuts
  • Mushrooms
  • Broccoli
  • Beer
42
Q

chromium absorption inc

A

↑ by:
* Picolinate
* Vitamin C
* Stainless steel cookware

43
Q

chromium abs dec

A

↓ by:
* High pH
* Phytates
* Refined sugars and food processing
in general

44
Q

chromium function

A
  • Cofactor for insulin
  • Part of glucose tolerance factor
  • Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) function
45
Q

chromium deffienceny

A
  • Impaired glucose tolerance
  • Abnormal blood lipids
  • At risk: antacid users
46
Q

chromium assessment

A
  • No specific tests to determine
    status
  • No UL
47
Q

chromium supplement

A
  • Chromium chloride
  • Chromium nicotinate
  • Chromium picolinate
  • High-chromium yeast
48
Q

iodine sources

A
  • Iodized salt
  • Seafood
49
Q

iodine function

A
  • Synthesis of thyroid hormones
50
Q

iondine def

A
  • Goiter
  • Goitrogens
  • Hypothyroidism
51
Q

manganese aources

A
  • Whole grains
  • Legumes
  • Nuts
  • Leafy vegetables
52
Q

manganese func

A
  • Normal brain function
  • Normal bone growth
  • Metabolism
  • Antioxidant function
53
Q

manganese tox

A
  • Neurological problems
53
Q

molybdenum sources

A
  • MFP
  • Legumes
  • Grains
54
Q

molybdenum function

A
  • Cofactor for oxidation and
    reduction reactions
  • Nucleic acid metabolism
  • Sulfur metabolism
55
Q

fluoride sources

A
  • Fluoridated water
  • Fish with bones
  • Tea
56
Q

fluoride func

A
  • Maintenance of bones and teeth
57
Q

floride def

A
  • Dental caries, osteoporosis
58
Q

fluoride tox

A

Fluorosis- change toohth enamel

59
Q

nickel sources

A
  • Nuts
  • Legumes
  • Grains
  • Cocoa
60
Q

nickel

A

Enzyme activity

61
Q

silicon sources

A
  • Whole grains
  • Root vegetables
  • Beer
  • Gas-X
62
Q

silicon function

A
  • Collagen/bone/cartilage formation
63
Q

vanadium sources

A
  • Shellfish
  • Spinach
  • Pepper
  • Mushrooms
64
Q

function vanadium

A

Mimics insulin

65
Q

arsenic sources

A
  • Seafood
66
Q

arsenic def

A
  • Impaired growth/reproduction
67
Q

arsenic tox

A
  • Depends on form
68
Q

boron source

A
  • F/V
  • Nuts
  • Legumes
  • Alcoholic beverages
  • Prunes
69
Q

boron func

A
  • Bone structure
70
Q

cobalt

A
  • Part of vitamin B12
71
Q

aluminum sources

A
  • Baking powder
  • Antacids
  • Cookware
  • Aluminum cans
  • Antiperspirant
72
Q

aluminum def

A

Alzheimer’s

Nutr 302 (12 decks)

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