MicroMinerals Flashcards
Microminerals definition
<0.01% of body weight
* <100 mg/d
Microminerals with RDA established
- Iron
- Zinc
- Copper
- Iodine
- Selenium
- Molybdenum
List of microminerals
Iron
Zince
Copper
Selenium
Chromium
Iodine
Manganese
Molybdenum
Fluoride
Ultra trace elements
nikel
silicon
vanadium
arsenic
boron
cobalt
Iron sources heme iron?
MFP
iron sources nonheme iron
whole grains
dark leafy greens
nuts
legumes
MFP
form of iron and absorption %
heme- 24%
nonheme- Ferrous best
Iron Absorption increased by
- Vitamin C- Maintains, reduces iron in ferrous form
- MFP- Cysteine peptides Help with absorption of nonheme iron
- Acids- Citrate, lactate
- Lactoferrin in human milk
- Fructose
- Low iron status
iron absorption decreased by
- Phytates- Whole grains, beans, nuts
- Oxalates- Spinach, chard, beets, almonds, bran
- Tannins- Polyphenols in coffee and tea
- Calcium and phosphates
- Zinc and manganese
- High pH
- EDTA
- High iron status
Essential functional iron
- Hemoglobin- Oxygen-carrying protein of RBCs
- Myoglobin- Oxygen-storing/transport protein of
muscles - Heme-containing compounds- Cytochromes, catalase, peroxidase
- Transferrin- Iron transport protein
iron nonessentail storage
- Ferritin- Iron storage protein, Liver, spleen, bone marrow
- Hemosiderin- Breakdown form of ferritin
(insoluble, Stored mainly in liver, iron overload: hemosiderin > ferritin
iron function
- Oxygen storage and transport- Hemoglobin: loosely binds O2 and CO2 for transport between lungs and tissues/cells. - Myoglobin – oxygen transport/storage in muscle
- Cytochromes- Oxygen and electron transport in ETS
- Heme-containing enzymes:
- Peroxidase - oxidizing enzyme
- Catalase - coverts hydrogen peroxide to water & oxygen preventing oxidation
- Tryptophan dioxygenase - conversion of tryptophan to niacin
- Aconitase - coverts citrate to isocitrate in Kreb’s cycle
iron assessment
- Hemoglobin
- Hematocrit
- Packed RBC volume
- Affected by hydration
- Serum iron
- Fe bound to transferrin
- TIBC
- Fe that can be bound to transferrin
- %Tsat
- Serum Fe/TIBC x 100
- Serum ferritin
- Affected by inflammation, infection
- Erythrocyte protoporphyrin
- Precursor of heme
- MCV – RBC volume
- Hct/RBC count
- MCH – Hgb content
- Hgb/RBC count
- MCHC – Hgb concentration
- Hgb/Hct
iron deficiency
Stage 1: Storage iron depletion
Stage 2: Iron Deficiency Erythropoeisis
Stage 3: Iron Deficiency Anemia
Stage 1: Storage iron depletion
- stores in liver, spleen, bone marrow
- Not a functional problem
- dec serum ferritin
Stage 2: Iron Deficiency Erythropoeisis
- dec serum ferritin
- dec supply of iron to erythroid marrow
- dec %Tsat ( dec serum Fe, inc TIBC)
- erythrocyte protoporphyrin
Stage 3: Iron Deficiency Anemia
- Microcytic – small RBCs
- MCV
- Hypochromic – pale colored RBCs
- MCH/MCHC
- dec serum ferritin
- dec supply of iron to erythroid marrow
- dec %Tsat ( dec serum Fe, inc TIBC)
- erythrocyte protoporphyrin
- dec Hgb
- dec Hct
iron deficiency at risk
- Chronic blood loss
- Menstruating women
- Frequent blood donations
- Hemorrhage/GI bleed
- Pregnant women
- inc blood volume
- Demands of fetus/placenta
- Infants, children, adolescents
- dec intake
- Growth spurts
- Vegetarians/vegans
*dec intake - decabsorption
iron def symptoms
- Pallor
- Fatigue
- inc HR, rapid breathing
- dec athletic performance and work capacity
- Brittle, spoon-shaped nails
iron toxicity
- Constipation
- Hemosiderosis
- Fe overload without tissue damage
- Hemochromatosis
- Genetic disorder
- Fe overload with tissue damage
zinc sources
- MFP
- Red meat, organ meat
- Oysters, mollusks
- Dairy
- Whole grains
- Legumes
- Green leafy and root vegetables
Zinc absorption and transport
- Stored in intestinal cell as
metallothionein and transported by
albumin - Absorption ↓ by same factors as iron
- Phytates
- Oxalates
- Polyphenols
- High Zn status
- Folate and Calcium may ↓ absorption
- Iron supplements may ↓ absorption
Zinc functions
- Cofactor for metalloenzymes
- Protein and nucleic acid
synthesis - Zinc fingers
- Structural role for some
hormones - Taste acuity
- Immunity
- Wound healing
Zinc deficiency symptoms
- Growth retardation
- Impaired sexual maturity
- Skin lesions/ ↓ wound healing
- Dysgeusia
- Bone abnormalities
- Alopecia
- Impaired immunity
Zinc deficiency at risk
- Diarrhea
- Burns
Zinc toxicity
- Metallic taste
- Copper deficiency
Zinx assessment
- Serum zinc
Copper sources
- Organ meats
- Shellfish
- Nuts
- Seeds
- Legumes
- Dried fruits
Copper absorption and transport
- ↑ absorption:
- Amino acids
- Organic acids
- ↓ absorption:
- Phytates
- Zinc
- Vitamin C
- High pH
- Carrier in blood is protein
ceruloplasmin
copper functions
- Metalloenzymes
- Superoxide dismutase
- Other oxidase enzymes
- Tyrosine metabolism
- Dopamine
- Norepinephrine
- Melanin
- Connective tissue/bone formation
- Lysyl oxidase
- Iron metabolism
- Immune function
copper deficiency symptoms
- Hypochromic microcytic anemia
- Impaired immune function
- Neutropenia
- Leukopenia
- Disturbances in bone formation
- Cardiovascular dysfunction
copper at risk
- High Zn intake
- Antacids
Copper toxicity
- Wilson’s disease
- Accumulation of copper in vital
organs - Treat with Zn supplements
Copper assessment
- Serum copper
- Ceruloplasmin concentration
and activity - SOD activity
Selenium sources animal
- Seafood depends on mercury
concentration
Selenium soources plant
- Content depends on soil
concentration - Brazil nuts = richest known source
- Wheat, broccoli and kale
hyperaccumulate Se from soil
selenium functions
- Glutathione peroxidase function
- Iodine metabolism and thyroid
hormone production - Iodothyronine 5’-deiodinase
- Conversion of thyroxin (T4) to
triiodothyronine (T3) - Thioredoxin reductasem,
selenium deficincy
- Keshan disease
- Cardiomyopathy
- Kashin-Beck’s disease
- Osteoarthropathy
- Poor growth
- ↓ antioxidant activity
slenium toxiciy
- Brittle nails
- Hair loss
selenium Assess
- Plasma concentrations
- Glutathione peroxidase activity
chromium sources
- MFP
- Organ meats
- Whole grains
- Cheese
- Peanuts
- Mushrooms
- Broccoli
- Beer
chromium absorption inc
↑ by:
* Picolinate
* Vitamin C
* Stainless steel cookware
chromium abs dec
↓ by:
* High pH
* Phytates
* Refined sugars and food processing
in general
chromium function
- Cofactor for insulin
- Part of glucose tolerance factor
- Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) function
chromium deffienceny
- Impaired glucose tolerance
- Abnormal blood lipids
- At risk: antacid users
chromium assessment
- No specific tests to determine
status - No UL
chromium supplement
- Chromium chloride
- Chromium nicotinate
- Chromium picolinate
- High-chromium yeast
iodine sources
- Iodized salt
- Seafood
iodine function
- Synthesis of thyroid hormones
iondine def
- Goiter
- Goitrogens
- Hypothyroidism
manganese aources
- Whole grains
- Legumes
- Nuts
- Leafy vegetables
manganese func
- Normal brain function
- Normal bone growth
- Metabolism
- Antioxidant function
manganese tox
- Neurological problems
molybdenum sources
- MFP
- Legumes
- Grains
molybdenum function
- Cofactor for oxidation and
reduction reactions - Nucleic acid metabolism
- Sulfur metabolism
fluoride sources
- Fluoridated water
- Fish with bones
- Tea
fluoride func
- Maintenance of bones and teeth
floride def
- Dental caries, osteoporosis
fluoride tox
Fluorosis- change toohth enamel
nickel sources
- Nuts
- Legumes
- Grains
- Cocoa
nickel
Enzyme activity
silicon sources
- Whole grains
- Root vegetables
- Beer
- Gas-X
silicon function
- Collagen/bone/cartilage formation
vanadium sources
- Shellfish
- Spinach
- Pepper
- Mushrooms
function vanadium
Mimics insulin
arsenic sources
- Seafood
arsenic def
- Impaired growth/reproduction
arsenic tox
- Depends on form
boron source
- F/V
- Nuts
- Legumes
- Alcoholic beverages
- Prunes
boron func
- Bone structure
cobalt
- Part of vitamin B12
aluminum sources
- Baking powder
- Antacids
- Cookware
- Aluminum cans
- Antiperspirant
aluminum def
Alzheimer’s
