MicroMinerals Flashcards

1
Q

Microminerals definition

A

<0.01% of body weight
* <100 mg/d

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2
Q

Microminerals with RDA established

A
  • Iron
  • Zinc
  • Copper
  • Iodine
  • Selenium
  • Molybdenum
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3
Q

List of microminerals

A

Iron
Zince
Copper
Selenium
Chromium
Iodine
Manganese
Molybdenum
Fluoride

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4
Q

Ultra trace elements

A

nikel
silicon
vanadium
arsenic
boron
cobalt

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5
Q

Iron sources heme iron?

A

MFP

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6
Q

iron sources nonheme iron

A

whole grains
dark leafy greens
nuts
legumes
MFP

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7
Q

form of iron and absorption %

A

heme- 24%
nonheme- Ferrous best

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8
Q

Iron Absorption increased by

A
  • Vitamin C- Maintains, reduces iron in ferrous form
  • MFP- Cysteine peptides Help with absorption of nonheme iron
  • Acids- Citrate, lactate
  • Lactoferrin in human milk
  • Fructose
  • Low iron status
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9
Q

iron absorption decreased by

A
  • Phytates- Whole grains, beans, nuts
  • Oxalates- Spinach, chard, beets, almonds, bran
  • Tannins- Polyphenols in coffee and tea
  • Calcium and phosphates
  • Zinc and manganese
  • High pH
  • EDTA
  • High iron status
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10
Q

Essential functional iron

A
  • Hemoglobin- Oxygen-carrying protein of RBCs
  • Myoglobin- Oxygen-storing/transport protein of
    muscles
  • Heme-containing compounds- Cytochromes, catalase, peroxidase
  • Transferrin- Iron transport protein
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11
Q

iron nonessentail storage

A
  • Ferritin- Iron storage protein, Liver, spleen, bone marrow
  • Hemosiderin- Breakdown form of ferritin
    (insoluble, Stored mainly in liver, iron overload: hemosiderin > ferritin
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12
Q

iron function

A
  • Oxygen storage and transport- Hemoglobin: loosely binds O2 and CO2 for transport between lungs and tissues/cells. - Myoglobin – oxygen transport/storage in muscle
  • Cytochromes- Oxygen and electron transport in ETS
  • Heme-containing enzymes:
  • Peroxidase - oxidizing enzyme
  • Catalase - coverts hydrogen peroxide to water & oxygen preventing oxidation
  • Tryptophan dioxygenase - conversion of tryptophan to niacin
  • Aconitase - coverts citrate to isocitrate in Kreb’s cycle
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13
Q

iron assessment

A
  • Hemoglobin
  • Hematocrit
  • Packed RBC volume
  • Affected by hydration
  • Serum iron
  • Fe bound to transferrin
  • TIBC
  • Fe that can be bound to transferrin
  • %Tsat
  • Serum Fe/TIBC x 100
  • Serum ferritin
  • Affected by inflammation, infection
  • Erythrocyte protoporphyrin
  • Precursor of heme
  • MCV – RBC volume
  • Hct/RBC count
  • MCH – Hgb content
  • Hgb/RBC count
  • MCHC – Hgb concentration
  • Hgb/Hct
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14
Q

iron deficiency

A

Stage 1: Storage iron depletion
Stage 2: Iron Deficiency Erythropoeisis
Stage 3: Iron Deficiency Anemia

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15
Q

Stage 1: Storage iron depletion

A
  • stores in liver, spleen, bone marrow
  • Not a functional problem
  • dec serum ferritin
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16
Q

Stage 2: Iron Deficiency Erythropoeisis

A
  • dec serum ferritin
  • dec supply of iron to erythroid marrow
  • dec %Tsat ( dec serum Fe, inc TIBC)
  • erythrocyte protoporphyrin
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17
Q

Stage 3: Iron Deficiency Anemia

A
  • Microcytic – small RBCs
  • MCV
  • Hypochromic – pale colored RBCs
  • MCH/MCHC
  • dec serum ferritin
  • dec supply of iron to erythroid marrow
  • dec %Tsat ( dec serum Fe, inc TIBC)
  • erythrocyte protoporphyrin
  • dec Hgb
  • dec Hct
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18
Q

iron deficiency at risk

A
  • Chronic blood loss
  • Menstruating women
  • Frequent blood donations
  • Hemorrhage/GI bleed
  • Pregnant women
  • inc blood volume
  • Demands of fetus/placenta
  • Infants, children, adolescents
  • dec intake
  • Growth spurts
  • Vegetarians/vegans
    *dec intake
  • decabsorption
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19
Q

iron def symptoms

A
  • Pallor
  • Fatigue
  • inc HR, rapid breathing
  • dec athletic performance and work capacity
  • Brittle, spoon-shaped nails
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20
Q

iron toxicity

A
  • Constipation
  • Hemosiderosis
  • Fe overload without tissue damage
  • Hemochromatosis
  • Genetic disorder
  • Fe overload with tissue damage
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21
Q

zinc sources

A
  • MFP
  • Red meat, organ meat
  • Oysters, mollusks
  • Dairy
  • Whole grains
  • Legumes
  • Green leafy and root vegetables
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22
Q

Zinc absorption and transport

A
  • Stored in intestinal cell as
    metallothionein and transported by
    albumin
  • Absorption ↓ by same factors as iron
  • Phytates
  • Oxalates
  • Polyphenols
  • High Zn status
  • Folate and Calcium may ↓ absorption
  • Iron supplements may ↓ absorption
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23
Q

Zinc functions

A
  • Cofactor for metalloenzymes
  • Protein and nucleic acid
    synthesis
  • Zinc fingers
  • Structural role for some
    hormones
  • Taste acuity
  • Immunity
  • Wound healing
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24
Q

Zinc deficiency symptoms

A
  • Growth retardation
  • Impaired sexual maturity
  • Skin lesions/ ↓ wound healing
  • Dysgeusia
  • Bone abnormalities
  • Alopecia
  • Impaired immunity
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25
Zinc deficiency at risk
* Diarrhea * Burns
26
Zinc toxicity
* Metallic taste * Copper deficiency
27
Zinx assessment
* Serum zinc
28
Copper sources
* Organ meats * Shellfish * Nuts * Seeds * Legumes * Dried fruits
29
Copper absorption and transport
* ↑ absorption: * Amino acids * Organic acids * ↓ absorption: * Phytates * Zinc * Vitamin C * High pH * Carrier in blood is protein ceruloplasmin
30
copper functions
* Metalloenzymes * Superoxide dismutase * Other oxidase enzymes * Tyrosine metabolism * Dopamine * Norepinephrine * Melanin * Connective tissue/bone formation * Lysyl oxidase * Iron metabolism * Immune function
31
copper deficiency symptoms
* Hypochromic microcytic anemia * Impaired immune function * Neutropenia * Leukopenia * Disturbances in bone formation * Cardiovascular dysfunction
32
copper at risk
* High Zn intake * Antacids
33
Copper toxicity
* Wilson’s disease * Accumulation of copper in vital organs * Treat with Zn supplements
34
Copper assessment
* Serum copper * Ceruloplasmin concentration and activity * SOD activity
35
Selenium sources animal
* Seafood depends on mercury concentration
36
Selenium soources plant
* Content depends on soil concentration * Brazil nuts = richest known source * Wheat, broccoli and kale hyperaccumulate Se from soil
37
selenium functions
* Glutathione peroxidase function * Iodine metabolism and thyroid hormone production * Iodothyronine 5’-deiodinase * Conversion of thyroxin (T4) to triiodothyronine (T3) * Thioredoxin reductasem,
38
selenium deficincy
* Keshan disease * Cardiomyopathy * Kashin-Beck’s disease * Osteoarthropathy * Poor growth * ↓ antioxidant activity
39
slenium toxiciy
* Brittle nails * Hair loss
40
selenium Assess
* Plasma concentrations * Glutathione peroxidase activity
41
chromium sources
* MFP * Organ meats * Whole grains * Cheese * Peanuts * Mushrooms * Broccoli * Beer
42
chromium absorption inc
↑ by: * Picolinate * Vitamin C * Stainless steel cookware
43
chromium abs dec
↓ by: * High pH * Phytates * Refined sugars and food processing in general
44
chromium function
* Cofactor for insulin * Part of glucose tolerance factor * Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) function
45
chromium deffienceny
* Impaired glucose tolerance * Abnormal blood lipids * At risk: antacid users
46
chromium assessment
* No specific tests to determine status * No UL
47
chromium supplement
* Chromium chloride * Chromium nicotinate * Chromium picolinate * High-chromium yeast
48
iodine sources
* Iodized salt * Seafood
49
iodine function
* Synthesis of thyroid hormones
50
iondine def
* Goiter * Goitrogens * Hypothyroidism
51
manganese aources
* Whole grains * Legumes * Nuts * Leafy vegetables
52
manganese func
* Normal brain function * Normal bone growth * Metabolism * Antioxidant function
53
manganese tox
* Neurological problems
53
molybdenum sources
* MFP * Legumes * Grains
54
molybdenum function
* Cofactor for oxidation and reduction reactions * Nucleic acid metabolism * Sulfur metabolism
55
fluoride sources
* Fluoridated water * Fish with bones * Tea
56
fluoride func
* Maintenance of bones and teeth
57
floride def
* Dental caries, osteoporosis
58
fluoride tox
Fluorosis- change toohth enamel
59
nickel sources
* Nuts * Legumes * Grains * Cocoa
60
nickel
Enzyme activity
61
silicon sources
* Whole grains * Root vegetables * Beer * Gas-X
62
silicon function
* Collagen/bone/cartilage formation
63
vanadium sources
* Shellfish * Spinach * Pepper * Mushrooms
64
function vanadium
Mimics insulin
65
arsenic sources
* Seafood
66
arsenic def
* Impaired growth/reproduction
67
arsenic tox
* Depends on form
68
boron source
* F/V * Nuts * Legumes * Alcoholic beverages * Prunes
69
boron func
* Bone structure
70
cobalt
* Part of vitamin B12
71
aluminum sources
* Baking powder * Antacids * Cookware * Aluminum cans * Antiperspirant
72
aluminum def
Alzheimer’s