Major Minerals Flashcards
Macrominerals Definition
greater than or equal to 0.01% BW
5g/60kg
greater than or equal to 100mg/d
List the macrominerals
Calcium
Phosphorus
Magnesium
Sodium
Potasium
Chloride
Calcium Sources
- Milk, cheese, yogurt
- Sardines & salmon with bones
- Clams & oysters
- Cruciferous vegetables: Turnip, mustard greens, broccoli, cauliflower, kale
- Tofu
- Fortified juices
Calcium Absorption is reduced by:
- Oxalate
- Phytate
- Phosphorus not likely to affect Ca
balance - Menopause
- Age
- Iron
Calcium Absorption increased by:
- Vitamin D
- Lactose
Calcium excretion increased by:
- Protein
- Sodium
- Caffeine
Calcium Supplements
- Citrate best absorbed
- Take carbonate with food
- ≤ 500 mg/dose
Calcium regulation by PTH and calcitriol
- low blood calcium signals the parathyroid gland to release PTH into the blood
- PTH binds to bone cells to trigger resorption or breakdown of bone minerals to release Ca into the blood
- PTH acts on the kidney to make calcitriol
- calcitriol plus PTH promote reabsorption of Ca in kidney and into blood
- Calcitriol travel to intestine and promote Ca absorption
Calcium Function (6)
Normal bone
intracellular messenger
Muscle contraction
Blood Clotting
Normal blood pressure
Colon cancer Prevention
Calcium function: normal bone
- 99% of Ca in bones and teeth
- Hydroxyapatite [Ca10(PO4) 6OH2] – bone crystals
- Peak bone mass achieved between 25-30 years
- Women lose bone at increased rate after menopause
Calcium function: Intracellular messenger
- Activates protein kinases (phosphorylations)
- Activates phospholipase A2
- Cyclic AMP activity – involved in cellular signaling
Calcium function: muscle contraction
- Ca enters muscle and binds to troponin-c
Calcium function: Blood Clotting
- Required for activation of clotting factors
Calcium function: Normal Blood Pressure
- Relaxation of smooth muscle (vasodilation)
Calcium function: Colon Cancer Prevention
- decrease precancerous polyps
Calcium Deficiency areas (3)
serum , bone, intake
Ca Deficiency low in serum
tetany- uncontrolled muscle contraction
Ca Deficiency low in bone
Rickets – children
* Osteoporosis – adults
Ca Deficiency low in intake
- Hypertension
- Colon caner
- Weight gain
Toxicity
- Hypercalcemia-soft tiissue
- Hypercalciuria- kiney stobe
inc Intake- Risk for prostate cancer
Hypercalcemia
- Soft tissue calcification
Hypercalciuria
- risk of kidney stones
Ca Assessment
- Serum calcium
- Serum ionized calcium
- Bone mass/bone density (DEXA)
Phosphorus Sources
- Dairy
- MFP
- Nuts/seeds
- Legumes
- Soft drinks
Phosphorus Absorption decreased by
- Phytates
- Magnesium
- Calcium
Phosphorus Absorption increased by
Vitamin D
Phosphorus function (5)
- Bone mineralization- Hydroxyapatite
- Energy-rich compounds- ATP, creatine phosphate
- Phospholipids- Cell membranes, lipoproteins
- Coenzyme forms of vitamins- PLP, NADPH, TDP, TPP
- Nucleic acid structures- Alternates with pentoses to form backbone
Phosphorus deficiency at risk
- At risk:
- Antacids or phos-binders
- Starvation – refeeding syndrome
Phosphorus deficiency symptoms
- Children: rickets
- Adults: osteomalacia
- Muscular weakness
- Loss of appetite
- Hemolytic anemiae
phosphorus toxicity at risk
- Renal failure
phosphorus toxicity symptoms
- Renal bone disease
- Soft tissue calcification
phosphorus assessment
serum phosphorous
Magnesium sources
- Nuts
- Legumes
- Whole grains
- Green vegetables
Magnesium absorption decreased by
- Phytates
- Phosphorus
Magnesium Absorption increased by
Vitamin D
Magnesium function
Functions of Magnesium
- Enzyme cofactor- Kinases
- Protein and nucleic acid synthesis
- Bone structure
- Blood pressure- Vasodilator and Cofactor for fatty acid metabolism and synthesis of prostaglandins
Magnesium Deficiency
- Muscle effects: Tremors, weakness, spasms
- N/V, anorexia
- Osteoporosis – to some degree
- Low intakes related to heart disease
Magnesium Toxicity at risk
renal failure
magnesium toxicity symptoms
diarrhea
magnesium assessment
- Serum concentration
- Urinary excretion
Sodium sources
- Processed foods
- Pickled foods
- Table salt
- Softened water
- MSG
Sodium Functions
- Primary extracellular cation
- Regulation of fluid status and
blood pressure - Nerve transmission- Depolarization
- Acid base balance- Sodium exchanges for H+ at kidney
- Absorption of glucose
Sodium absorption mechanism
- Na+/glucose cotransport
- electroneutral Na+ and Cl- absorption
- electrogenic Na+ abs
Sodium deficiency symp
- intracellular
edema - muscle cramps, N/V, dizziness, shock, coma
- Hyponatremia- Fluid overload
sodium toxicity
inc blood pressure
inc water rention
inc blood volume
stiff arteries
osteoporosis
hypernatremia- dehydration
Sodium tox at risk
renal failure
heart failure
Potassium sources
- Unprocessed foods
- Fruits and veggies:
- Avocados, tomatoes, yams, potatoes,
oranges, prunes, bananas, mango,
honeydew melon - Peanut butter
- Dairy products
- Legumes
- Nuts/seeds
- Salt substitutes
Potassium function
- Primary intracellular cation
- Nerve transmission- Repolarization
- Regulation of fluid balance and
blood pressure
Potassium Deficiency at risk
- Fluid loss
- K-wasting diuretics
- Starvation – refeeding syndrome
Potassium Deficiency symptoms
- Hypertension
- Hypokalemia- Muscle weakness, Mental confusion, Arrythmias
potassium toxicity at risk
renal failre
potassium tox symptoms
hyperkalemia- * Tingling of hands and feet, Muscle weakness, Arrhythmias
Chloride sources
Salt is 60% chloride
* Same as sodium:
* Eggs
* Meat
* Seafood
Chloride Function
- Fluid/electrolyte balance- Opposes sodium
- Component of HCl- Digestion
- Immune function- Released by WBC during phagocytosis to assist in destruction of foreign
substances - Acid/base balance- Lose H+ during vomitingand Exchange for bicarbonate in RBCs
Chloride Deficiency at risk
- Excess fluid loss
Chloride def symptoms
- Convulsions
Chloride Tox at risk
dehydration and inc BP
chloride assess
serum concentration
