Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Nutr 302 > Major Minerals > Flashcards

Major Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

Macrominerals Definition

A

greater than or equal to 0.01% BW
5g/60kg
greater than or equal to 100mg/d

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

List the macrominerals

A

Calcium
Phosphorus
Magnesium
Sodium
Potasium
Chloride

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Calcium Sources

A
  • Milk, cheese, yogurt
  • Sardines & salmon with bones
  • Clams & oysters
  • Cruciferous vegetables: Turnip, mustard greens, broccoli, cauliflower, kale
  • Tofu
  • Fortified juices
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Calcium Absorption is reduced by:

A
  • Oxalate
  • Phytate
  • Phosphorus not likely to affect Ca
    balance
  • Menopause
  • Age
  • Iron
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Calcium Absorption increased by:

A
  • Vitamin D
  • Lactose
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Calcium excretion increased by:

A
  • Protein
  • Sodium
  • Caffeine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Calcium Supplements

A
  • Citrate best absorbed
  • Take carbonate with food
  • ≤ 500 mg/dose
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Calcium regulation by PTH and calcitriol

A
  1. low blood calcium signals the parathyroid gland to release PTH into the blood
  2. PTH binds to bone cells to trigger resorption or breakdown of bone minerals to release Ca into the blood
  3. PTH acts on the kidney to make calcitriol
  4. calcitriol plus PTH promote reabsorption of Ca in kidney and into blood
  5. Calcitriol travel to intestine and promote Ca absorption
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Calcium Function (6)

A

Normal bone
intracellular messenger
Muscle contraction
Blood Clotting
Normal blood pressure
Colon cancer Prevention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Calcium function: normal bone

A
  • 99% of Ca in bones and teeth
  • Hydroxyapatite [Ca10(PO4) 6OH2] – bone crystals
  • Peak bone mass achieved between 25-30 years
  • Women lose bone at increased rate after menopause
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Calcium function: Intracellular messenger

A
  • Activates protein kinases (phosphorylations)
  • Activates phospholipase A2
  • Cyclic AMP activity – involved in cellular signaling
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Calcium function: muscle contraction

A
  • Ca enters muscle and binds to troponin-c
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Calcium function: Blood Clotting

A
  • Required for activation of clotting factors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Calcium function: Normal Blood Pressure

A
  • Relaxation of smooth muscle (vasodilation)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Calcium function: Colon Cancer Prevention

A
  • decrease precancerous polyps
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Calcium Deficiency areas (3)

A

serum , bone, intake

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Ca Deficiency low in serum

A

tetany- uncontrolled muscle contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Ca Deficiency low in bone

A

Rickets – children
* Osteoporosis – adults

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Ca Deficiency low in intake

A
  • Hypertension
  • Colon caner
  • Weight gain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Toxicity

A
  • Hypercalcemia-soft tiissue
  • Hypercalciuria- kiney stobe

inc Intake- Risk for prostate cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Hypercalcemia

A
  • Soft tissue calcification
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Hypercalciuria

A
  • risk of kidney stones
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Ca Assessment

A
  • Serum calcium
  • Serum ionized calcium
  • Bone mass/bone density (DEXA)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Phosphorus Sources

A
  • Dairy
  • MFP
  • Nuts/seeds
  • Legumes
  • Soft drinks
25
Q

Phosphorus Absorption decreased by

A
  • Phytates
  • Magnesium
  • Calcium
26
Q

Phosphorus Absorption increased by

A

Vitamin D

27
Q

Phosphorus function (5)

A
  • Bone mineralization- Hydroxyapatite
  • Energy-rich compounds- ATP, creatine phosphate
  • Phospholipids- Cell membranes, lipoproteins
  • Coenzyme forms of vitamins- PLP, NADPH, TDP, TPP
  • Nucleic acid structures- Alternates with pentoses to form backbone
28
Q

Phosphorus deficiency at risk

A
  • At risk:
  • Antacids or phos-binders
  • Starvation – refeeding syndrome
29
Q

Phosphorus deficiency symptoms

A
  • Children: rickets
  • Adults: osteomalacia
  • Muscular weakness
  • Loss of appetite
  • Hemolytic anemiae
30
Q

phosphorus toxicity at risk

A
  • Renal failure
31
Q

phosphorus toxicity symptoms

A
  • Renal bone disease
  • Soft tissue calcification
32
Q

phosphorus assessment

A

serum phosphorous

33
Q

Magnesium sources

A
  • Nuts
  • Legumes
  • Whole grains
  • Green vegetables
34
Q

Magnesium absorption decreased by

A
  • Phytates
  • Phosphorus
35
Q

Magnesium Absorption increased by

A

Vitamin D

36
Q

Magnesium function

A

Functions of Magnesium

  • Enzyme cofactor- Kinases
  • Protein and nucleic acid synthesis
  • Bone structure
  • Blood pressure- Vasodilator and Cofactor for fatty acid metabolism and synthesis of prostaglandins
37
Q

Magnesium Deficiency

A
  • Muscle effects: Tremors, weakness, spasms
  • N/V, anorexia
  • Osteoporosis – to some degree
  • Low intakes related to heart disease
38
Q

Magnesium Toxicity at risk

A

renal failure

39
Q

magnesium toxicity symptoms

A

diarrhea

40
Q

magnesium assessment

A
  • Serum concentration
  • Urinary excretion
41
Q

Sodium sources

A
  • Processed foods
  • Pickled foods
  • Table salt
  • Softened water
  • MSG
42
Q

Sodium Functions

A
  • Primary extracellular cation
  • Regulation of fluid status and
    blood pressure
  • Nerve transmission- Depolarization
  • Acid base balance- Sodium exchanges for H+ at kidney
  • Absorption of glucose
43
Q

Sodium absorption mechanism

A
  1. Na+/glucose cotransport
  2. electroneutral Na+ and Cl- absorption
  3. electrogenic Na+ abs
44
Q

Sodium deficiency symp

A
  • intracellular
    edema
  • muscle cramps, N/V, dizziness, shock, coma
  • Hyponatremia- Fluid overload
45
Q

sodium toxicity

A

inc blood pressure
inc water rention
inc blood volume
stiff arteries
osteoporosis
hypernatremia- dehydration

46
Q

Sodium tox at risk

A

renal failure
heart failure

47
Q

Potassium sources

A
  • Unprocessed foods
  • Fruits and veggies:
  • Avocados, tomatoes, yams, potatoes,
    oranges, prunes, bananas, mango,
    honeydew melon
  • Peanut butter
  • Dairy products
  • Legumes
  • Nuts/seeds
  • Salt substitutes
48
Q

Potassium function

A
  • Primary intracellular cation
  • Nerve transmission- Repolarization
  • Regulation of fluid balance and
    blood pressure
49
Q

Potassium Deficiency at risk

A
  • Fluid loss
  • K-wasting diuretics
  • Starvation – refeeding syndrome
50
Q

Potassium Deficiency symptoms

A
  • Hypertension
  • Hypokalemia- Muscle weakness, Mental confusion, Arrythmias
51
Q

potassium toxicity at risk

A

renal failre

52
Q

potassium tox symptoms

A

hyperkalemia- * Tingling of hands and feet, Muscle weakness, Arrhythmias

53
Q

Chloride sources

A

Salt is 60% chloride
* Same as sodium:
* Eggs
* Meat
* Seafood

54
Q

Chloride Function

A
  • Fluid/electrolyte balance- Opposes sodium
  • Component of HCl- Digestion
  • Immune function- Released by WBC during phagocytosis to assist in destruction of foreign
    substances
  • Acid/base balance- Lose H+ during vomitingand Exchange for bicarbonate in RBCs
55
Q

Chloride Deficiency at risk

A
  • Excess fluid loss
56
Q

Chloride def symptoms

A
  • Convulsions
57
Q

Chloride Tox at risk

A

dehydration and inc BP

58
Q

chloride assess

A

serum concentration

Nutr 302 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions