Major Minerals Flashcards
1
Q
Macrominerals Definition
A
greater than or equal to 0.01% BW
5g/60kg
greater than or equal to 100mg/d
2
Q
List the macrominerals
A
Calcium
Phosphorus
Magnesium
Sodium
Potasium
Chloride
3
Q
Calcium Sources
A
- Milk, cheese, yogurt
- Sardines & salmon with bones
- Clams & oysters
- Cruciferous vegetables: Turnip, mustard greens, broccoli, cauliflower, kale
- Tofu
- Fortified juices
4
Q
Calcium Absorption is reduced by:
A
- Oxalate
- Phytate
- Phosphorus not likely to affect Ca
balance - Menopause
- Age
- Iron
5
Q
Calcium Absorption increased by:
A
- Vitamin D
- Lactose
6
Q
Calcium excretion increased by:
A
- Protein
- Sodium
- Caffeine
7
Q
Calcium Supplements
A
- Citrate best absorbed
- Take carbonate with food
- ≤ 500 mg/dose
8
Q
Calcium regulation by PTH and calcitriol
A
- low blood calcium signals the parathyroid gland to release PTH into the blood
- PTH binds to bone cells to trigger resorption or breakdown of bone minerals to release Ca into the blood
- PTH acts on the kidney to make calcitriol
- calcitriol plus PTH promote reabsorption of Ca in kidney and into blood
- Calcitriol travel to intestine and promote Ca absorption
9
Q
Calcium Function (6)
A
Normal bone
intracellular messenger
Muscle contraction
Blood Clotting
Normal blood pressure
Colon cancer Prevention
10
Q
Calcium function: normal bone
A
- 99% of Ca in bones and teeth
- Hydroxyapatite [Ca10(PO4) 6OH2] – bone crystals
- Peak bone mass achieved between 25-30 years
- Women lose bone at increased rate after menopause
11
Q
Calcium function: Intracellular messenger
A
- Activates protein kinases (phosphorylations)
- Activates phospholipase A2
- Cyclic AMP activity – involved in cellular signaling
12
Q
Calcium function: muscle contraction
A
- Ca enters muscle and binds to troponin-c
13
Q
Calcium function: Blood Clotting
A
- Required for activation of clotting factors
14
Q
Calcium function: Normal Blood Pressure
A
- Relaxation of smooth muscle (vasodilation)
15
Q
Calcium function: Colon Cancer Prevention
A
- decrease precancerous polyps
16
Q
Calcium Deficiency areas (3)
A
serum , bone, intake
17
Q
Ca Deficiency low in serum
A
tetany- uncontrolled muscle contraction
18
Q
Ca Deficiency low in bone
A
Rickets – children
* Osteoporosis – adults
19
Q
Ca Deficiency low in intake
A
- Hypertension
- Colon caner
- Weight gain
20
Q
Toxicity
A
- Hypercalcemia-soft tiissue
- Hypercalciuria- kiney stobe
inc Intake- Risk for prostate cancer
21
Q
Hypercalcemia
A
- Soft tissue calcification
22
Q
Hypercalciuria
A
- risk of kidney stones
23
Q
Ca Assessment
A
- Serum calcium
- Serum ionized calcium
- Bone mass/bone density (DEXA)
24
Q
Phosphorus Sources
A
- Dairy
- MFP
- Nuts/seeds
- Legumes
- Soft drinks
25
Phosphorus Absorption decreased by
* Phytates
* Magnesium
* Calcium
26
Phosphorus Absorption increased by
Vitamin D
27
Phosphorus function (5)
* Bone mineralization- Hydroxyapatite
* Energy-rich compounds- ATP, creatine phosphate
* Phospholipids- Cell membranes, lipoproteins
* Coenzyme forms of vitamins- PLP, NADPH, TDP, TPP
* Nucleic acid structures- Alternates with pentoses to form backbone
28
Phosphorus deficiency at risk
* At risk:
* Antacids or phos-binders
* Starvation – refeeding syndrome
29
Phosphorus deficiency symptoms
* Children: rickets
* Adults: osteomalacia
* Muscular weakness
* Loss of appetite
* Hemolytic anemiae
30
phosphorus toxicity at risk
* Renal failure
31
phosphorus toxicity symptoms
* Renal bone disease
* Soft tissue calcification
32
phosphorus assessment
serum phosphorous
33
Magnesium sources
* Nuts
* Legumes
* Whole grains
* Green vegetables
34
Magnesium absorption decreased by
* Phytates
* Phosphorus
35
Magnesium Absorption increased by
Vitamin D
36
Magnesium function
Functions of Magnesium
* Enzyme cofactor- Kinases
* Protein and nucleic acid synthesis
* Bone structure
* Blood pressure- Vasodilator and Cofactor for fatty acid metabolism and synthesis of prostaglandins
37
Magnesium Deficiency
* Muscle effects: Tremors, weakness, spasms
* N/V, anorexia
* Osteoporosis – to some degree
* Low intakes related to heart disease
38
Magnesium Toxicity at risk
renal failure
39
magnesium toxicity symptoms
diarrhea
40
magnesium assessment
* Serum concentration
* Urinary excretion
41
Sodium sources
* Processed foods
* Pickled foods
* Table salt
* Softened water
* MSG
42
Sodium Functions
* Primary extracellular cation
* Regulation of fluid status and
blood pressure
* Nerve transmission- Depolarization
* Acid base balance- Sodium exchanges for H+ at kidney
* Absorption of glucose
43
Sodium absorption mechanism
1. Na+/glucose cotransport
2. electroneutral Na+ and Cl- absorption
3. electrogenic Na+ abs
44
Sodium deficiency symp
* intracellular
edema
* muscle cramps, N/V, dizziness, shock, coma
* Hyponatremia- Fluid overload
45
sodium toxicity
inc blood pressure
inc water rention
inc blood volume
stiff arteries
osteoporosis
hypernatremia- dehydration
46
Sodium tox at risk
renal failure
heart failure
47
Potassium sources
* Unprocessed foods
* Fruits and veggies:
* Avocados, tomatoes, yams, potatoes,
oranges, prunes, bananas, mango,
honeydew melon
* Peanut butter
* Dairy products
* Legumes
* Nuts/seeds
* Salt substitutes
48
Potassium function
* Primary intracellular cation
* Nerve transmission- Repolarization
* Regulation of fluid balance and
blood pressure
49
Potassium Deficiency at risk
* Fluid loss
* K-wasting diuretics
* Starvation – refeeding syndrome
50
Potassium Deficiency symptoms
* Hypertension
* Hypokalemia- Muscle weakness, Mental confusion, Arrythmias
51
potassium toxicity at risk
renal failre
52
potassium tox symptoms
hyperkalemia- * Tingling of hands and feet, Muscle weakness, Arrhythmias
53
Chloride sources
Salt is 60% chloride
* Same as sodium:
* Eggs
* Meat
* Seafood
54
Chloride Function
* Fluid/electrolyte balance- Opposes sodium
* Component of HCl- Digestion
* Immune function- Released by WBC during phagocytosis to assist in destruction of foreign
substances
* Acid/base balance- Lose H+ during vomitingand Exchange for bicarbonate in RBCs
55
Chloride Deficiency at risk
* Excess fluid loss
56
Chloride def symptoms
* Convulsions
57
Chloride Tox at risk
dehydration and inc BP
58
chloride assess
serum concentration
