Fat Soluble

Question 1

Vitamin A structure

Answer 1

Retinol, retinal, retinoic acid, and retinyl esters

Question 2

What are provitamin A?

Answer 2

carotenoids and Beta-carotene

Question 3

Vitamin A animal source form

Answer 3

retinyl ester

Question 4

Vitamin A retinyl ester sources

Answer 4

Liver
Fish liver oil
Egg yolk
Margarine/butter
Fortified milk

Question 5

Vitamin A plant source form

Answer 5

provitamin A

Question 6

Vitamin A carotenoid sources

Answer 6

Deep orange/yellow fruits and vegetables, dark leafy greens, broccoli

Question 7

Vitamin A functions 7

Answer 7

1. Vision
2. Cell differentiation
3. Growth
4. Antioxidant
5. Immune Function
6. Bone growth
7. Reproductive systems

Question 8

Vitamin A role in vision

Answer 8

vitamin A is used to produce rhodopsin which allows for the detection of light

Question 9

Vitamin A role in cell differentiation

Answer 9

through effects on gene expression

Question 10

Vitamin A role in growth

Answer 10

stimulated by retinoic acid

Question 11

Vitamin A role in antioxidant

Answer 11

carotenoids are involved decreasing oxidative stress; may decrease heart disease/cancer risk

Question 12

What is rhodopsin

Answer 12

rhodopsin is found in the rods’ disks made up of retinal and opsin

Question 13

What populations are at risk for vitamin A deficiency?

Answer 13

1. Fat malabsorption
2. Alcoholism
3. Zinc deficiency

Question 14

vitamin A toxicity symptoms

Answer 14

1. Anorexia
2. Skin discomfort
3. Alopecia
4. headache

Question 14

Explain the rhodopsin cycle

Answer 14

light hits the retina on the back of the eye, rhodopsin in the rods cells is transformed and signals sent to brain, rhosopsin is cleaved into opsin and cis-retinal and conversion of cis-retinal to trans-retinal, tran-retinal is converted back to cis-retinal, cis-retinal reattaches to opsin to reform rhodopsin

Question 14

Vitamin A deficiency symptoms

Answer 14

1. Night blindness
2. Bitot’s spot
3. Xerophthalmia/keratomalacia
4. Poor growth

Question 14

Explain the vitamin A deficiency and its effect on night blindness

Answer 14

in darkness, after light passes, individual can only see a few few away.

Question 14

what is bitot’s spots

Answer 14

white spots on eyes

Question 15

why is zinc deficiency an at risk group for vitamin a deficiency?

Answer 15

vitamin A is important for rRBP that carries vit A

Question 16

What is alopecia

Answer 16

patches of hairloss

Question 17

what is HYPERCAROTENOSIS

Answer 17

excess B-carotene associated with yellowing skin

Question 18

How is Vitamin A assessed

Answer 18

clinical assessment and plasma retinol

Question 19

What is Vitamin D active form

Answer 19

Vitamin d3/Calcitriol

Question 20

vitamin D structure

Answer 20

1,25-(OH)2

Question 21

Vitamin D sources

Answer 21

Fish Liver oil fatty fish eggs liver from beef butter fortified juices milk and margarine shitake mushrooms

Question 22

biosynthesis of vitamin D

Answer 22

exposure to sunlight converts 7-dehydrocholesterol to Provitamin D which is converted into cholecalciferol

Question 23

Vitamin D absorption/transportation/metabolism

Answer 23

absorbed from micelle with lipids, enters circulation via chylomicron, in liver cholecalciferol is converted into 25-OH cholecalciferol is converted via parathyroid hormones into 1,25-(OH)2 cholecalciferol/calcitriol

Question 24

vitamin D function 4

Answer 24

1. calcium absorption 2. calcium retention/reabsorption 3. calcium mobilization 4. cell differentiation

Question 25

explain vitD role in calcium absorption

Answer 25

low calcium levels stimulate parathyroid hormone, PTH increases production of calcitriol, calcitriol stimulates calcium absorption at the intestine by calbindin

Question 26

explain vitD role in calcium retention/reabsorption

Answer 26

low calcium levels stimulate calcitriol through PTH which increases renal calcium reabsorption

Question 27

explain vitD role in calcium mobilization

Answer 27

low calcium levels stimulate calcitriol through PTH which stimulates osteoclasts which inc serum calcium

Question 28

explain vitD role in cell differentiation

Answer 28

calcitriol may inhibit cancer growth

Question 29

VitD deèiciency symptoms

Answer 29

children- rickets by bowed legs, knock knees adults- bone pain, osteomalacia, may play role in osteoporosis

Question 30

what populations are at risk for vitD deficiency

Answer 30

1. fat malabsorption 2. infants if remain inside/born in winter 3. vegans 4. elderly 5. renal/liver disease 6. dark skin 7. obesity

Question 31

vitD toxicity symptoms

Answer 31

elevated serum calcium, soft tissue calcification, anorexia, nausea

Question 32

Vit D UL

Answer 32

4,000 IU/day

Question 33

Vit D assessment

Answer 33

plasma 25-OH cholecalciferol optimal 30-60ng/mL

Question 34

Vitamin E name

Answer 34

a-tocopherol

Question 35

vitE sources

Answer 35

vegetable oils nuts leafy greens almonds cooked spinach sunflower seeds

Question 36

vitE absorption/transport/distribution

Answer 36

absorbed as micelles with other lipids, transported into blood with chylomicrons, delivered to tissues by LDL

Question 37

VitE functions

Answer 37

1. antioxidant-free radicals 2. immune system 3. growth nucleic acid/protein synthesis

Question 38

regeneration of vit E

Answer 38

vitamin C, ascorbate, NADPH

Question 39

Vit E deficiency symptoms

Answer 39

hemolytic anemia- breakage of RBC 2. low birth weight 3. ecreased neurological/immune fucntion

Question 40

population at risk for vitE deficiency

Answer 40

1. fat malabsorption disorders 2. infants 3. apolipoprotein B deficient

Question 41

vit E toxicity

Answer 41

high doses may cause - muscle weakness - GI distress - vit K interference

Question 42

Vit E assessment

Answer 42

- serum tocopherol - hydrogen peroxide hemolysis text