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Nutr 302 > Fat Soluble > Flashcards

Fat Soluble Flashcards

1
Q

Vitamin A structure

A

Retinol, retinal, retinoic acid, and retinyl esters

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2
Q

What are provitamin A?

A

carotenoids and Beta-carotene

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3
Q

Vitamin A animal source form

A

retinyl ester

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4
Q

Vitamin A retinyl ester sources

A

Liver
Fish liver oil
Egg yolk
Margarine/butter
Fortified milk

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5
Q

Vitamin A plant source form

A

provitamin A

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6
Q

Vitamin A carotenoid sources

A

Deep orange/yellow fruits and vegetables, dark leafy greens, broccoli

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7
Q

Vitamin A functions 7

A
  1. Vision
  2. Cell differentiation
  3. Growth
  4. Antioxidant
  5. Immune Function
  6. Bone growth
  7. Reproductive systems
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8
Q

Vitamin A role in vision

A

vitamin A is used to produce rhodopsin which allows for the detection of light

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9
Q

Vitamin A role in cell differentiation

A

through effects on gene expression

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10
Q

Vitamin A role in growth

A

stimulated by retinoic acid

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11
Q

Vitamin A role in antioxidant

A

carotenoids are involved decreasing oxidative stress; may decrease heart disease/cancer risk

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12
Q

What is rhodopsin

A

rhodopsin is found in the rods’ disks made up of retinal and opsin

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13
Q

What populations are at risk for vitamin A deficiency?

A
  1. Fat malabsorption
  2. Alcoholism
  3. Zinc deficiency
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14
Q

vitamin A toxicity symptoms

A
  1. Anorexia
  2. Skin discomfort
  3. Alopecia
  4. headache
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14
Q

Explain the rhodopsin cycle

A

light hits the retina on the back of the eye, rhodopsin in the rods cells is transformed and signals sent to brain, rhosopsin is cleaved into opsin and cis-retinal and conversion of cis-retinal to trans-retinal, tran-retinal is converted back to cis-retinal, cis-retinal reattaches to opsin to reform rhodopsin

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14
Q

Vitamin A deficiency symptoms

A
  1. Night blindness
  2. Bitot’s spot
  3. Xerophthalmia/keratomalacia
  4. Poor growth
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14
Q

Explain the vitamin A deficiency and its effect on night blindness

A

in darkness, after light passes, individual can only see a few few away.

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14
Q

what is bitot’s spots

A

white spots on eyes

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15
Q

why is zinc deficiency an at risk group for vitamin a deficiency?

A

vitamin A is important for rRBP that carries vit A

16
Q

What is alopecia

A

patches of hairloss

17
Q

what is HYPERCAROTENOSIS

A

excess B-carotene associated with yellowing skin

18
Q

How is Vitamin A assessed

A

clinical assessment and plasma retinol

19
Q

What is Vitamin D active form

A

Vitamin d3/Calcitriol

20
Q

vitamin D structure

A

1,25-(OH)2

21
Q

Vitamin D sources

A

Fish Liver oil
fatty fish
eggs
liver from beef
butter
fortified juices
milk and margarine
shitake mushrooms

22
Q

biosynthesis of vitamin D

A

exposure to sunlight converts 7-dehydrocholesterol to Provitamin D which is converted into cholecalciferol

23
Q

Vitamin D absorption/transportation/metabolism

A

absorbed from micelle with lipids, enters circulation via chylomicron, in liver cholecalciferol is converted into 25-OH cholecalciferol is converted via parathyroid hormones into 1,25-(OH)2 cholecalciferol/calcitriol

24
Q

vitamin D function 4

A
  1. calcium absorption
  2. calcium retention/reabsorption
  3. calcium mobilization
  4. cell differentiation
25
Q

explain vitD role in calcium absorption

A

low calcium levels stimulate parathyroid hormone, PTH increases production of calcitriol, calcitriol stimulates calcium absorption at the intestine by calbindin

26
Q

explain vitD role in calcium retention/reabsorption

A

low calcium levels stimulate calcitriol through PTH which increases renal calcium reabsorption

27
Q

explain vitD role in calcium mobilization

A

low calcium levels stimulate calcitriol through PTH which stimulates osteoclasts which inc serum calcium

28
Q

explain vitD role in cell differentiation

A

calcitriol may inhibit cancer growth

29
Q

VitD deèiciency symptoms

A

children- rickets by bowed legs, knock knees
adults- bone pain, osteomalacia, may play role in osteoporosis

30
Q

what populations are at risk for vitD deficiency

A
  1. fat malabsorption
  2. infants if remain inside/born in winter
  3. vegans
  4. elderly
  5. renal/liver disease
  6. dark skin
  7. obesity
31
Q

vitD toxicity symptoms

A

elevated serum calcium, soft tissue calcification, anorexia, nausea

32
Q

Vit D UL

A

4,000 IU/day

33
Q

Vit D assessment

A

plasma 25-OH cholecalciferol
optimal 30-60ng/mL

34
Q

Vitamin E name

A

a-tocopherol

35
Q

vitE sources

A

vegetable oils
nuts
leafy greens
almonds
cooked spinach
sunflower seeds

36
Q

vitE absorption/transport/distribution

A

absorbed as micelles with other lipids, transported into blood with chylomicrons, delivered to tissues by LDL

37
Q

VitE functions

A
  1. antioxidant-free radicals
  2. immune system
  3. growth nucleic acid/protein synthesis
38
Q

regeneration of vit E

A

vitamin C, ascorbate, NADPH

39
Q

Vit E deficiency symptoms

A

hemolytic anemia- breakage of RBC
2. low birth weight
3. ecreased neurological/immune fucntion

40
Q

population at risk for vitE deficiency

A
  1. fat malabsorption disorders
  2. infants
  3. apolipoprotein B deficient
41
Q

vit E toxicity

A

high doses may cause
- muscle weakness
- GI distress
- vit K interference

42
Q

Vit E assessment

A
  • serum tocopherol
  • hydrogen peroxide hemolysis text

Nutr 302 (12 decks)

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