Microbiology Topic 12 Flashcards
made of monomer building blocks called nucleotides.
Nucleic Acid
Prokaryotic DNA is packaged (coiled) differently than eukaryotic DNA. That is why some antibiotics can target prokaryotic nucleic acid while not hurting the DNA of our cells (selective toxicity).
Prokaryote Genetics
Like prokaryotes, insofar as genome is also made of DNA; may include several to many linear chromosomes within a membrane-bound nucleus.
Eukaryote Genetics
Two Locations of Eukaryotic DNA
- Nuclear DNA (located in nucleus)
- Extranuclear DNA (located in mitochondria/chloroplast)
show more variety in nature of their genomes than do cells, can be DNA or RNA; never both, may be linear and composed of several segments or single and circular. much smaller than genomes of cells
Genetic Material of Viruses
process of copying DNA, happens in all types of cells (prokaryotes and eukaryotes); Before a cell divides, it must first make a copy of its genetic material.
Replication
After the genetic material is copied, the prokaryotic cell divides.
Prokaryote Genetics – Cell Division
two identical daughter cells arise from one parent cell.
Binary Fission
Eukaryote Genetics – Cell Division
Mitosis & Meiosis
division for somatic cells and for the asexual reproduction
Mitosis
division for the production of gametes in sexual reproduction
Meiosis
Transcription & Translation
Nucleic Acid Function
DNA is copied to RNA
Transcription
RNA is used to produce proteins
Translation
base RNA have but DNA doesn’t
Uracil
base DNA have but RNA doesn’t
Thymine
Types of RNA
- Messenger (mRNA)
- Ribosomal (rRNA)
- Transfer (tRNA)
copy of information in DNA that is brought to the ribosomes where the information is translated into a protein (blue print)
Messenger (mRNA)
the protein factories of the cells (factory)
Ribosomal (rRNA)
brings the amino acid to the ribosome (transport)
Transfer (tRNA)
is an enzyme that cuts up and deactivates penicillin; one bacterial protein that confers penicillin resistance
Beta-lactamase
organisms replicate their genomes and provide copies to descendants (passing on genes to descendants)
Vertical gene transfer
donor contributes part of genome to recipient that are not descendants
Horizontal gene transfer
bacteria take up DNA from their environment
Transformation
bacteriophages (bacterial viruses) move genes from one cell to another
Transduction
bacteria directly transfer genes to another cell
Bacterial Conjugation