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Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

Where are firmicutes located in the body??

A

Oral
Nasal
Urogenjtal

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2
Q

Where are bacteroidetes located in the body

A

GI

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3
Q

Where are actinobacteria located in the body

A

Skin

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4
Q

What alters the microbiome most as you age?

A

Antibiotics

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5
Q

5 methods to categorise bacteria??

A 
Phenotypic;
1) gram stain 
2) growth characteristics 
3) metabolic activity 
Antigenic:
4) serotyping 
Genotypes:
5) nucleus acid molecules
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6
Q

Classify the virus:

Herpes simplex

A

DNA

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7
Q

Varicella

A

DNA

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8
Q

Epstein-Barr

A

DNA

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9
Q

Cytomegalovirus

A

DNA

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10
Q

Papillomavirus

A

DNA

Causes genital warts/cervical cancer

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11
Q

Parvovirus B19

A

DNA
Slapped cheek syndrome
Pregnancy

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12
Q

Rotavirus

A

RNA

Diarrhoea

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13
Q

Picorna viruses

A

RNA

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14
Q

Enterovirus

A

Meningitis

RNA

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15
Q

Rhinovirus

A

RNA

upper respiratory tract infection

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16
Q

Poliovirus

A

RNA

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17
Q

Hepatovirus

A

HEP a

RNA

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18
Q

Norovirus

A

RNA

Diarrhoea

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19
Q

Rubella boris

A

RNA

pregnancy

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20
Q

Hepatitis C

A

RNA

BBV

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21
Q

influenza

A

rna

Upper respiratory tract infection

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22
Q

Paromyxoviruses

A

RNA

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23
Q

hep B

A

Reverse transcriptase from DNA to RNA

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24
Q

HIV

A

Reverse transcriptase from RNA to DNA

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25
Q

Staphylococcus aureus

A

Gram positive cocci cluster

Skin/nasal

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26
Q

Staphylococcus epidermis

A

Gram positive cocci cluster

Nasal skin

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27
Q

B haemolytic streptococcus

A

Gram positive cocci chain

Mouth/upper respiratory tract

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28
Q

Streptococcus oralis

A

Gram positive cocci chain

Mouth uRT

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29
Q

Streptococcus pneumoniae

A

Gram positive cocci chain

Mouth URT

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30
Q

Enterococcus faecalis

A

gram positive cocci chain

GI

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31
Q

Clostridium tetani/difficle/perfringens

A

Gram positive rod

Soil

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32
Q

Listeria monocytogenes

A

Gram positive rod

Food

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33
Q

Bacillus

A

Gram positive rod

Food

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34
Q

Proprionibacterium acnes

A

Skin

Gram positive rod

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35
Q

Lactobacillus acidophilus

A

Gram positive rod

Food/ GU female

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36
Q

Neisseria meningitidis

A

Gram negative cocci

Upper respiratory tract

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37
Q

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

A

Gram negative cocci

GU tract

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38
Q

Haemophilus influenzae

A

Gram negative cocci

Respiratory

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39
Q

E. coli

A

Gram negative rod
GI
Entero

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40
Q

Klebsella pneumoniae

A

Gram negative rod
Entero
GI

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41
Q

Proteusnirabilis

A

Gram negative rod
Entero
GI

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42
Q

Salmonella enteriais

A

Gram negative rod
Entero
GI

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43
Q

Bacterialis fragilis

A

Gram negative rod non entero

GI

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44
Q

Pseudomina aeruginosa

A

Gram neg non entero rod

Aquatic

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45
Q

Campylobacter jejuni

A

Gram negative rod
Non entero
GI tract avian bird

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46
Q

5 bacteria with no stain

A 
Mycobacterium TB
mycoplasma pneumoniae 
Legionella pneumophia- aquatic/resp 
Chlamydia trachomatis- resp/GU
treponema pallidum - gu
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47
Q

Stages to an infection

A

Contamination
Colonisation (pre infection)
Infection- invasion, multiplication, host reaction

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48
Q

Endogenous pyrogens

A

TNF/interferon

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49
Q

Exogenous pyrogens

A

Lipopolysaccharide coat of gram negative bacteria

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50
Q

Ways to identify bacteria from cultures

A

Mass spec
Metabolic analysis
Nucleic avid amplification test

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51
Q

Direct techniques vs non direct for diagnosing infection

A

Direct: microscopy/culture, toxin/antigen, NAAT

Non direct: serology- testing for IgG, IgM

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52
Q

Which pathogens cause common cold

A

Rhinovirus
Coronavirus
Adenovirus
(RSV&influenza)

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53
Q

What pathogens cause otitis media

A

Viruses
Streptococci pneumonaie
Haemophilus influenzae

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54
Q

Treatment of middle ear infection

A

Amoxicillin

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55
Q

Sinusitis pathogens

A

Viruses
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Haemophilus influenzae

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56
Q

Sinusitis treatment

A

Amoxicillin

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57
Q

Pathogen causing epiglotitis

A

Haemophilus influenzae capsular type B

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58
Q

Treatment for acute epiglotitis

A

HiB vaccine
Cefotaxime
Intubation

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59
Q

What pathogen causes infectious mononucleosis

A

Epstein Barr virus

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60
Q

Clinical signs of infectious mononucleosis

A

Sore throat, fever, lymphadenopathy, lethargy
Splenomegaly
Hepatitis

Encephalitis

61
Q

Diagnosis of infectious mononucleolis

A

Mono spot serology

IgM

62
Q

What cases scarlet fever/strep sore throat?

A

Streptococcus pyogenes

63
Q

Diagnosis and treatment of strep sore throat

A

throat culture
ASOT serology
Penicillin

64
Q

Features and treatment for corynebacterium diphtheriae pharyngitis ?

A

Fatal heart failure
Polynephritis

Antitoxin
Penicillin/ethromycin

65
Q

What is a lower/upper respiratory tract infection?

66
Q

What is croup cause by

A

Para influenza virus 1&2

67
Q

Croup treatment

A

Paracetamol&fluids—> corticosteroids—> ardrenaline

68
Q

Whooping cough pathogen

A

Bordetella pertussis

69
Q

Treatment of whooping cough

A

Supportive treatment &macrolide

70
Q

Causes of acute bronchitis

A

Viruses
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Haemophilus influenzae

71
Q

Causes and treatment and prevention of bronchiolitis??

A

Respiratory syncytial virus
Prevention: paluvizumab
Treatment: ribavirin

72
Q

3 types of pneumonia? And causes

A

Lobar- bacterial - streptococcus pneumoniae
Bronchopneumonia- bacterial- haemophilus influenzae & staph aureus
Interstitial- viral

73
Q

Describe typical pneumonia and diagnosis

A

Productive cough, rust sputum, SOB, pleuritic pain, crackling sounds
Gram stain
Culture sputum
Streptococcus pneumoniae urinary antigen/ ELISA
Bloods

74
Q

Describe atypical pneumoniae and diagnosis

A

Confusion, diarrhoea, dry cough, no lobar consolidation
Urinary antigen-legionella
Bloods
No culture/gram stain

75
Q

Diagnosis of TB

A

Ziehl Zeelson stain
Culture
PCR

76
Q

3 opportunistic infections

A

Pneumocystis jirovecii (fungal- diagnose PCR, treat co-trimoxazole)
Influenza H3H1, fluB
MERS

77
Q

Bacterial causes of intoxication (pre formed toxin in food causes illness)

A

Staphylococcus aureus
Bacillus cereus
Clostridium perfringens
Clostridium botulinum

78
Q

What pathogen causes enterocolitis??

A

Salmonella typhi/ salmonella eneteriditis

79
Q

Treatment of enterocolitis

A

Fluid &electrolytes

Ciprofloxacin & cefotaxime

80
Q

Enteric fever causes

A

Salmonella typhi/paratyphi

81
Q

Clinical presentation of enteric fever

A

Fever/headache/malaise—> diarrhoea after a week—> sepsis —> long term gall bladder colonisation

82
Q

Treatment for enteric fever

A

Ciprofloxacin/cefotaxime

83
Q

What disease is caused by shigella dysenteriae??

A

Shigellosis (paeds) watery diarrhoea—> mucous, pus , blood and ab cramps and fever

84
Q

How is shigella spread??

A

Fecal- oral

85
Q

Treatment for shigellosis

A

Ciprofloxacin/azithromycin or amoxicillin/trimethoprim

86
Q

What 3 disease can E. coli cause??

A

Travellers diarrhoea- enterotoxigenic
Babies- enteropathogenic
Bad- enterohaemorrhagic

87
Q

How is enterohaemorrhagic E. coli diagnosed??

A

Verotoxin gene from PCR

88
Q

Clinical presentation of enterohaemorrhagic E. coli

A

Bloody diarrhoea ca, ab cramps,

89
Q

What can enterohaemorrhagic E. coli lead to??

A

Haemolytic uremic syndrome-anaemia/thrombocytopenia/renal failure

90
Q

How is enterohaemorrhagic E. coli spread??

91
Q

Difference between clinical presentation of campylobacter and enterohaemorrhagic E. coli??

A

Both have abdominal cramps and bloody diarrhoea but campylobacter has FEVER and enterohaemorrhagic doesn’t

92
Q

Treatment for campylobacter

A

Ciprofloxacin/clarithromycin

93
Q

How is clostridium difficle spread??

A

In hospitals person to person

94
Q

Diagnosis of clostridium difficle

A

Enterotoxin A and B in faces

95
Q

Treatment of clostridium difficle ??

A

Oral metridazole
Oral vancomycin if no response
Oral vancomycin & IV metridazole
Oral fidaxomicin and fecal matter transplant

96
Q

How is viral gastroenteritis spread?? And caused by what viruses??

A

Fecal-oral

Rotavirus and norovirus

97
Q

Differences in rotavirus and norovirus gastroenteritis??

A

Rotavirus- diarrhoea, Unser 2 yrs old, ELISA antigen diagnosis

Norovirus- vomiting, all ages, PCR diagnosi, shorter duration

98
Q

What can campylobacter lead to??

A

Guillain- Barre syndrome

99
Q

What 3 enterobacteriacae cause struvite crystals & alkaline urine??

A

1) proteus
2) providencia
3) morganella

As urease converts urea to ammonia which ppt as struvite crystals

100
Q

What 2 gram positive bacteria are common in women of child bearing age??

A

Staphylococcus saprophyticis/agalactiae

101
Q

What increases risk of UTI infection

A 
Pathogen factors (flagella/fimbria/invasins/toxins/biofilm/immune escape mediators)
Host factors (antibiotics/hospital/low cervical IgA/ low vaginal pH/spermicides/oestrogen deficiency)
102
Q

What is urethritis causes by??

A

1) STIs- chlamydia/gonorrhoea/mycoplasma genitilium/trichomonas vaginalis)
2) E. coli

103
Q

Diagnosis of urethritis

A

Clinical but

1) culture
2) PCR (chlamydia/gonorrhoea)
3) gram stain- gonorrhoea

104
Q

Treatment of urethritis

A

Azithromycin
Doxycycline specific to chlamydia
Ceftriaxone specific to gonorrhoea

105
Q

What is prostitis caused by

A

1) E. coli
2) e facaelis
3) proteus

106
Q

Treatment for prostatis

A

Ciprofloxacin/co-trimoxazole

107
Q

Causes of cystitis

A

DISS

1) diabetes
2) ineffective voiding
3) sex
4) smoking

108
Q

Symptoms of cystitis

A

1) gen- fever/confusion/ab cramps
2) urine- blood/turbid/smell
3) ueinating- urgent/grew/dysuria

109
Q

Diagnosis of cystitis

A

Clinical but

1) urinalysis- nitrates/ protein/blood/ leukocytes
2) urine microscopy- pyuria/bacteriuria
3) urine sensitivity- over 100000 bacteria/ml
4) imaging- CT

110
Q

Management of cystitis

A

1) good hydration
2) diabetic glycameic control
3) antibiotics- nitrofurantoin/trimethoprim/pevmecillinam/cephalexin 3-5 days or fosfomycin single dose

111
Q

What antibiotic would u prescribe in a pregnant woman with cystitis

A

Cephalexin 3-5 days

112
Q

Prophylaxis of cystitis

A

1) genital hygiene
2) post-coital voiding
3) avoidance of diaphragm/spermicide
4) estriol vaginal cream

113
Q

Causes of pyelonephritis

A

1) Cystitis

2) Interference with ureter peristalsis-pregnancy/stones/strictures

114
Q

Symptoms of pyelonephritis

A

1) fever/rigor
2) flank pain
3) nausea/vomit

115
Q

Investigation for pyelonephritis

A

Blood culture

imaging

116
Q

Management for pyelonephritis

A

1) resuscitation
2) empirical antibiotic therapy- PO/IV ciprofloxacin, IV gentamicin, IV piperacillin-tazobactam
3) targeted antibiotic therapy after results

117
Q

3 factors causing complicated UTI

A

1) structural/functional abnormality of urinary tract
2) immunocompromised
3) hypervirulent/resistance bacteria

118
Q

2 cases to treat asymptomatic bacteriuria

A

1) pregnancy

2) awaiting urological procedure

119
Q

Infection pathways for CNS infections??

A

1) contiguous- sinus/face/ear/mastoid
2) trauma
3) haematgous
4) nerves

120
Q

5 types of meningitis bacterial infections??

A

1) meningococcal
2) pneumococcal
3) haemophilus
4) TB
5) neonatal

121
Q

Pathogen causing meningococcal meningitis??

A

Neisseria meningitidis

122
Q

Pathogen causing pneumococcal meningitis??

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

123
Q

Pathogen causing haemophilus meningitis?

A

Hameophilus influenzae

124
Q

Pathogens causing neonatal meningitis??

A

Group B haemolytic streptococci
E. coli
Listeria monocytogenes

125
Q

Diagnosis of meningococcal meningitis??

A

1) lumbar puncture for increased intracranial pressure
2) CSF findings: increased proteins & neutrophils, decreases glucose, gram negative stain
3) no fading of rash with tumbler test

126
Q

How is meningococcus mengitis spread??

A

Respiratory droplets

127
Q

3 groups at risk of pneumococcal meningitis??

A

1) older
2) post head trauma
3) splenectomy

128
Q

What antibiotic is pneumococcal meningitis resistant to?

A

Penicillin

129
Q

Feature of haemophilus meningitis ??

A

Neurologic sequelae

130
Q

Diagnosis of TB meningitis??

A

1) lumbar puncture shows increased intracranial pressure

2) CSF findings: increased proteins and lymphocytes, decreases glucose, positive Ziehl neelson stain

131
Q

Result of neonatal meningitis

A

Permanent neurologic sequelae: cerebral or CN palsy/hydrocephalus

132
Q

Causes of viral meningitis??

A

1) enteroviruses (coxsackie/echovirus)
2) Herpes
3) mumps

133
Q

Diagnosis of viral meningitis??

A

1) lumbar puncture for increased intracranial pressure

2) CSF findings: increased proteins&lymphocytes, PCR

134
Q

What causes fungal meningitis?

A

C neoFORMANs ;)

135
Q

What illness is more susceptible to fungal meningitis?

136
Q

Diagnosis of fungal meningitis??

A

1) lumbar puncture for increased intracranial pressure

2) CSF findings: ANTIGEN detection using India-ink stained CSF

137
Q

Treatment for meningitis

A
  • if bacterial: cefotaxime/ceftriaxone
  • if meningococcal- IV/IM benzyl penicillin
  • fungal: antifungal drugs
  • TB: anti-TB drugs

Prevention:
Haemophilus: HiB vaccine
Meningococcal: tetravalent baccine (ACYW) or menC and menB vaccine

138
Q

Encephalitis diagnosis

A

1) CSF: increased lymphocytes and proteins

PCR

139
Q

Treatment for encephalitis

A

IV acicloVIr

VIral

140
Q

Name the 2 types of encephalitis the slow virus measles causes?

A

1) Subacute Sclerosing encephalitis (after 10yrs)

2) measles inclusion body encephalitis (immunocompromised-several months)

141
Q

Cranial nerve palsy caused by??

142
Q

What syndrome is caused by cranial nerve palsy

A

Ramsay hunt sundrone - facial paralysis, shingles rash

143
Q

What is the most common cause of encephalitis?

A

Herpes simplex virus in temporal lobe of brain

144
Q

What groups of people does cytomegalovirus cause encephalitis in?

A

1) in utero

2) immunocompromised

145
Q

What type of encephalitis does JC/polyomavirus cause??

A

Progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy in AIDS/immunicompromised

146
Q

3 ways to get transmissible spongiform encephalopathy?

A

1) cows
2) people
3) Latrogenic- dura Mater grafts, transfusions, human growth hormone

147
Q

What encephalitis is an infection of oligodendrocytes??

A

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy- JC virus /polyoma virus

148
Q

What is tetanus lockjaw caused by

A

Cl. Tetani infecting umbilical stump in neonates

PODT (13 decks)

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