Microbiology Flashcards
scientific study of MO’s and their effect on other living organisms (study of small life).
Microbiology
MO stands for
Microorganism
Classification or naming of all living things
Taxonomy
Ability to exist in either one cell or multi cell form
DIMORPHISM
Study of external structure and form of organism without regard to its function *generally indicated by the genus name of MO
Morphology
white blood cell eating
Phagocytosis
likelihood disease causes infection to human of MO
Virulence
DIVISIONS OF MICROBIOLOGY: 1. BACTERIOLOGY – Study of bacteria 2. RICKETTSIOLOGY – Study of Rickettsia (infection usually from bugs or insects) 3. VIROLOGY – Study of viruses (smallest organisms known to man, that cannot be viewed by compound microscope). 4. PROTOZOOLOGY – Study of protozoa (smallest form of animal life – i.e. ameba) 5. MYCOLOGY – Study of fungi or fungus (study of yeasts and mold) *fungi have the ability to exist in one cell or multi-cell form, called DIMORPHISM
Study of bacteria 1. Single cell of M.O.’s in kingdom of monora. 2. Reproduced by binary fission
BACTERIOLOGY
Study of Rickettsia (infection usually from bugs or insects)
RICKETTSIOLOGY separate family, febrile infections (Named for person discovering it. Sr. Anthony Ricketts). Could run a fever of 107 degrees – Rocky Mountain Spotted fever.
Study of viruses (smallest organisms known to man, that cannot be viewed by compound microscope).
VIROLOGY
Study of protozoa (smallest form of animal life)
PROTOZOOLOGY
Study of fungi (plural)or fungus (singular) (study of yeasts and mold)
MYCOLOGY –
fungi have the ability to exist in one cell or multi-cell form, called
DIMORPHISM
Classification of Living Things
Class – Homo sapiens Highest: Kingdom Keep Phylum Pulling Class Cows Order Out Family From Genus Most important Green Lowest: Species Most important Swamps
Genus name always capitalized
Genus name* It indicates something about the morphology - the external structure or form.* pay honor to an individual
the lowest level classification of any living thing.
species
is always in small letters. NEVER CAPITALIZED
species It usually indicates an infection caused by that microorganismif not usually indicates a lab characteristic
If the________ name does not tell us an _______ it caused by that microorganism , it will usually tell us a _____________
speciesinfectionlaboratory characteristic
grows in cluster ( yellow pus)
staph
grows in chains
strept
What percentage of microorganisms are non-pathegentic
87%
What percentage can cause infection to man
13%
bacteria lacks a true nucleous
prokaryotic
staph, streptinfections
bacteria
famous in humans for causing an infection called primary atypical pneumonia. No cell wall, smallest free living organism known to man. (SMALLEST FREE LIVING ORGANISM).
mycoplasmas
febrile infections, mostly spread by insects, e.g., typhus fever. The infection accompanying these is high fever and last a longer period of time. Flea born or rat, also transmitted by louse or lice. (Sir Anthony Ricketts).
Rickettsia
Strict parasite, smaller than bacteria but larger than viruses. Transmitted by seedling birds. Parrot fever, NGU – non gonococcal urethritis
Chlamydia - parrot fever, NGU
smallest microorganism known to man. Measles, mumps, flu, hepatitis
viruses
smallest form of animal life malaria, amebic dysentery
protozoa
a small protein like infectious particle that is resistant to most procedures that modify nucleic acids. Syndrome – set of signs associated with disease.
Prion - creutzfeldt - Jakob (referred to as CJ)
Of the eight (8) different families or groups of microorganisms that are a major health importance, which cause the greatest majority of infection in man
bacteria
8 different families or groups of microorganisms
1.Bacteria - staph, strept. Infection. Prokaryotic – bacteria lacks a true nucleous.2. Mycoplasmas - famous in humans for causing an infection called primary atypical pneumonia. No cell wall, smallest free living organism known to man. (SMALLEST FREE LIVING ORGANISM). 3. Rickettsia - febrile infections mostly spread by insects, e.g., typhus fever. The infection accompanying these is high fever and last a longer period of time. Flea born or rat, also transmitted by louse or lice. (Sr. Anthony Ricketts).4. Chlamydia - parrot fever, NGU. Strict parasite, smaller than bacteria but larger than viruses. Transmitted by seedling birds. NGU – non gonococcal urethritis 5. Viruses - smallest microorganism known to man. Measles, mumps, flu, hepatitis, smallpox.6. Protozoa - smallest form of animal life - malaria, amebic dysentery.7. Fungi - yeast and molds; athlete’s foot, thrush, PCP.Ability to exist in more than one form – unicellular or multicellular8. Prion - creutzfeldt - Jakob (CJ) a small protein like infectious particle that is resistant to most procedures that modify nucleic acids.
What does non pathogenic mean?
do not cause infection in humans
study of external structure and form of any organism without regard to its function.
morphology
largest unit of measurement
micron
smallest unit of measurement
angstrom
medium unit of measurement
nanometer
How many main shapes of bacteria are there?
3
a single spherical (round) shaped bacteria.
Spherical (round) coccus Cocci-two or more spherical (round) shaped bacteria.
a single rod (capsule) shaped bacteria.
Rod (capsule) bacillus Bacilli - two or more rod (capsule) shaped bacteria
a single spiral shaped bacteria.
Spiral - spirillum Spirilla two or more spiral bacteria
comma shaped bacteria
Vibrio Example of disease: Cholera
S curved or autopsy needle shaped. Also, snake shaped bacteria
Spirillum
corkscrew shaped bacteria
Spirochete Example: Syphilis
grow in pairs - a variation of round shaped bacteria
Diplococci
grows in clusters of round shaped bacteria - like grapes
Staphylococci
grow together in chains
Steptobacilli
the outermost layer which gives shape and integrity (strength) to bacteria; its makeup used to differ among microorganisms; e.g. high lipid (fat) for TB; protein in Gram stain (blue if yes, red if no). This test shows if there is protein in the bacteria of TB
cell wall
a thinner, inner layer; controls entry and exit into the bacteria. Regulate entry / exit of food
cell membrane
any living substance present in the cell
cytoplasm
always located on the outside of certain bacteria it protects cells from phagocytosis. This Jelly like material is located around the outside of certain bacteria.. It protects it against a natural process of the body, phagocytosis, by which the body attempts to destroy anything foreign
capsule (slime layer)
when the body attempts to destroy anything foreign, this is known as
phagocytosis
surrounds, ingests and destroys anything foreign. A natural process which your body attempts to accomplish. An attempt to try to protect your body against anything foreign. Thus any organism that invades your body and has a slime capsule is more likely to cause infection because of the slime structure. It will take the bodies white blood cells longer to defend against the organism.
phagocytosiscell ingestion
the likelihood an organism will cause infection in man. Relative power to produce a disease.
virulence
jelly-like material located on outside of certain bacteria; protects cells from natural process of body called phagocytosis, thus enhancing virulence of the microorganisms
capsule(slime layer)
best means of protection any microorganism can possess; NOT a means of reproduction; only one per cell, when formed; Bacillus and Clostridium are the only two bacteria that could form spores.
Endospore - (Inside)
only two genera that could form spores
Bacillus and Clostridium
aerobic - grows in the presence of oxygen
Bacillus
anaerobic - grows without the presence of oxygen.
Clostridium
NOTE: only genus to be able to form spores
–
any bacteria that could never form endospores, or any bacteria that can produce endospores, but currently is not producing them. Never form endospores, a vegetative bacteria that does not have a genus name
vegetative bacteria
any bacteria currently producing endospores. This occurs only under adverse living conditions of the bacteria. Never more than one spore at a time.
sporulating bacteria
when a free endospore forms new vegetative cells when good living conditions return
germinating bacteria
used for movement of bacteria; long, whip like structures attached to the outside of the cell. There are many variations as to how many and where they are located. (e.g. monotrichous and peritrichous) Move to another food source or away from the enemy.
flagella
One (long single) whip like structure
Monotrichous
Several whip like structures
Peritrichous
Smallest form of animal life
Protozoa
shorter than Flagella and used to aid in attachment of an organism to the site of infection; e.g. Gonorrhea.
Pili “Little Hairs”
set of signs associated with disease.
syndrome
The presence of a _______ will enhance the likelihood the bacteria will cause infection.
slime layer
a bacteria that must obtain its FOOD from DEAD organic matter.
strict (obligate) saprophytes
organisms that must obtain their FOOD from LIVING organic matter. viruses.
strict (obligate) parasites
bacteria that can obtain their food from dead or living organic matter.
faculatative bacteria
name three heterotrophic bacteria
strict (obligate) saprophytesstrict (obligate) parasitesfaculatative bacteria
all bacteria - pathogens are so classified and must have a source of carbon. Bacteria that obtain their food from INORGANIC matter. They manufacture their own carbon
autotrophic bacteria
all organisms that cause infection in man are classified as heterotrophic and obtain their food from ORGANIC matter - food that contains carbon. Humans contain carbon - glucose
heterotrophic bacteria
a VISIBLE growth of bacteria growing on a culture medium
bacterial colony
the material you attempt to grow bacteria
medium
to grow in a laboratory setting bacteria in a medium of nutrient, broth, or blood agar.
culture
any organism that must have presence of oxygen to live.
strict (obligate) aerobes
organisms that must have absence of oxygen to live
strict (obligate) anaerobes
organisms that live in the presence of oxygen, but at a level less than that required of humans
microaerophiles
organisms that can live in the presence or absence of oxygen
facultative bacteria
excess of water
edema
loss of water
dehydration
percentage of HYDROGEN (H) ion in solution; slightly alkaline for most pathogens
pH
a pH above 7 is
alkaline
a pH below 7 is
acidic
the smallest microorganism known to man that cannot be seen with the ordinary compound light microscope
virus
smallest FREE LIVING organism known to man
mycoplasmas
NOTE: In regards to the shape of bacteria… if there are two or more the answer ends with a vowel
example:coccibacillispirilla
smallest form of animal life
protozoa
True or False?Viruses CANNOT live alone?
True
True or False?Chlamydia is SMALLER than bacteria, but LARGER than viruses
True
Measles, mumps, flu, and hepatitis are examples of what?
Viruses
Malaria and amebic dysentery are examples of what?
Protozoa
the lowest temperature at which an organism can live
minimum temperature
the highest temperature at which an organism can live.
maximum temperature
the temperature at which organism grows best.
optimum temperature
organisms that grow best at cold temperature. Usually below 20 degrees Celsius or less than 68 degrees Fahrenheit
Psychrophiles (cryophiles) (CHRO- CRY- COLD)
most pathogens - bacteria that prefer medium temperature. Usually between 20 - 40 degrees C. The optimum of most pathogens is normal body temperature of 98.6 F or 37 C. When the body temperature goes up (fever) it does so to kill the organism.
Mesophiles (MESO MEDIUM)
helps to kill most pathogens that like medium temperature.
fever
The optimum of most pathogens is normal body temperature of
98.6 F or 37 C.
organisms that grow best at warm temperatures. Usually above 40 degrees C
thermophiles(THINK THERMAL UNDERWEAR TO WARM UP OR A THERMOS OF HOT COFFEE)
ultraviolet means
above violet
ultra violet light is bactericidal which means what?
will kill bacteria but will not kill all organisms because over a period of time organisms exposed to excessive amounts of ultra violet light will genetically mutate and develop resistance.
Ultraviolet light which ___________ be seen will ______ bacteria
cannotkill
Deals primarily with solutions. deals with something you cannot see without a microscope.
Osmotic Pressure (Osmosis- diffusion through membranes)
the substance or solution dealing with osmotic pressure present in greater quantity
solvent
the substance or solution dealing with osmotic pressure present in lesser quantity
solute
name the different osmotic pressure
Isotonic solutionsHypertonic solutions Hypotonic solutions
is the type of Osmotic Pressure necessary to properly study bacterial cells and red blood cells to ensure no change in size, shape, and volumethe number of particles entering the cell roughly equals the number of particles leaving. The shape and integrity of the cell is maintained
Isotonic Solution
excess solute. If a bacteria is placed in this type of solution it changes the shape of the cell. There will be more particles leaving than entering. The end result – the cell will atrophy
hypertonic solution
to wrinkle or shrink
atrophy
the shrinkage of a bacterial cell when placed in a Hypertonic Solution
plasmolysis
the shrinkage of a red blood cell when placed in a Hypertonic Solution
crenation
beneath or below - less solute than normal. If a bacteria cell is placed in this solution, more particles will enter the cell than leave
hypotonic solution
The bursting of a bacterial cell when placed in Hypotonic Solution
plasmoptysis(MOP) mop below the counter surface
The bursting of a red blood cell when placed in Hypotonic Solution
hemolysis
living organisms living together
symbiosis
relationship of two or more organisms that is of benefit to all involved
mutualism
relationship of two or more organisms that is of benefit to one w/ no effect to the other e.g. normal flora (living in on the human body)
commensalism
relationship between two or more organisms which is of benefit to one, harmful to the other.
parasitism
a relationship between two or more organisms which produces an effect, be it good or bad, not possible by each one alone. Both parties have to do their part.
synergism
a relationship between two or more organisms in which the presence of one inhibits or prevents the growth of the other; mutual opposition or contrary action.
antagonism
entry establishment & multiplication of pathogens within a host. Any disease caused by a microorganism
infection
the mere presence of infectious material, with no reaction produced.
contamination
the ability of an organism to cause infection in man.
Pathogenicity
True or FalseA great number of pathogenicites are not infectious
True
relative to produce disease, the likelihood that the pathogenic organism will cause infection in man.
virulence
a dilution or weakening in the virulence of an organism. This will reduce or destroy its pathogenicity.
attenuation
micro-organisms naturally living in and on a host. Present on both dead and living bodies - the reason for disinfecting during embalming.
Indigenous flora - (normal flora)
resistant, as in bacteria, to the action of a drug or drugs. Bacterial having developed a resistance to a drug.
drug-fast
An infection in which the causative agent (organism) comes from outside the body. Could come from on the body or from the air
exogenous infection
An infection which is caused by microorganisms which are normally present within the body.
endogenous infection
An infection of sudden onset and short duration, less than one year. Examples: Meningococcemia - Creutzfeldt - Jakob (CJ) -
acute infection
A fatal form of blood poisoning
Meningococcemia
early form of Alzheimer
Creutzfeldt - Jakob (CJ) -
An infection of slow onset and long duration. Greater than a year. Example: Alzheimer
chronic infection
An infection capable of being transmitted, either directly or indirectly, from host to host. Host could be a person or animal
communicable infection
means highly communicable. The likelihood that the transmission to others will occur is greater
contagious
are antagonism to another organism.
antibiotics
An infection that is constantly present to a greater or lesser degree in a community Examples: cold and flu
endemic
an infection which attacks a large number of people in a community in a short period of time
epidemic infection
Worldwide epidemic; an infection which becomes an epidemic in a number of countries at the same timeExample: Flu of 1919 20 million died
pandemic infection
An infection which occurs only occasionally (now and then) in a community.
sporadic infection
The initial (first) infection of a mixed infection. The first of two infections
primary infection
An infection due to (caused by) two or more organisms. When a person or animal is suffering from two or more infections at the same time.
mixed infection
The second and generally more complicating infection in a mixed infection. * is usually more lethal.
secondary infection
An infection in which the pathogenic organisms remain confined to a particular area. Examples: Abscessed tooth
local infection
An infection confined to a particular area, but from which the bacteria spread to other parts of the body. An infection spreads
focal infection
Infection throughout, spread generally over the body by the bloodstream or lymphatic system. Sepsis, Septicemia - organisms in the blood
general infection
A condition in which bacteria are in the bloodstream, but are not multiplying there. Presence of bacteria in the blood
Bacteremia
Invasion of the bloodstream by pathogenic organisms, with their subsequent multiplication therein. Common name is “blood poisoning.”
Septicemia
the presence of an organism in the blood.
sepsis
The presence of toxins (poisonous substances) in the blood.
toxemia
An infection, which occurs during the course of a chronic disease and cause death.
terminal infection
The presence of infectious material, without a reaction necessarily being produced. This term can also refer to inanimate objects
contamination
inanimate objects. Seen only with a microscope
fomite
The invasion of the body by macroscopic parasites, i.e., those able to be seen with the unaided eye. Maggots
infestation
unaided eye to see the infestation
macroscopic
The ability (or likelihood) of a microorganism to produce disease.
virulence
implies a weakening or reduction in the virulence of a microorganism.
attenuation
An infection primarily of animals that may be secondarily transmitted to man
zoonatic
- inflammation of the brain
encephalitis
caused by mosquitoes
Encephalitis and Malaria
mosquitoes biting migratory birds
encephalitis
mosquitoes biting monkeys
malaria
A hospital-acquired infection; one obtained while in the hospital. Staph. (Staff)
Nosocomial
Literally, pus in the blood; a form of septicemia caused by pyogenic (pus-forming) bacteria. Puss in the blood. Staph. Strept
pyemia
An infection which causes a fever (elevated temperature).
pyremia