Forensic Pathology Flashcards
Study of disease
Pathology
any abnormal condition which impairs the normal functioning of the body. Local disease and genetic diseases can occur.
Disease
was the leading cause of death in the early 1900’s
TB
the leading cause of death TODAY
CVD- Cardiovascular Disease
Another name for CAUSE
Etiology
The cause of disease is divided into what 2 categories?
Immediate (exciting) &Predisposing
The beginning of disease. The manner in which a particular disease develops.
Pathogenesis
3 parts of disease that we study
- Cause (Etiology) 2. Pathogenesis 3. Changes and final effects brought about in the body.
Study of general disease processes, such as inflammation, degeneration, necrosis (localized area of dead tissue in a living body), repair (i.e.: scar tissue), etc.
General Pathology
The body’s total response to any injury
inflammation
Study of disease in relation to a particular organ or the organs system. Ie., disease of the digestive track.
Special Pathology
5 Divisions of Pathology
- Pathological Anatomy (Morbid Anatomy) 2. Surgical Pathology3. Clinical Pathology 4. Medico - Legal Pathology (forensic pathology) 5. Physiological Pathology
The study of the structure of the human body as affected by disease.
Pathological Anatomy (Morbid Anatomy)
localized area of dead tissue in a living body
necrosis
Study of disease by means of biopsies.
Surgical Pathology
The study of disease by means of:body secretions (useful substances produced within the body), body excretions (waste substances rid from the body), & other body fluids.
Clinical Pathology
Legal Pathology (forensic pathology) the study of disease, death, and injuries with medical/legal potential.
Medico
2 methods to study Pathological Anatomy (Morbid Anatomy)
1.) Gross Inspection 2.) Histopathology
See changes of the structure of the body with the unaided eye.
Gross inspection
A study of the structure of the cell as affected by disease, by means of microscope. Disease at cellular levels.
Histopathology
The study of the functions of the body as affected by disease.
Physiological Pathology
A study of disease by samples of tissue removed surgically from a living person.
Biopsy
useful substances produced within the body
body secretions
waste products that are rid from the body
body excretions
The study of deaths and injuries of medical and legal significance
Medico-Legal Pathology
The study of the function of the human body as affected by disease.
Physiological Pathology
Medico-Legal Pathology is also known as…
Forensic Pathology
Importance of autopsy
- Confirm medical diagnosis2. Amplify or reject the clinical diagnosis3. Advancement of medical knowledge 4. Medico-legal cases5. Medical statistics
Autopsy is also known as…
necropsy or postmortem exam
Differences between Coroner vs. Medical Examiner
- Determination of jurisdiction (county where death occurred)2. Qualifications 3. Inquest
a formal legal proceeding into the events and circumstances surrounding a particular death.
Inquest
Coroner is a carry over from the…..
English common law system
Inquest are needed in cases of….
unknown deaths ordeaths caused by violence
Elected county officer who investigates and holds inquests over unknown deaths or deaths caused by violence.
J.P./Coroner
Appointed…must have gone to school (MD) works with the police officers; works under coroner.
Medical examiner
Texas does NOT use the term__________________, but has _______________ in those counties not large enough to have a ME’s office.
Coroner Justice of the Peace (J.P.)
Difference with ordinary clinical autopsy (relation to clinical findings and diagnosis) vs. forensic autopsy. Forensic Autopsy will provide…
A. Absolute identification of the body.B. A description of the body and scene.C. A description of the clothingD. An unrestricted autopsy (prevention of future legal actions) a complete autopsy.
Types of Unrestricted autopsy
Biochemical Microbiological scans Radiological scans
toxicological
Biochemical
Primary need of a forensic autopsy is to determine…
cause of death
A minimum of ___________ must be listed on a death certificate.
One cause of death
Three types or parts of death
ImmediateBasicContributory
the thing responsible for death at the time of the terminal event (peritonitis)
Immediate cause of death
the thing prior to and leading up to the terminal event (stab wounds)
basic cause of death
the thing involved in but not causing the terminal event (leukemia) persons with leukemia have less blood clotting ability.
contributory cause of death
GOK means
God only knows
Failure to thrive means
infant not sucking on breast
DIS
dead in the saddle
the circumstances surrounding a particular death
manner of death
Types of Mannerrs of death
- Natural 2. Homicide3. Suicide4. Accident5. Unexplained (SIDS)6. Undetermined (decomposed)
An explanation of the sequence of events leading up to the death.
mechanism of death
recover and preserve this_____________
Evidence
any abnormal condition which impairs the normal functioning of the body. It can affect the entire body or only one part of the body.
Definition of disease
presence of microorganisms in or on the body.
Microbiological scans
x-rays
Radiological scans
The doctrine of cellular pathology was written by who? He is considered the father of pathology.
Virchow
What does the doctrine of cellular pathology state?
“Just like the cell is the structural and functional unit of life. The cell is also the structural and functional unit of disease.”
any disease of impaired function without change in structure. i.e. mental illness, color blindness.
Functional disease
any disease in which definite structural changes accompany it.
Organic disease
Any structural or functional change due to disease.
Lesion
The identification of a specific disease.
Diagnosis
Any disease in which the fever accompanying it is either excessively high and or lasts a prolonged period of time. Ex: Rickettsia infections- Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever - 107 15 - 20 days (2-3 weeks).
Febrile disease
Disease state which occur at the same time or concurrently with another disease. Often times they are infectious in nature.
Complications
Alcohol, steroids, poisoning, the exposure of the body to poisonous substances.
Intoxications
Disease states which occur on second or subsequent exposure to the same allergen.
Allergies
A forecast of the outcome of a particular disease.
Prognosis
Subjective manifestation of a disease. They accompany the disease but are not measurable. Pain, headache.
Symptoms
Objective manifestation of a disease. These are measurable. Vital signs, blood pressure, breathing.
Signs
Any disease caused by a microorganism.
Infectious disease
Any disease that occurs every now and then.
Sporadic disease
Any disease that turns into a worldwide epidemic, flu.
Pandemic disease
A disease that attacks a large number of people in a short period of time, i.e. chicken pox.
Epidemic
Any disease that is continuously present i.e. common cold.
Endemic disease
A set of both signs and symptoms accompanying a disease, i.e. Down’s syndrome (mongolism) SIDS.
Syndrome
A sudden increase in the severity of a disease. “The patient has made a turn for the worse.” Conditions of patients are rated; good, fair, critical, grave condition. If a patient goes from fair to critical condition
Exacerbation
Temporary absence of a particular disease. ie: Cancer
Remission (abatement)
Any disease transmitted genetically - through the genes, i.e. hemophilia, dwarfism.
Hereditary disease
Any disease caused by dietary or metabolic deficiency, i.e. diabetes mellitus scurvy (lack of vitamin C) Goiter (lack of iodine).
Deficiency disease
Any disease with slow on set and long duration. ex: Carcinoma (cancer). Gout
Chronic
Any disease present at birth. Does not have to be life threatening, i.e. cleft palate, polydactylism (more digits on hand or feet than normal).
Congenital disease
Any disease obtained after birth.
Acquired disease
Any disease that reappears now and then, fever blisters, cold sores.
Recurrent disease
Any disease of unknown origin or cause. Essential hypertension.
Idiopathic disease
Any disease in which a person’s occupation or profession makes them more susceptible to develop a particular disease. Hepatitis B, scrotal cancer, (chimney sweeps) anthrocosis (black lung disease) silicosis (sandblasting).
Occupational disease
Any disease of sudden onset and short duration. ex: MI
Acute
the study of the causes of disease
Etiology
The divisions of the causes of disease
predisposing conditions exciting (immediate causes)
conditions that make a person more susceptible or inclined to develop a particular disease.ex: Age (MS/Meningitis-children’s disease) (Alzheimer’s disease-elderly) (Sarcoma vs. Carcinoma-most 40-65) Sex (Prostate cancer-male) (Uterine & Ovarian cancer-female) (Gallbladder attack-mostly in women) Nutrition (Kwashiokor - protein deficiency) Race (Sickle cell anemia-Blacks) (TB-less in Eskimos) Occupation (Hepatitis B-Embalmers) (Scrotal cancer- chimney sweeps)
Predisposing conditions
Any cause of disease that has established a cause/effect relationship
Exciting (immediate) causes
coal miners disease…black lung diseaseIt is a type of occupational disease
Anthrocosis
Hepatitis B is what type of disease?
Occupational
Scrotal cancer is commonly a Recurrent Disease…TRUE OR FALSE?
FALSE…it is commonly an occupational disease
any condition or disease induced/caused by treatment of a physician or medical personnel ex: leaving a pair of forceps in the body after surgery
Iatrogenic
number of cases reported of a specific illness or disease in a given population.
Morbidity Rate
MMWR stands for…..It is one of the most common reports that the morbidity rate of illnesses or diseases are posted in.
mortality and morbidity weekly report
Number of deaths reported in a given population for a specific period of time.
Mortality Rate (Death Rate)
Carcinoma is an example of what type of disease?
Chronic
diabetes mellitus(lack of insulin) & scurvy (lack of vitamin C) is an example of what type of disease?
deficiency disease
A common cold is a ______________ disease.
endemic
dwarfism is what type of disease?
hereditary
essential hypertension is what type of disease?
idiopathic
polydactylism (more digits on hand or feet than normal) is a ______________ disease.
congenital
A hereditary disease that is also known as the bleeder’s disease. It is mostly present in male offspring; is the absence of an essential clotting factor- Factor 8)
hemophilia
The flu can be which two types of diseases?
Endemic & epidemic
Allergies are also known as…
Hypersensitivities
A death resulting from immediate severe allergic reaction.
Anaphylaxis
Anaphylaxis is also known as…
anaphylactic shock
also known as frequency. Number of incidents…how frequently an incident occurs.
Prevalence- Most commonly used as “how prevalent”
Factors in predisposing conditions
Age Sex Nutrition Race Occupation
any type of wound or injury
trauma
disease due to dietary or metabolism in the systemex: albinisim
deficiencies
not seen on first exposure. Seen on second or third exposure
allergens
other factors of predisposing conditions
fatigue, general living conditions, plague, alcoholism, heredity, emotion, etc.
mongolism (down’s syndrome), hemophilia, diabetes, dwarfism are examples of…
heredity
foreign protein that triggers production of an incomplete antibody
allergen
extremes of temperature-cold or heat. Radiation is also an example of this…
physical agents
parasites, microorganisms are examples of…
infectious agents
chemicals that are either immediately or eventually toxic or poisonous to the body.chemical reactions-has a cause and effect. Chemicals which induce a change in the human body.
chemical agents
types of death with medico-legal potential
- injury or death by violence2. sudden and/or unexpected death3. environmental deaths4. health, welfare, & safety5. medical litigation
albinism is an example of what disease?
deficiencies disease
complete absence of production of melanin
albinism
an abnormal new growth
neoplasms (tumors)
Enclosed sac-like pouches that have a definite wall.Usually containing a liquid, solid, or semi-solid material
Cysts
Types of cysts
Duarian cystSebaccous cyst
abnormal sac-like pouch present on the ovary.
Duarian cyst
type of duarian cyst
dermoid
duarian cyst also called…
ovarian cyst
a rare ovarian (duarian) cyst that contains a waxy tissue and other structures not normally foundex: teeth or hair follicles
dermoid cyst
an abnormal sac-like structure located on a oil gland
sebaccous
oil glands are also called
sebaceous glands
An increase in size of a body part or organ by an increase in size of the cells already present.Excessive growth
hypertrophy
sebaccous cysts are also called…
wen
an abnormal sac-like structure
tumor
types of hypertrophy
physiologicalpathologicalcompensatory
increase in size of a body part or organ due to increased functional demand
physiological hypertrophy
Breast tissue due to lactation. The increase in size of the female uterus in preparation of pregnancy.Body builder (confirm this one)These are examples of what?
physiological hypertrophy
an increase in size of a body part or organ due to disease
pathological hypertrophy
Wilm’s tumor and brain tumor is an example of what?
pathological hypertrophy
a rare tumor of the kidney in children
Wilm’s tumor
increase in size of a body part or organ to compensate or make up for the loss of a similar or paired organ
compensatory hypertrophy
increase in size of a body part or organ by an increase in the total number of cells making it up.
hyperplasia
What type of change is hyperplasia?
Progressive tissue change
refers to the manner in which a growth occursCONFIRM THIS!!!
non-neoplastic changes
oat cell carcinoma is an example of
metaplasia
GET AN EXAMPLE OF…
COMPENSATORY HYPERTROPHY
classifications of neoplasms
clinicalhistological
state of disease
clinical
types of states of disease (clinical)
benignmalignant
A suffix of “oma” generally means that it is a _____________ tumorNOT ALWAYS
benign
ALL malignant tumors left untreated will _______________
kill
generally a suffix of sarcoma or carcinoma
malignant
malignant tumor of epithelial tissue occurring in persons 45-60
carcinoma
breast cancer or lung cancer are examples of what type of tumor
carcinoma
bone cancer is an example of what type of tumor
sarcoma
malignant tumor or connective tissue in persons under 30
sarcoma
generally, a benign tumor will NOT…
kill you
tissue or originwhat tissue it originated firstshown by its prefix or the stem of the word
histological
types of cellular reactions (manners by which a body would respond to injury)
regressive tissue changesprogressive tissue changes
an increase in size is what type of cellular reaction?
progressive tissue changes
a decrease in size is what type of cellular reaction?
regressive tissue changes
Types of regressive tissue changes
degeneration infiltrationnecrosisatrophy
type of regressive tissue change in which there is an accumulation or buildup of a substance INTRACELLULARLY (within) the protoplasm of cells.
degeneration
degeneration is….
intracellular
we diffrentiate types of degeneration according to the type of _________ that is _______
substanceaccumulated
most common type of degeneration.similar to edema. this fluid is between cells. Intracellular, cloudy swelling, There is a temporary accumulation or buildup of fluid within the protoplasm of cells.
cellular (cloudy) swelling
fatty change-fatty metamorphosis-abnormal accumulation of fat within the protoplasm of normal cells.
fatty degeneration
fat in liver cells affects the _______. This would be called __________
liverliver dysfunction (fatty liver degeneration)
intracellular accumulation or buildup of amyloid within the normal protoplasm of cells.Commonly seen in TB - Typically, in adults, it begins in the lungs. Osteomyelitis - inflammation of the spongey bone marrow inside bones. Infectious disease.
Amyloid disease
a waxy starch like substance
amyloid
These two disease are commonly seen in relation to amyloid disease…
TBOsteomyelitis
type of regressive tissue change in which there is an accumulation or buildup of a substance intercellularly (between the cells)
Infiltration
means within the cells
intracellular
means between the cells
intercellular
inflammation of the spongey bone marrow inside bones. Infectious disease.
Osteomyelitis
accumulation or buildup of a pigmented or colored substance
pigmentation
types of infiltration
pigmentationcalcification gout
accumulation of a pigmented or colored substance which originated outside the body
exogenous pigmentation
tattoos, plumbism, (color change along gum line from high elements of lead) anthracosis (cole miner’s disease-black lung), bismuth poisoning (caused from high dosages over time of bismuth-pepto) are examples of…
exogenous pigmentation
a disease that causes a color change along the gum line…from high elements of lead is called
plumbism
cole miner’s disease also called black lung disease is…
anthracosis
abnormal accumulation of pigmented or colored substance that is naturally present or produced within the body
endogenous pigmentation
jaundice, freckles, moles, albinism, birthmarks
endogenous pigmentation
types of pigmentation
exogenousendogenous
increased localized amounts of melanin. Usually a lighter shade of brown.
freckles
benign pigmented tumors usually a darker shade of brown.
moles
complete absence of melanin production
albinism
these are usually shades of red (port wine color)type of benign tumor of blood vascular tissue.
birthmarks
accumulation or buildup of calcium salts between the cell fibers, as in sclerotic vessels.This is also the natural way the body heals bone fractures.
calcification
calcification is also known as…
calcareous infiltration
excess uric acid, especially seen in big toe
gout
process by which you have a localized area of necrotic or dead tissue present during life
necrosis
causes of necrosis..
- insufficient blood supply2. physical agent-temperature extremes, radiation3. chemical gents4. loss of nerve supply
type of dead tissue which is cheese-like in appearance. Has a unique odor. As seen in TB
caseous necrosis
difference between infarction and necrosis…
need to look up
types of necrosis
caseousgangreneDecubitus ulcer
most famous type of necrosis.
gangrene
types of gangrene
moistdry gas
true gangrene, since saprophytes are present and invade the tissue. There is a foul odor present since saprophytes are present. This is the worst possible type of gangrene
moist
It fits this four word definition…ischemic necrosis (localized area of dead tissue that has been caused by the reduction in arterial blood supply ) plus putrefaction. This is why it is considered true.
moist gangrene
Which gangrene is commonly called TRUE GANGRENE?
moist gangrene
localized area of dead tissue present in a living body
necrosis
reduction in arterial blood supply
ischemic
the decomposition of proteins in an anaerobic environment (absence of oxygen)
putrefaction
4 word definition for true gangrene?
ischemic necrosis plus putrefaction
organisms that obtain their food from dead matter
saprophytes
false gangrene; no saprophytes present; no order; nice line of demarcation.
dry gangrene
since saprophytes have not invaded dry gangrene it spreads_________
slowly
only type that is infectious, caused by clostridium perfringens during life; microorganisms cause tissue gas in death
gas gangrene
a bacteria which can cause spores
perfringens
which type of gangrene is the ONLY type that is infectious
gas gangrene
gas gangrene is caused by which of the following type of microorganisms
bacteria (perfringens)
bedsores caused by pressure points which restrict blood flow.
decubitus ulcer
dead epithelial tissue
ulcer
absence or lack of growthA decrease in size of a body part or organ that previously was of normal size.
atrophy
decrease in size of a body part or organ due to decreased functional demand
physiological atrophy
types of atrophy
physiologicalpathological
types of gangrene
moistdry gas
types of degeneration
cellularfatty degeneration amyloid disease
forms of physiological atrophy
thymus glandsenile atrophybreasts after lactation
located at the base of the neck. Largest and most active during infancy.
Thymus gland
the progressive shrinkage of all organs as part of the natural aging process.
Senile atrophy
decrease in size due to disease
pathological atrophy
examples of pathological atrophyCHECK ACCURACY OF THIS CARD
anorexia nervosa cancerdisease of a body part (muscle) which will decrease in size.
body’s total response to any injury.
INFLAMMATION
Function of inflammation
protection of the body
If possible, inflammation will…
a. Destroy the causative agent.b. Limit the area affected.c. Begin the process of repair - the process to replace destroyed cells with new ones (scar tissue), but not the same as the destroyed cells.
Causes of inflammation
- Physical irritants2. Chemical irritants3. Infectious agents4. Immunological reaction
extremes of temperature - hot or cold.Radiation which is cumulative.
Physical irritants
an exposure to chemical.
Chemical irritants
any type of microscopic pathogens.
Infectious agents
allergic reaction to a immunological shot (autoimmune disease).
Immunological reaction
Process of inflammation
- Hyperemia (congestion) vascular2. Exudation
The shipment of access blood to the injured body part or organ.
Hyperemia (congestion) vascular
the oozing of fluids at the level of the capillaries.
Exudation
the liquid that is oozed in inflammation
Exudate
Types of exudates….
- Purulent (suppurative)2. Hemorrhagic3. Serous
exudates which contain pus
purulent (suppurative)
dead and living white blood cells and dead and living bacteria
pus
exudate which contains blood
hemorrhagic
exudate which does not contain pus, it is clear
serous
cardinal signs and/or symptoms with inflammation should be __________________
temporary
cardinal signs and/or symptoms of inflammation
Heat Redness Swelling PainAltered function
concerning inflammation….CALOR (INCREASED TEMPERATURE)
HEAT
concerning inflammation…RUBOR
REDNESS
concerning inflammation…TUMOR (SHOULD BE TEMPORARY)
SWELLING
concerning inflammation…DOLOR
PAIN
concerning inflammation…FUNCTIO LAESA
ALTERED FUNCTION
Inflammatory lesions
abscessphlegmonvesiclefurunclecarbunclesfistulaulcerpustule
localized collection of pus.
Abscess
cellulitis, a diffuse or wide spread inflammation of subcutaneous connective tissue. Appears as a red streak located and growing just under the surface of the skin.
Phlegmon
blister, a small or slight elevation on the surface of the skin filled with serous or non-purulent fluid (does not contain pus).
Vesicle
non-communicating boil, an abscess of a hair follicle or sweat gland.
Furuncle
several communicating boils where the drainage of the hair follicle or sweat gland are shared.
Carbuncles
abnormal passageway. Occurs mostly in the lower digestive tract. Can occur between parts of a body or from a body part to the outside.
Fistula
localized area of necrotic opithel - three common sites
Ulcer
3 common sites of ulcers
- Upper GI tract, stomach or duodenum2. Toes on diabetics3. Decubitus ulcer - bedsore
Slight elevation of the surface of the skin which contains pus. (Pimple, whitehead, or black head) usually an oil gland.
Pustule
outcomes of inflammation
resolutionregenerationrepair
types of regeneration
physiological pathological
a part of the outcome which signals the end of the exudation stage or inflammation stage.
Resolution
the replacement of damaged or diseased cells with the exact cells making it up.
Regeneration
Regeneration due to increased functional demand.
Physiological
Regeneration due to disease
Pathological
connective tissue cells. The replacement of damaged or diseased cells with healthy new cells with connective tissue cells or by surgery -results in scar tissue.
Repair
itis means…
inflammation
cyst means…
bladder or sac
chole means….
bile
types of inflammation in the nervous system
encephalitismyelitismeningitispoliomyelitisneuritis
inflammation of the brain
Encephalitis
inflammation of the spinal cord.
Myelitis
inflammation of the 3 layer membrane of the brain and spinal cord.
Meningitis
inflammation of the gray matter portion of the spinal cord.
Poliomyelitis
inflammation of a neuron or nerve cell.
Neuritis
types of inflammation in the respiratory system
rhinitispharyngitissinusitislaryngitispleuritistracheitisbronchitispneumonitis
inflammation of the nasal mucosa
Rhinitis
(mucusmembrane of the lining of the nasal cavity)
nasal mucosa
inflammation of the pharynx a sore throat
pharyngitis
inflammation of one or more sets of the paranasal sinuses
sinusitis
near or along the nasal cavities
paranasal sinuses
inflammation of the larynx or voice box
laryngitis
inflammation of the pleura
pleuritis
pleuritis is also called…
pleurisy
a thin membrane that surrounds the lungs
pleura (pleural space or cavity)
inflammation of the trachea or windpipe
tracheitis
inflammation of one or both of the bronchi (two) or bronchus (one)
bronchitis
inflammation of or infection of lung tissue itself
pneumonitis
types of pneumonitis
lobar pneumonia (one portion of the lung)bronchial pneumoniaviral pneumonia
types of inflammation in the digestive system
stomatitisglossitisgingivitisesophagitisgastritisenteritisdiverticulitiscolitisproctitisperitonitispancreatitishepatitischolecystitischolangitisappendicitis
inflammation of the mouth
stomatitis
inflammation of the tongue
glossitis
inflammation of the gums
gingivitis
inflammation of the esophagus
esophagitis
muscular tube that conveys food from the throat to the stomach
esophagus
inflammation of the stomach
gastritis
inflammation of the small intestines
enteritis
inflammation of the diverticulum or intestinal hernia
diverticulitis
inflammation of the colon
colitis
longest division of the large intestines
colon
types of colitis
amebiculcerative (psychosomatic disorder)
inflammation of the rectum
proctitis
inflammation of the peritoneum
peritonitis
membrane which surrounds the abdominal viscera
peritoneum
inflammation of the pancreas
pancreatitis
a heterocrine gland that breaks down food and releases insulin into blood to control sugar levels
pancreas
inflammation of the liver
hepatitis
inflammation of the sac containing bile or gallbladder
cholecystitis
inflammation of one or more of the bile ducts
cholangitis
inflammation of the vermiform appendix
appendicitis
snakelike
vermiform
Types of inflammation in the Genital & Urinary System
Pyelitis Pyelonephritis Glomerulonephritis Ureteritis Cystitis Urethritis Orchitis Prostatitis Oophoritis Salpingitis Endometritis Endocervicitis Vaginitis
inflammation of the renal pelvis.
Pyelitis
inflammation of the structural and functional unit of the kidney caused by pyogenic bacteria.
Pyelonephritis
inflammation of the Vagina or birth canal.
Vaginitis
inflammation of the endocervic
Endocervicitis
the inner most layer of the lower neck structure of the cervix.
endocervic
pus forming
pyogenic
inflammation of the little tufted capillaries of the structural and functional unit of the kidneys.
Glomerulonephritis
little tufted capillaries of kidneys
(glomerulus)
inflammation of the tube that urine between the kidney and urinary bladder conveys.
Ureteritis
inflammation of the urinary bladder.
Cystitis
inflammation of the endometrium, the inner most or vascular layer of the uterus
Endometritis
inflammation of one or both of the fallopian tubes.
Salpingitis
inflammation of the single tube that conveys urine from the urinary bladder to outside the body.
Urethritis
inflammation of one or both of the male gonads (testis).
Orchitis
inflammation of the prostate gland.
Prostatitis
inflammation of one or both of the ovaries (female sex gland).
Oophoritis
types of inflammation of the Cardiovascular System
pericarditismyocarditisendocarditisarteritisphlebitisthrombophlebitis
- inflammation of the vein caused by an attached blood clot during life.
Thrombophlebitis
- inflammation of the vein.
Phlebitis
- inflammation of the artery
Arteritis
what can cause arteritis
angiograms
inflammation of the pericardium
Pericarditis
the sack surrounding the heart.
pericardium
inflammation of the muscle layer of the heart.
Myocarditis
- inflammation of the inner most layer of the heart. The heart valves are made from this tissue.
Endocarditis
types of inflammation of the Skin and Skeletomuscular System
dermatitisbursitisosteomyelitisarthritis
inflammation of the skin - contact delayed reaction.
Dermatitis
inflammation of the bursa
Bursitis
- the tiny sac filled with a lubricant for the joints.
bursa
- inflammation of the sponge bone and marrow.
Osteomyelitis
- inflammation of the joints.
Arthritis
types of inflammation of the Lymphatic System
tonsillitislymphangitis
- inflammation of the lymph vessel.
Lymphangitis
-inflammation of the one or more of the three sets of tonsils. Tissue between the mouth and throat.
Tonsillitis
A circulatory disturbanceA disease in which a person has excess amounts of tissue fluid present in the body
Edema (Dropsy)
substance which bathes and surrounds the body cells.
Tissue fluids
causes of edema
a. Increased permeability of the capillaries. The capillaries are allowing too much fluid in and not enough out. The cells are swelling.b. Increased capillary pressure due to venous obstruction or heart failure.c. Inflammatory conditions - due to injury.d. Fluid / electrolyte problems – post surgical problems
Examples of edema
Anasarca AscitesHydrothorax Hydropericardium Hydrocele Hydro-cephalus
Type of edemageneralized edema – edema scattered throughout the entire body
Anasarca
Type of edema excess tissue fluid in the abdominal cavity or peritoneal cavity.
Ascites
Type of edemaexcess tissue fluid in the thoracic or plural cavity.
Hydrothorax
Type of edemaexcess tissue fluid in the sack that surrounds the heart.
Hydropericardium
Type of edemaexcess fluid or edema of a sacculated cavity. Affects the scrotum in males
Hydrocele
Type of edemaexcess fluid in the cranial cavity - water on the brain. Affects the nervous system. Most commonly reported more in children than adults.
Hydro-cephalus
A circulatory disturbanceexcess blood in a body part or organ
Hyperemia (congestion)
types of hyperemia
Physiological hyperemiaPathological hyperemia Active hyperemia Passive hyperemia
types of hyperemiae.g., blushing - excess blood in a body part or organ due to increased functional demand.
Physiological hyperemia
types of hyperemiae.g., cyanosis - excess blood in a body part or organ due to disease
Pathological hyperemia
types of hyperemiaexcess blood in a body part or organ brought there by the arteries
Active hyperemia
types of hyperemiaexcess blood in a body part or organ due to venous obstruction, an obstruction which is present in the veins. Passive hyperemia is always pathologic.
Passive hyperemia
reddish blue discoloration seen in the tissues due to lack of oxygen
Cyanosis
a circulatory disturbancea reduction in the arterial blood supply to a body part or organ
Ischemia
the most common cause of ischemia is?
the presence of an attached blood clot present in an artery.
if left untreated, what is the effect of ischemia?
death - infarction (death of tissue due to interference of blood supply).
a circulatory disturbancethe process by which there is the presence of an attached blood clot during life.
Thrombosis
single blood clot
Thrombus
two or more blood clots
Thrombi
causes of thrombosis (4)
a. Injuries to blood vessels.b. Slower or reduced rate of blood flow.c. Alterations in blood composition.d. Blood diseases - becoming thin from within such as leukemia.
locations of thrombi
a. Veins b. Arteriesc. chambers of the heart
the most common site for thrombi
veins
thrombi in the lower extremities would cause
DVTdeep vein thrombosis
the least common site for thrombi
chambers of the heart
the chambers of the heart is the least common site for thrombi. Why?
they were shipped to the heart from another part of the body
when a thrombi changes location it becomes?
mural
a thrombi becoming mural (or changing location) is the greatest risk because?
the attached blood clot has become infected, and once it becomes infected, it will spread
consequences of thrombi depend on what?
where it is located
a consequence of thrombosisthrombosis present in the artery – causes reduction in arterial blood supply. Restricts blood flow
ischemia
the most common consequence of thrombosis. Present in the vein.
Passive hyperemia
a consequence of thrombosisdeath of the tissue caused by interference in blood supply - ischemic necrosis + putrefaction
gangrene
a circulatory disturbancethe process by which there is a free floating object in the blood stream during life.
Embolism
a single free floating object in the blood during life
embolus
one or more objects in the blood during life
emboli
types of embolism
a. Fragments of thrombi b. Bacteria c. Tumors d. Animal parasites e. Fat f. Gas g. Foreign bodies
types of embolisma clot that detaches or breaks off. The most common type of an embolism.
Fragments of thrombi
types of embolismpresent in the blood stream during life. Blood poisoning
Bacteria
types of embolism swelling; an abnormal growth. Malignant or non-malignant. Begins as free floating in the blood stream. Spread by the blood or lymph system.
Tumors
types of embolismfree floating in the blood stream.
Animal parasites
types of embolismfat cells free floating in the blood stream.
Fat
types of embolismair free floating in the blood stream.
gas
types of embolismsmall pieces of glass or metal free floating in the blood stream.
Foreign bodies
Consequences of Ischemia
a. Ischemia - reduction in arterial blood supply.b. Infarction - localized area of dead tissue caused by interference of blood supply.c. Spread of infection or neoplasm (new growth).d. Necrosis - dead tissue, i.e. heart.
a circulatory disturbanceloss of blood from the vascular system. A human can lose no more than half (1/2) without irreversible damage or death.
hemorrhage
Methods of hemorrhage
Rhexis or Diapedesis
loss of blood by rupture of a blood vessel. Rupture of one of the chambers of the heart
rhexis
loss of blood by squeezing through the pores of the capillaries
Diapedesis
Causes of hemorrhage
a. Trauma - wound or injuryb. Vascular diseases of the blood vesselsc. Hypertension - high blood pressured. Blood diseases - plethora - excess amount of circulating blood
Related terms (3)Size of the hemorrhage
Petechia Echymosis Hematoma
pinpoint hemorrhages;, smallest of the hemorrhages in terms of size; commonly seen in cancer patients (think of petite)
Petechia
medium sized hemorrhage (bruise or black and blue spot). Most famous sites- long term IV or a shiner (black eye)
Echymosis
a tumor like mass of lost blood. Largest of the hemorrhages in terms of size(Pool of blood such as a gun shot wound).(hema-huge-largest)
Hematoma
Location of the hemorrhage (10)
Epistaxis Hemoptysis Hematemesis Melena Hemothorax Hemoperitoneum Hematuria Exsanguination Hemopericardium Hemophilia
Location of the hemorrhagenose bleed, blood coming from the nasal cavity
Epistaxis
Location of the hemorrhageblood brought up in sputum from the respiratory tract. (Emphysema)
Hemoptysis
Location of the hemorrhage vomiting of blood. Blood in the vomit from the digestive tract.
Hematemesis
Location of the hemorrhagethe presence of blood in feces (the stool.) Intestinal tract, the stool color changes from brown to black. (Colon cancer, diverticulitis)
Melena
Location of the hemorrhagethe presence of blood in the thoracic cavity or plural cavity.
Hemothorax
Location of the hemorrhagethe presence of blood in the peritoneal cavity or abdominal cavity.
Hemoperitoneum
Location of the hemorrhagethe presence of blood in the urine or urinary tract, urinary tract infection.
Hematuria
Location of the hemorrhagemassive loss of blood which usually results in death or irreversible damage. The body cannot loose more than 1/2 of the blood volume, without death or irreversible damage
Exsanguination
Location of the hemorrhageexcess blood in the sack surrounding the heart.
Hemopericardium
Location of the hemorrhagean affinity for blood. The bleeder’s disease. A heredity disease only found in males characterized by the absence or a deficiency of an essential clotting factor, factor 8.
Hemophilia
Postmortem conditions in regards to circulatory disturbances
- Diminished circulation 2. Abscesses 3. Hemorrhages 4. Emaciation/ Dehydration 5. Rapid decomposition 6. Discoloration Intravascular and/or extravascular.
diminished circulation postmortem is due to
the hardening of the arteries
a postmortem circulatory disturbance localized collection of pus
abscess
occurring postmortemmassive loss of blood can cause generalized circulatory shock.
hemorrhages
the wasting away or loss of tissue
emaciation
loss of moisture from the body.
dehydration
postmortem hypostasis which causes livor mortis (reddish blue discoloration) which is an intravascular blood discoloration. Can be usually removed by embalming.
blood discoloration after death outside the intravascular system. This is a cosmetic problem.
extravascular
National board question: What is considered the most permanent blood discoloration?
Post mortem extravascular (post mortem stain)
