Forensic Pathology Flashcards
Study of disease
Pathology
any abnormal condition which impairs the normal functioning of the body. Local disease and genetic diseases can occur.
Disease
was the leading cause of death in the early 1900’s
TB
the leading cause of death TODAY
CVD- Cardiovascular Disease
Another name for CAUSE
Etiology
The cause of disease is divided into what 2 categories?
Immediate (exciting) &Predisposing
The beginning of disease. The manner in which a particular disease develops.
Pathogenesis
3 parts of disease that we study
- Cause (Etiology) 2. Pathogenesis 3. Changes and final effects brought about in the body.
Study of general disease processes, such as inflammation, degeneration, necrosis (localized area of dead tissue in a living body), repair (i.e.: scar tissue), etc.
General Pathology
The body’s total response to any injury
inflammation
Study of disease in relation to a particular organ or the organs system. Ie., disease of the digestive track.
Special Pathology
5 Divisions of Pathology
- Pathological Anatomy (Morbid Anatomy) 2. Surgical Pathology3. Clinical Pathology 4. Medico - Legal Pathology (forensic pathology) 5. Physiological Pathology
The study of the structure of the human body as affected by disease.
Pathological Anatomy (Morbid Anatomy)
localized area of dead tissue in a living body
necrosis
Study of disease by means of biopsies.
Surgical Pathology
The study of disease by means of:body secretions (useful substances produced within the body), body excretions (waste substances rid from the body), & other body fluids.
Clinical Pathology
Legal Pathology (forensic pathology) the study of disease, death, and injuries with medical/legal potential.
Medico
2 methods to study Pathological Anatomy (Morbid Anatomy)
1.) Gross Inspection 2.) Histopathology
See changes of the structure of the body with the unaided eye.
Gross inspection
A study of the structure of the cell as affected by disease, by means of microscope. Disease at cellular levels.
Histopathology
The study of the functions of the body as affected by disease.
Physiological Pathology
A study of disease by samples of tissue removed surgically from a living person.
Biopsy
useful substances produced within the body
body secretions
waste products that are rid from the body
body excretions
The study of deaths and injuries of medical and legal significance
Medico-Legal Pathology
The study of the function of the human body as affected by disease.
Physiological Pathology
Medico-Legal Pathology is also known as…
Forensic Pathology
Importance of autopsy
- Confirm medical diagnosis2. Amplify or reject the clinical diagnosis3. Advancement of medical knowledge 4. Medico-legal cases5. Medical statistics
Autopsy is also known as…
necropsy or postmortem exam
Differences between Coroner vs. Medical Examiner
- Determination of jurisdiction (county where death occurred)2. Qualifications 3. Inquest
a formal legal proceeding into the events and circumstances surrounding a particular death.
Inquest
Coroner is a carry over from the…..
English common law system
Inquest are needed in cases of….
unknown deaths ordeaths caused by violence
Elected county officer who investigates and holds inquests over unknown deaths or deaths caused by violence.
J.P./Coroner
Appointed…must have gone to school (MD) works with the police officers; works under coroner.
Medical examiner
Texas does NOT use the term__________________, but has _______________ in those counties not large enough to have a ME’s office.
Coroner Justice of the Peace (J.P.)
Difference with ordinary clinical autopsy (relation to clinical findings and diagnosis) vs. forensic autopsy. Forensic Autopsy will provide…
A. Absolute identification of the body.B. A description of the body and scene.C. A description of the clothingD. An unrestricted autopsy (prevention of future legal actions) a complete autopsy.
Types of Unrestricted autopsy
Biochemical Microbiological scans Radiological scans
toxicological
Biochemical
Primary need of a forensic autopsy is to determine…
cause of death
A minimum of ___________ must be listed on a death certificate.
One cause of death
Three types or parts of death
ImmediateBasicContributory
the thing responsible for death at the time of the terminal event (peritonitis)
Immediate cause of death
the thing prior to and leading up to the terminal event (stab wounds)
basic cause of death
the thing involved in but not causing the terminal event (leukemia) persons with leukemia have less blood clotting ability.
contributory cause of death
GOK means
God only knows
Failure to thrive means
infant not sucking on breast
DIS
dead in the saddle
the circumstances surrounding a particular death
manner of death
Types of Mannerrs of death
- Natural 2. Homicide3. Suicide4. Accident5. Unexplained (SIDS)6. Undetermined (decomposed)
An explanation of the sequence of events leading up to the death.
mechanism of death
recover and preserve this_____________
Evidence
any abnormal condition which impairs the normal functioning of the body. It can affect the entire body or only one part of the body.
Definition of disease
presence of microorganisms in or on the body.
Microbiological scans
x-rays
Radiological scans
The doctrine of cellular pathology was written by who? He is considered the father of pathology.
Virchow
What does the doctrine of cellular pathology state?
“Just like the cell is the structural and functional unit of life. The cell is also the structural and functional unit of disease.”
any disease of impaired function without change in structure. i.e. mental illness, color blindness.
Functional disease
any disease in which definite structural changes accompany it.
Organic disease
Any structural or functional change due to disease.
Lesion
The identification of a specific disease.
Diagnosis
Any disease in which the fever accompanying it is either excessively high and or lasts a prolonged period of time. Ex: Rickettsia infections- Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever - 107 15 - 20 days (2-3 weeks).
Febrile disease
Disease state which occur at the same time or concurrently with another disease. Often times they are infectious in nature.
Complications
Alcohol, steroids, poisoning, the exposure of the body to poisonous substances.
Intoxications
Disease states which occur on second or subsequent exposure to the same allergen.
Allergies
A forecast of the outcome of a particular disease.
Prognosis
Subjective manifestation of a disease. They accompany the disease but are not measurable. Pain, headache.
Symptoms
Objective manifestation of a disease. These are measurable. Vital signs, blood pressure, breathing.
Signs
Any disease caused by a microorganism.
Infectious disease
Any disease that occurs every now and then.
Sporadic disease
Any disease that turns into a worldwide epidemic, flu.
Pandemic disease
A disease that attacks a large number of people in a short period of time, i.e. chicken pox.
Epidemic
Any disease that is continuously present i.e. common cold.
Endemic disease
A set of both signs and symptoms accompanying a disease, i.e. Down’s syndrome (mongolism) SIDS.
Syndrome
A sudden increase in the severity of a disease. “The patient has made a turn for the worse.” Conditions of patients are rated; good, fair, critical, grave condition. If a patient goes from fair to critical condition
Exacerbation
Temporary absence of a particular disease. ie: Cancer
Remission (abatement)
Any disease transmitted genetically - through the genes, i.e. hemophilia, dwarfism.
Hereditary disease
Any disease caused by dietary or metabolic deficiency, i.e. diabetes mellitus scurvy (lack of vitamin C) Goiter (lack of iodine).
Deficiency disease
Any disease with slow on set and long duration. ex: Carcinoma (cancer). Gout
Chronic
Any disease present at birth. Does not have to be life threatening, i.e. cleft palate, polydactylism (more digits on hand or feet than normal).
Congenital disease
Any disease obtained after birth.
Acquired disease
Any disease that reappears now and then, fever blisters, cold sores.
Recurrent disease
Any disease of unknown origin or cause. Essential hypertension.
Idiopathic disease
Any disease in which a person’s occupation or profession makes them more susceptible to develop a particular disease. Hepatitis B, scrotal cancer, (chimney sweeps) anthrocosis (black lung disease) silicosis (sandblasting).
Occupational disease
Any disease of sudden onset and short duration. ex: MI
Acute
the study of the causes of disease
Etiology
The divisions of the causes of disease
predisposing conditions exciting (immediate causes)
conditions that make a person more susceptible or inclined to develop a particular disease.ex: Age (MS/Meningitis-children’s disease) (Alzheimer’s disease-elderly) (Sarcoma vs. Carcinoma-most 40-65) Sex (Prostate cancer-male) (Uterine & Ovarian cancer-female) (Gallbladder attack-mostly in women) Nutrition (Kwashiokor - protein deficiency) Race (Sickle cell anemia-Blacks) (TB-less in Eskimos) Occupation (Hepatitis B-Embalmers) (Scrotal cancer- chimney sweeps)
Predisposing conditions
Any cause of disease that has established a cause/effect relationship
Exciting (immediate) causes
coal miners disease…black lung diseaseIt is a type of occupational disease
Anthrocosis
Hepatitis B is what type of disease?
Occupational
Scrotal cancer is commonly a Recurrent Disease…TRUE OR FALSE?
FALSE…it is commonly an occupational disease
any condition or disease induced/caused by treatment of a physician or medical personnel ex: leaving a pair of forceps in the body after surgery
Iatrogenic
number of cases reported of a specific illness or disease in a given population.
Morbidity Rate
MMWR stands for…..It is one of the most common reports that the morbidity rate of illnesses or diseases are posted in.
mortality and morbidity weekly report
Number of deaths reported in a given population for a specific period of time.
Mortality Rate (Death Rate)
Carcinoma is an example of what type of disease?
Chronic
diabetes mellitus(lack of insulin) & scurvy (lack of vitamin C) is an example of what type of disease?
deficiency disease
A common cold is a ______________ disease.
endemic
dwarfism is what type of disease?
hereditary
essential hypertension is what type of disease?
idiopathic
polydactylism (more digits on hand or feet than normal) is a ______________ disease.
congenital
A hereditary disease that is also known as the bleeder’s disease. It is mostly present in male offspring; is the absence of an essential clotting factor- Factor 8)
hemophilia
The flu can be which two types of diseases?
Endemic & epidemic
Allergies are also known as…
Hypersensitivities
A death resulting from immediate severe allergic reaction.
Anaphylaxis
Anaphylaxis is also known as…
anaphylactic shock
also known as frequency. Number of incidents…how frequently an incident occurs.
Prevalence- Most commonly used as “how prevalent”
Factors in predisposing conditions
Age Sex Nutrition Race Occupation
any type of wound or injury
trauma
disease due to dietary or metabolism in the systemex: albinisim
deficiencies
not seen on first exposure. Seen on second or third exposure
allergens
other factors of predisposing conditions
fatigue, general living conditions, plague, alcoholism, heredity, emotion, etc.
mongolism (down’s syndrome), hemophilia, diabetes, dwarfism are examples of…
heredity
foreign protein that triggers production of an incomplete antibody
allergen
extremes of temperature-cold or heat. Radiation is also an example of this…
physical agents
parasites, microorganisms are examples of…
infectious agents
chemicals that are either immediately or eventually toxic or poisonous to the body.chemical reactions-has a cause and effect. Chemicals which induce a change in the human body.
chemical agents
types of death with medico-legal potential
- injury or death by violence2. sudden and/or unexpected death3. environmental deaths4. health, welfare, & safety5. medical litigation
albinism is an example of what disease?
deficiencies disease
complete absence of production of melanin
albinism
an abnormal new growth
neoplasms (tumors)
Enclosed sac-like pouches that have a definite wall.Usually containing a liquid, solid, or semi-solid material
Cysts
Types of cysts
Duarian cystSebaccous cyst
abnormal sac-like pouch present on the ovary.
Duarian cyst
type of duarian cyst
dermoid
duarian cyst also called…
ovarian cyst
a rare ovarian (duarian) cyst that contains a waxy tissue and other structures not normally foundex: teeth or hair follicles
dermoid cyst
an abnormal sac-like structure located on a oil gland
sebaccous
oil glands are also called
sebaceous glands
An increase in size of a body part or organ by an increase in size of the cells already present.Excessive growth
hypertrophy
sebaccous cysts are also called…
wen
an abnormal sac-like structure
tumor
types of hypertrophy
physiologicalpathologicalcompensatory
increase in size of a body part or organ due to increased functional demand
physiological hypertrophy
Breast tissue due to lactation. The increase in size of the female uterus in preparation of pregnancy.Body builder (confirm this one)These are examples of what?
physiological hypertrophy
an increase in size of a body part or organ due to disease
pathological hypertrophy
Wilm’s tumor and brain tumor is an example of what?
pathological hypertrophy
a rare tumor of the kidney in children
Wilm’s tumor
increase in size of a body part or organ to compensate or make up for the loss of a similar or paired organ
compensatory hypertrophy
increase in size of a body part or organ by an increase in the total number of cells making it up.
hyperplasia
What type of change is hyperplasia?
Progressive tissue change
refers to the manner in which a growth occursCONFIRM THIS!!!
non-neoplastic changes
oat cell carcinoma is an example of
metaplasia
GET AN EXAMPLE OF…
COMPENSATORY HYPERTROPHY
classifications of neoplasms
clinicalhistological
state of disease
clinical
types of states of disease (clinical)
benignmalignant
A suffix of “oma” generally means that it is a _____________ tumorNOT ALWAYS
benign
ALL malignant tumors left untreated will _______________
kill
generally a suffix of sarcoma or carcinoma
malignant
malignant tumor of epithelial tissue occurring in persons 45-60
carcinoma
breast cancer or lung cancer are examples of what type of tumor
carcinoma
bone cancer is an example of what type of tumor
sarcoma
malignant tumor or connective tissue in persons under 30
sarcoma
generally, a benign tumor will NOT…
kill you
tissue or originwhat tissue it originated firstshown by its prefix or the stem of the word
histological
types of cellular reactions (manners by which a body would respond to injury)
regressive tissue changesprogressive tissue changes
an increase in size is what type of cellular reaction?
progressive tissue changes
a decrease in size is what type of cellular reaction?
regressive tissue changes
Types of regressive tissue changes
degeneration infiltrationnecrosisatrophy
type of regressive tissue change in which there is an accumulation or buildup of a substance INTRACELLULARLY (within) the protoplasm of cells.
degeneration
degeneration is….
intracellular
we diffrentiate types of degeneration according to the type of _________ that is _______
substanceaccumulated
most common type of degeneration.similar to edema. this fluid is between cells. Intracellular, cloudy swelling, There is a temporary accumulation or buildup of fluid within the protoplasm of cells.
cellular (cloudy) swelling
fatty change-fatty metamorphosis-abnormal accumulation of fat within the protoplasm of normal cells.
fatty degeneration
fat in liver cells affects the _______. This would be called __________
liverliver dysfunction (fatty liver degeneration)
intracellular accumulation or buildup of amyloid within the normal protoplasm of cells.Commonly seen in TB - Typically, in adults, it begins in the lungs. Osteomyelitis - inflammation of the spongey bone marrow inside bones. Infectious disease.
Amyloid disease