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Nervous Nellies > Anatomy 2 > Flashcards

Anatomy 2 Flashcards

1
Q

when you decrease the angle between the body parts UPWARDTO BRING TO TO SHOW OR FLEX YOUR MUSCLES

A

flexion

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2
Q

to increase the angle between two body parts.LEG OUTWARDRAISING HEAD UP TOWARD SKY

A

extension

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3
Q

move a body part away from the medium plane.DOING JUMPING JACKSABDUCT A CHILD AWAY FROM THEIR PARENTS

A

abduction

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4
Q

to move a body part toward the medium plane. BRINGING SOMETHING CLOSER IN

A

aduction

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5
Q

to turn the palm of the hand posteriorly (out of anatomical position). pour soup out

A

pronation

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6
Q

to turn anteriorly (back to anatomical position). hold soup up

A

supination

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7
Q
  • to turn outward or inside out
A

eversion

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8
Q

to draw inward or outside in. MOST TIME THIS IS HOW YOU WILL TWIST YOUR ANKLE

A

inversion

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9
Q

the feet are initially positioned how?

A

inverted

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10
Q

movement such that the distal end of a bone describes a circle and the shaft describes a cone.THIRD BASE COACH AS HE WAVES IN A RUNNER FROM SECOND BASE TO TRY TO SCORE A RUN

A

circumduction

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11
Q
  • to close
A

constriction

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12
Q

muscle that expands an organ, vessel, or orifice

A

dilator

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13
Q

are called sphincter and all will constrict.

A

circular shaped muscle

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14
Q

to raise a particular body part.

A

elevation

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15
Q

circular shaped

A

orbicularis, sphincter muscles

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16
Q

sternoclavicular articulation and mastoid process of the temporal bone.

A

Sternocleidomastoid

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17
Q

to lower a body part

A

depresssion

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18
Q

Turning a bone about its long axis. Shaking head no. [This muscle action has no antagonistic muscle action, but rather refers to the turning of a bone about its long axis, as when you shake your head no.]

A

rotation

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19
Q
  • triangular
A

deltoid(DELTA)

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20
Q
  • thin and flat
A

platysma

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21
Q

four-sided

A

quadratus

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22
Q

large

A

vastus

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23
Q

four sided diamond

A

trapezius

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24
Q

straight

A

rectus(ERECT)

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25
Q

occipital bone and frontal bone

A

Occipitofrontalis

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26
Q

may be used to designate “divisions”

A

ceps

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27
Q

between the ribs

A

intercostal

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28
Q

facial cheeks

A

buccinator

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29
Q

circular-shaped muscle of the mouth

A

orbicularis oris

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30
Q

circular-shaped muscle of the eye

A

orbicularis oculi

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31
Q

superficial vs deep

A

The muscles of facial expression lie superficially in relationship to the muscles of mastication, which lie deep.

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32
Q

muscles of the arm, between shoulders to elbow

A

brachii

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33
Q

– muscles of the thigh, between hip and knee

A

femoris

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34
Q

the relatively FIXED point of attachment of the muscle

A

origin

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35
Q

the relatively MOVABLE point of attachment of the muscle

A

insertion

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36
Q

7 classification of muscles

A

actionshapepoints of attachmentnumber of divisionslocationdirection of fiberssize

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37
Q

the fibers of this muscle found in the ventral abdominal wall form a “V”

A

external oblique

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38
Q

the fibers of this muscle, located just beneath the external oblique, form an inverted “V” (a teepee).

A

internal oblique

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39
Q

innermost of the muscles of the ventral abdominal wall, its fibers go transversely (horizontally).

A

Transverse abdominus

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40
Q

head musclesBroad flat tendon which joins the Frontalis

A

galea aponeurotica Occipitofrontalis (epicranius)

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41
Q

study of muscles; all are used for movement of and within the body

A

mycology

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42
Q

three types of muscle

A

cardiacvisceralskeletal

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43
Q

(muscle)heart only, moves involuntary, slightly striated

A

cardiac muscle

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44
Q

(muscle) – in organs of body, involuntary movement, smooth, single nucleus per muscle cell

A

visceral (smooth) muscle

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45
Q

(muscle) striated (connected with tendons or ligaments), multi nucleated, voluntary, used for flexing and extending

A

skeletal muscle

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46
Q

the bulky, fleshy part of the muscle which shortens and thickens during contraction

A

body or belly

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47
Q

muscles of mastication (4)chewer muscle; close mouth and clench teeth

A

masseter

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48
Q

muscles of mastication (4)– fan shaped muscle located on the squamous portion of the temporal bone; close mandible; as well as protrude the mandible. Clench teeth; retract lower jaw

A

temporalis

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49
Q

muscles of mastication (4)opens and protrudes mandible; moves mandible side to side

A

lateral (external) pterygoid

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50
Q

name from most superficial to most deep, or outer to inner the direction of fibers

A

external obliqueinternal obliquetransverse abdominus

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51
Q

(LG) breast muscles

A

pectoralis major

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52
Q

(SM) breast muscles

A

pectoralis minor

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53
Q

(LG) top or most superficial butt muscle

A

gluteus maximus

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54
Q

(SM) butt muscle just below madius

A

gluteus minimus

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55
Q

(LG) upper thigh, boundary of femoral triangle

A

adductor magnus

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56
Q

(SHORT) upper thigh

A

adductor brevis

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57
Q

another name for short

A

brevis

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58
Q

calf muscle, large in terms of size

A

gastrocnemius

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59
Q

cause goose bumps; small in terms of size; circular; at bottom of hair shaft

A

arrector pili muscles

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60
Q

muscles of the head

A

occipitafrontalis (epicranius)- galea aponeuroticamuscles of the mastication (chewing and swallowing)massetertemporalislateral (external) pterygoidmedial (internal) pterygoid

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61
Q

muscles of the neck and trunk

A

neckplatysmaomophoidsternocleidomastoidtrunk(back muscles)trapeziuslatissimus dorsichestpectoralis majorexternal intercostalsinternal intersostalsabdomen(anterolateral wall)external obliqueinternal obliquetransverse abdominus(anteromedial wall)rectus abdominus(posterior wall)psoas major (iliopsoas)diaphragm (phrenic muscle)openingsespohageal orificeaortic orificeinferior vena caval orifice

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62
Q

muscles of upper extremities

A

shoulder musclesdeltoidteres majorarm muscles (between shoulder and elbow)biceps brachiicoracobrachialisbrachialistriceps brachiiforearm muscles (between elbow and wrist)ventral aspect (medial to lateral)flexor carpi ulnarisflexor digitorum superficialisflexor carpi radialisdorsal aspectsuperficial: brachiradialisdeep: remember that as a group, they aid in extension and supination of the hand

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63
Q

muscles of mastication (4)closes and protrudes mandible

A

medial (internal) pterygoid

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64
Q

muscles of the neck (3)flat thin muscle (paper thin) of the neck, tense or wrinkle skin of neck and depresses lower jaw

A

platysma

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65
Q

muscles of the neck (3)depress and lower the hyoid bone

A

omohyoid

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66
Q

muscles of the neck (3)mark the widest part of the neck, used to rotate and extend the head; anatomical guide for embalming in carotid (neck) area** forms the lateral boundary of the anterior cervical triangle

A

sternocleidomastoid

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67
Q

diamond shaped muscle of upper back; used to elevate or shrug shoulders

A

trapezius

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68
Q

large flat muscle of lower back

A

latissimus dorsi

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69
Q

largest muscle of upper chest region; used to flex and adduct arm

A

pectoralis major

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70
Q

draws ribs together; outermost muscle between ribs

A

external intercostals

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71
Q

draws ribs together; innermost muscle between ribs

A

internal intercostals

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72
Q

Another system within the body which is lesser known than the blood vascular system is known as the

A

lymph vascular system

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73
Q

dealing with a system of vessels

A

vascular systems

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74
Q

two vascular systems within the body

A

blood and lymph

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75
Q

The substance which ONLY flows through the lymph vessels. (spring like) - a substance in the body which ALWAYS forms or BEGINS from tissue fluid.

A

lymph

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76
Q

The substance which bathes and surrounds the body cells.

A

tissue fluid

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77
Q

The flow of all lymph in the human body, always begins in the smallest vessels called

A

lymph capillaries

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78
Q

functions of the Lymph Vascular System

A

a. Maintain proper tissue fluid balance.b. Helps to remove other waste products.c. One of the body’s basic defense systems (phagocytosis, antibodies).

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79
Q

Specialized types of tissue strategically placed throughout the human body

A

lymphoid tissue

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80
Q

three pairs of lymphoid tissue, including the adenoids, which protect the opening between the mouth cavity proper and oropharynx (throat).

A

tonsils

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81
Q

–The largest mass of Lymphoid Tissue in the human body.–Located in the Abdominal Pelvic Cavity. –Helps the liver to recycle red blood cells.

A

spleen

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82
Q

A mass of lymphoid tissue. The LARGEST and MOST ACTIVE during INFANCY. Located at the BASE OF THE NECK. Produces antibodies for the rest of a person’s life called T-CELLS. This gland will shrink with age

A

thymus gland

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83
Q

Filters for lymph. They are strategically placed in the human body. There are four (4) specific locations.• All are named for their location.

A

lymph nodes

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84
Q

located in the ARM PIT region.These lymph nodes filter lymph originating from the UPPER EXTREMITIES and the PECTORAL REGION (chest). Used to detect or stage the level of malignancy in BREAST CANCER.

A

axillary lymph nodes

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85
Q

located in the NECK region. These lymph nodes filter lymph originating from the HEAD AND NECK. Used to detect HODGIKN’S DISEASE.

A

cervical lymph nodes

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86
Q

located in the GROIN region. These lymph nodes filter lymph originating from the LOWER extremities. (BUBONIC PLAGUE)

A

inguinal lymph nodes

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87
Q

located in the INTESTINES. These lymph originating from the INTESTINAL TRACK OR BOTH LARGE AND SMALL INTESTINES. Used to detect stages of COLON CANCER

A

mesentric lymph nodes

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88
Q

the waxy, milky substance which is formed by the union of digestive fats with lymph. (fat mix with lymph)

A

chyle

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89
Q

when chyle comes from the small intestine and lymph comes from the lower extremities, the two get together at a temporary enlarged pouch called a

A

cistera chyli

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90
Q

the flow of chlye begins where?

A

in the lacteals

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91
Q

what color is lymph?

A

clear, straw colored, or may have an amber color (yellow tent)

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92
Q

small finger like projections in the small intestine by which increases the surface area over which food could be absorbed. a single one contains three structures (vein, artery, and lacteal)

A

villi

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93
Q

it is estimated that what percentage of the digestive fat that is absorbed in the small intestine will go into the lymph capillary

A

30%

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94
Q

a special name given to lymph capillaries found only in the small intestine

A

lacteals

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95
Q

two large main ducts or passageways for lymph that are the ONLY ducts of the lymph system that periodically dump into the bloodstream.

A

thoracic ductright lymphatic duct

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96
Q

the largest lymph duct in the human body. 3/4 of the lymph in the body drains through this duct. Lymph coming from the LEFT upper extremities, LEFT side of the head and neck, LEFT side of the chest, the ENTIRE abdominal cavity, and BOTH lower extremities will drain through this duct.

A

thoracic duct

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97
Q
  • second largest lymph duct that only originates on the RIGHT side of the head and neck. The RIGHTupper extremities, and RIGHT side of the thoracic cavity will eventually drain through this duct
A

right lymphatic duct

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98
Q

Once lymph has gone into the right lymphatic duct or thoracic duct, it is now called __________

A

blood

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99
Q

General Characteristics of BLOOD

A

ph of bloodviscosity (thickness)temperature of blood

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100
Q

ph of blood

A

7.3 - 7.4 slightly alkaline

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101
Q
  • a measure of the resistance to the flow of a liquid
A

viscosity (thickness)

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102
Q

Blood moves _______ times thicker than _______

A

4 1/2 to 5 1/2water

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103
Q

Temperature of blood

A

100.3 Fslightly warmer than normal body temperature of 98.6 F

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104
Q

general composition of human blood

A

plasma 55%corpuscles 45%

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105
Q

(Liquid portion) of non- clotted blood, slightly amber or straw color.

A

plasma

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106
Q

45% of whole human blood

A

formed elements(corpuscles)

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107
Q

name the four types of lymphoid tissue

A

tonsilsspleenthymus glandlymph nodes

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108
Q

a large pouch

A

cistera

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109
Q

the flow of chyle end at the cisteria chyli and becomes lymph

A

chyli

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110
Q

its flow goes in one directionits flow in humans will eventually go into the blood systemits flow is very sluggish and is accomplished by muscle contraction

A

lymph

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111
Q

once lymph enter the _________ __________, it will flow in ONLY __________ direction(s) by means of slightly larger ________ ___________. From the __________, the lymph will move to the ________ _________ which are strategically placed for filter of lymph. Once at the ________ _________, there are ____ large main ducts or passageways for lymph in the human body ____________________________

A

lymph capillariesonelymph vesselsvesselslymph nodeslymph nodestworight lymphatic duct thoracic duct

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112
Q

components of plasma

A

92 % water8 % dissolved substances

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113
Q

(Components of plasma)blood proteins (clotting process)

A

serum albuminserum globulinfibrinogen

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114
Q

aids in forming the fibrous net which prevents you from bleeding to death

A

fibrinogen

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115
Q

non protein components of plasma

A

salts, nutrients, gases, hormones, clotting factors, enzymes, and antibodies

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116
Q

non protein salt components of plasma

A

saltpotassiumcalciummagnesium

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117
Q

non protein nutrient components of plasma

A

food glucose (blood sugar)lipids-fats

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118
Q

primary constituent of urine

A

ammonia

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119
Q

essential clotting factor of plasma

A

Factor 8

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120
Q

speed up the rate of a chemical reaction and not used up in the process

A

enzymes (ASE)

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121
Q

dissolved within the plasma portion of blood

A

antibodies

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122
Q

name the three groups of formal elements of blood

A

erythrocytes leukocytesthrombocytes

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123
Q

red blood cells

A

erythrocytes

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124
Q

white blood cells

A

leukocytes

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125
Q

platelets

A

thrombocytes

126
Q

most numerous of the corpuscles found in the formed element portion of the blood. 7 microns in diameter

A

erythrocytes

127
Q

bioncave disc shaped; DO NOT have a nucleus, 4.5 to 5 million per cubic millimeter of blood; crenation and hemolysis; originate in bone marrow, 120 day lifespan; destroyed in the liver and the spleenThere only function is to carry hemoglobin.

A

erythrocytes

128
Q

a protein molecule to which oxygen initially attaches itself in the lungs

A

hemoglobin

129
Q

the shrinking of red blood cells when placed in hypertonic solution

A

crenation

130
Q

the bursting or rupturing of a red blood cell when placed in a hypotonic solution

A

hemolysis

131
Q

only function of the erythrocytes

A

to carry hemoglobin

132
Q

least numerous of the corpuscles, white blood cells, 5000-9000 per cubic millimeter of blood,

A

leukocytes

133
Q

name the two types of leukocytes and their subtypes

A

agranulocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes)granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophil)

134
Q

type of white blood cells that do not contain granules in their protoplasm

A

agranulocytes

135
Q

type of agranulocyte that has a large, single nucleus without granules in them. Responsible for production of antibodies in all living things

A

lymphocytes

136
Q

type of agranulocyte also called scavenger cells. They are shipped by the body where a scar has formed to rid the body of pus so scab can form

A

monocytes

137
Q

type of white blood cells that do contain granules in their protoplasm

A

granulocytes

138
Q

type of granulocyte; most numerous of the white blood cells. Greatest quantity (65%) White blood cell count. Has granules within its protoplasm when the cells are stained it is not exposed to any color- no color- it is neutrally stained. Its function is to perform phagocytosis - ingest, surrounds, and destroys anything foreign.

A

neutrophils

139
Q

the type of granulocytes that stain red in the laboratory setting

A

eosinophils

140
Q

type of granulocytes; the least numerous of the white blood cells. Its granules will stain blue. This cell is what causes people to have allergic reactions

A

basophil

141
Q

Functions of white blood cells

A

defense of the body against infection by diapedesis and phagocytosis

142
Q
  • have the ability to squeeze themselves through pores of the capillaries and perform phagocytosis - surround, ingest and destroy the infection.
A

Diapedesis

143
Q
  • looks like fragments of cells. Purpose is initiate or begin clotting process.
A

Thrombocytes – (platelets)

144
Q

fragmented cells, 300,000 per cubic millimeter; normal coagulation time: 3-5 minutes; plasma vs. serum

A

thrombocytes (platelets)

145
Q

the liquid portion of non-clotted blood

A

plasma

146
Q

the liquid portion of blood left over after blood has clotted

A

serum

147
Q

function of thrombocytes

A

clotting of blood, to initiate the clotting process.

148
Q

Chemistry of clotting blood

A

a) Fragmentation of platelets released a chemical called thromboplastin.b) Thromboplastin neutralizes antiprothrombin, thus liberating prothrombin.c) Prothrombin unites with calcium to form thrambin.d) Thrambin and fibrinogen from fibrin.e) Fibrin and blood cells form the clot within three to five minutes.

149
Q

Substances in blood that by themselves will promote blood clotting.

A

a) Thromboplastin (thromborinase) (cephalin) b) Prothrombin c) Calcium CA d) Fibrinogen

150
Q

Substance naturally in the blood that by themselves will inhibit blood from clotting.

A

AntithrombinAntiprothrombin (heparin)

151
Q

Origin of the thrombocytes

A

bone marrow

152
Q

function of blood

A

a. Transport – O2, CO2, food, waste, hormonesb. Temperature regulation – 98.6c. Control of pH – 7.3 to 7.4d. Control of water balance – 92% of plasma is H2O, can’t lose more than ½ or deathe. Defense against infection – by leukocytes (5)

153
Q

the active chemical substance present in the secretion of endocrine glands

A

hormones

154
Q

HEAD MUSCLES

A

OCCIPITALFRONTALIS (OPICRANIUS)MASSETERTEMPORALISLATERAL (EXTERNAL) PTERYGOIDMEDIAL (INTERNAL) PTERYGOID

155
Q

broad flat tendon attaching muscle to muscle

A

GALEA OPONEUROTICA

156
Q

chewing and swallowing

A

MASTICATION & DEGLUDINATION

157
Q

NECK MUSCLES

A

PLATYSMAOMOHYOIDSTERNOCLEIDOMASTOID

158
Q

TRUNK/TORSO major muscles

A

back muscleschest musclesabdomen musclesdiaphragm muscles

159
Q

BACK MUSCLES

A

TRAPEZIUSLATISSIMUS DORSI

160
Q

MAJOR CHEST MUSCLES

A

PECTORALIS MAJOREXTERNAL INTERCOSTALSINTERNAL INTERCOSTALS

161
Q

ABDOMEN MUSCLES

A

ANTEROLATERAL WALLANTEROMEDIAL WALLPOSTERIOR WALL

162
Q

ANTEROLATERAL WALL (abdomen) muscles

A

EXTERNAL OBLIQUEINTERNAL OBLIQUETRANSVERSE ABDOMINUS

163
Q

ANTEROMEDIAL WALL (abdomen) muscle

A

RECTUS ABDOMINUS

164
Q

POSTERIOR WALL (abdomen) muscle

A

PSOAS MAJOR (ILIOPSOAS)

165
Q

to flex and medially rotate the thigh; guide to raise the iliac artery; *(can be counted as 3 muscles or 1 muscle depending on anatomist)

A

PSOAS MAJOR (ILIOPSOAS)

166
Q

(PHRENIC MUSCLE)

A

DIAPHRAGM

167
Q

major muscle for breathing, both exhaling and inhaling

A

DIAPHRAGM (PHRENIC MUSCLE)

168
Q

OPENINGS of DIAPHRAGM

A

ESOPHAGEAL ORIFICE AORTIC ORIFICEINFERIOR VENA CAVAL ORIFICE

169
Q

opening thru which esophagus passes

A

ESOPHAGEAL ORIFICE

170
Q

opening thru which aorta (largest artery) passes

A

AORTIC ORIFICE

171
Q

opening for (IVC), largest vein in body, named by angle/direction not by size

A

INFERIOR VENA CAVAL ORIFICE

172
Q

UPPER EXTREMITIES muscles

A

SHOULDER MUSCLESARM MUSCLESFOREARM MUSCLES

173
Q

SHOULDER MUSCLES

A

DELTOIDTERES MAJOR

174
Q

abduction of the arm, move arm away from medial plane, triangle shape gives roundness/firmness of the arm

A

DELTOID

175
Q

muscle to adduct and medially rotate the arm, largest muscle in terms of size

A

TERES MAJOR

176
Q

(between shoulder and elbow)

A

ARM MUSCLES

177
Q

ARM MUSCLES

A

BICEPT BRACHII CORACOBRACHIALISBRACHIALIS TRICEPS BRACHII

178
Q

(between elbow and wrist)

A

FOREARM MUSCLE

179
Q

FOREARM MUSCLE VENTRAL ASPECTlisted medial to lateral,

A

FLEXOR CARPI ULNARISFLEXOR DIGITORUM SUPERFICIALISFLEXOR CARPI RADIALIS

180
Q

function of all is to flex and pronate the hands

A

FOREARM MUSCLEVENTRAL ASPECT

181
Q

most medial ventral muscle of forearm

A

FLEXOR CARPI ULNARIS

182
Q

the ulnar artery lies LATERAL to the tendon of the…

A

flexor carpi ulnaris

183
Q

most prominent tendon seen at the middle of the wrist

A

FLEXOR DIGITORUM SUPERFICIALIS

184
Q

the ulnar artery lies MEDIAL to the tendon of the

A

FLEXOR DIGITORUM SUPERFICIALIS

185
Q

most lateral ventral muscle of the forearm

A

FLEXOR CARPI RADIALIS

186
Q

DORSAL ASPECT of Forearm MusclesSUPERFICIALLY:

A

BRACHIORADIALIS

187
Q

as a group, they aid in extension and supination of the hand

A

DEEP: (forearm)

188
Q

popeye’s muscle

A

brachioradials

189
Q

LOWER EXTREMITIES MUSCLES

A

GLUTEAL REGION THIGH MUSCLELEG MUSCLES

190
Q

GLUTEAL REGION

A

GLUTEUS MAXIMUS

191
Q

(between hip and knee

A

THIGH MUSCLE

192
Q

front of femoral area

A

ANTERIOR FEMORAL MUSCLES

193
Q

ANTERIOR FEMORAL MUSCLES

A

SARTORIUS QUADRICEPTS FEMORIS

194
Q

forms lateral boundary of femoral triangle, longest muscle in body, used to cross legs;common name is tailor’s muscle

A

SARTORIUS

195
Q

TAILOR’S MUSCLE

A

SARTORIUS

196
Q

THIGH MUSCLES

A

ANTERIOR FEMORAL MUSCLESMEDIAL FEMORAL MUSCLES POSTERIOR FEMORAL MUSCLES

197
Q

4 headed muscle in the thigh region. Located in the front of the thigh

A

QUADRICEPTS FEMORIS

198
Q

PARTS OF QUADRICEPTS FEMORIS

A

RECTUS FEMORIS VASTUS LATERALISVASTUS MEDIALISVASTUS INTERMEDIUS

199
Q

close to midline; bring the body toward the medial plane; adduct the thigh

A

MEDIAL FEMORAL MUSCLES

200
Q

MEDIAL FEMORAL MUSCLES

A

ADDUCTOR LONGUSADDUCTOR MAGNUS

201
Q

longest adductor muscle; serves as medial boundary of the femoral triangle

A

ADDUCTOR LONGUS

202
Q

largest of the adductor muscle serves as the anatomical limit between femoral blood vessels; located superior to the blood vessels at the opening of the adductor magnus

A

ADDUCTOR MAGNUS

203
Q

in back; hamstring group, common in basketball injuries

A

POSTERIOR FEMORAL MUSCLES

204
Q

POSTERIOR FEMORAL MUSCLESall three of these used to extend the thigh

A

BICEPS FEMORISSEMITENDINOSUSSEMIMEMBRANOSUS

205
Q

2 headed muscle; one of the 3 most lateral posterior muscles of the thigh; when flexed, you can feel tendon

A

BICEPS FEMORIS

206
Q

used to tense your knee tendon of the knee stands out when you tense your knee

A

SEMITENDINOSUS

207
Q

most medial muscle of the posterior of the thigh

A

SEMIMEMBRANOSUS

208
Q

(between knee and ankle

A

LEG MUSCLES

209
Q

LEG MUSCLES

A

ANTERIOR MUSCLES: TIBIALIS ANTERIORPOSTERIOR MUSCLES: CALCANEAL TENDON

210
Q

posterior leg muscles

A

GASTROCNEMIUS SOLEUS

211
Q

calf muscle…large fleshy muscle (Charlie horse)

A

GASTROCNEMIUS

212
Q

planter flexion, point the toe downwardwalk on tiptoe (dancers toes)

A

SOLEUS

213
Q

The space between the lungs where the heart and great blood vessels is housed.

A

Mediastinum

214
Q

Referring exclusive to the upper chambers of the human heart

A

atria

215
Q

A single upper chamber of the human heart

A

atrium

216
Q

four (4) distinct chambers of the heart

A

Right Atrium - Left Atrium - Right Ventricle - Left Ventricle-

217
Q

The upper right chamber of the heart

A

right atrium

218
Q

The upper left chamber of the heart

A

left atrium

219
Q

The lower right chamber of the heart

A

right ventricle

220
Q

The lower left chamber of the heart

A

left ventricle

221
Q

the natural opening present between the upper chambers of the fetal heart. Allows the fetal lungs to develop

A

foramen ovale

222
Q

the oval shaped shallow depression best seen in the right atrium of an adult heart. This is formed where the foramen ovale used to be located.

A

fossa ovalis

223
Q

two lower chambers of the human heart. They are larger in capacity than the upper chambers

A

ventricles

224
Q

Two structures only found in the ventricles of the heart:

A

Papillary muscles - Chordae tendineae -

225
Q

finger like muscles only found within the ventricles of the heart. Used to regulate or control specific heart valves.

A

papillary muscles

226
Q

look like little pieces of string called tendious cords. Attach papillary muscles to individual sections (cusps) of the heart valve which they control.

A

chordae tendineae

227
Q

individual sections of a human heart valve

A

cusps

228
Q

four major valves in the heart

A

Tricuspid valve - Pulmonary (semilunar) valve - Bicuspid (Mitral) Valve -Aortic (semilunar) valve -

229
Q

consist of 3 distinct sections or cusps - control the opening between the right atrium and right ventricle. Regulated or controlled by papillary muscles and chordae tendineae which are only found in the right ventricle of the heart.

A

tricuspid valve

230
Q

consist of 3 distinct sections or cusps. Controls the opening between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk. Relies on backflow of blood to fill up the cusps to prevent it from going back into the chamber.

A

pulmonary (semilunar) valve

231
Q

the only heart valve that consists of two distinct sections or cusps. Controls the opening between the left atrium and left ventricle. The papillary muscles and chordae tendineae controls this valve and are only located in the left ventricle of the lower chamber of the heart.

A

bicuspid (mitral) valve

232
Q

consists of three distinct cusps or sections. Controls the opening between the left ventricle and the aorta. Similar to the pulmonary (semilunar) valve, it relies on the backflow of blood to fill up the three cusps of this opening and close the valve.

A

aortic (semilunar) valve

233
Q

Which two heart valves are controlled by papillary muscles and chordae tendineae?

A

Tricuspid valve Bicuspid (Mitral) Valve

234
Q

Layers in the walls of the heart (innermost to outermost).

A

Endocardium – .Myocardium - Pericardium – (peri- around)

235
Q

the innermost layer of the heart. This is the layer in which the heart valves are made. Makes up the cusps of the heart valve

A

endocardium

236
Q

the muscle layer of the heart. It is thickest in the left ventricle. The last chamber to receive oxygenated blood from the heart to the entire body.

A

myocardium

237
Q

the sack surrounding the heart.

A

pericardium

238
Q

two types of pericardium

A

visceral pericardiumparietal pericardium

239
Q

that part of the pericardium directly attached to the heart

A

visceral pericardium

240
Q

outermost layer of the heart and the layer of the pericardium closest to the body wall.

A

parietal pericardium

241
Q

second largest vein in the human body. It will eventually drain any blood coming from the head, neck, upper extremities, and thoracic region.

A

superior vena cava

242
Q

the largest vein in the human body. It eventually drains blood from the lower extremities and abdomen

A

inferior vena cava

243
Q

is the key chamber to establish drainage in embalming.

A

right atrium

244
Q

the large vein which drains blood from the heart itself

A

coronary sinus

245
Q

carry blood high in oxygen away from the heart of a living human. They become smaller away from the heart

A

arteries

246
Q

start small and become larger closer to the heart. carries blood low in oxygen toward the heart.

A

veins

247
Q
  • the opening of the superior vena cava (the angle it enters the right atrium of the heart - superiorly or top) (SVC) directly into the right atrium of the heart.
A

superior vena cava orifice

248
Q

(Angle it enters the right atrium of the heart - inferiorly or bottom). The opening of the inferior vena cava (IVC) directly into the right atrium of the heart

A

inferior vena cava orifice

249
Q

the opening located between the right atrium and right ventricle. In turn controlled by the tricuspid valve

A

Right atrioventricular orifice

250
Q

the opening located between the left atrium and left ventricle. Only controlled by the bicuspid or mitral valve

A

Left atrioventricular orifice

251
Q

the opening of the coronary sinus directly into the right atrium of the heart.

A

Coronary sinus orifice

252
Q

the four opening of the pulmonary veins directly into the atrium of the heart.

A

Pulmonary vein orifices

253
Q

the opening located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk.

A

Pulmonary trunk orifice

254
Q

the opening between the left ventricle and the aorta (the largest artery in the human body)

A

Aortic orifice

255
Q

right ventricle and left atrium- the two way exchange of blood between the heart and the lungs

A

pulmonary circulation

256
Q

The only two chambers of the heart involved in pulmonary circulation are the ______ and the __________The _________ is the chamber of the heart in which pulmonary circulation begins. The__________ is where pulmonary circulation ends.

A

right ventricle left atriumright ventricleleft atrium

257
Q

left ventricle and right atrium- the two way exchange between the heart and the rest of the body except for the lungs

A

Systemic circulation

258
Q

The only two chambers involved in systemic circulation are the ________ and the ________. The__________ of the heart is where systemic circulation begins. The _________ is where systemic circulation ends. Systemic circulation would include a study of an openings of the heart valves, orifices of the heart, an arteries or veins of the body that are involved in this two way exchange of blood and the body, EXCEPT THE LUNGS

A

left ventricleright atriumleft ventricleright atrium

259
Q

oval shaped opening naturally present between the atria or upper chambers of the fetal heart

A

foramen ovale

260
Q

oval shaped shallow depression of the heart, best seen in the right atrium of the adult heart. These changes need to occur shortly after birth.

A

fossa ovalis

261
Q
  • a passageway for blood, located between the pulmonary trunk and the aorta, in fetal circulation. Designed to shunt or bypass shipment to the fetal lungs
A

Ductus arteriosus

262
Q

adult counterpart structure of ductus arteriosus. It should turn into a ligament shortly after birth. It shouldn’t carry blood after you are born

A

ligamentum arteriosum

263
Q

A single vein present in fetal circulation designed to shunt or bypass shipment of blood the fetal liver

A

Ductus venosus

264
Q

is the adult counterpart structure of the ductus venosus. It should turn a ligament shortly after birth

A

Ligamentum venosus

265
Q

two arteries of fetal circulation that carry blood low in oxygen and high in waste products from the fetus to the placenta

A

umbilical arteries

266
Q

– the adult counterpart of the two umbilical arteries.

A

Lateral umbilical ligaments

267
Q

the single vein which conveys blood high in oxygen and useable food substances from the placenta to the fetus

A

Umbilical vein

268
Q

the adult counterpart of the umbilical vein

A

Ligamentum teres of the liver

269
Q

Layers of Blood vessels (Arteries) -Outer most to inner most

A

Tunica adventitia (tunica externa) Tunica media (muscle layer) Tunica intima (interna) .

270
Q

outer most layer of the three layers (elastic tissue) of blood vessels. Function is to allow the embalmer to stretch the vessel to the surface.

A

Tunica adventitia (tunica externa)

271
Q

middle layer of a three layer blood vessel. Known as smooth (visceral) muscles. Allow for shipment of blood.

A

Tunica media (muscle layer)

272
Q

inner most layer. The only layer continuous, which means it is found in every blood vessel of the human body

A

Tunica intima (interna)

273
Q

a three layered blood vessels that carries blood HIGH in oxygen away from the heart of a living person.

A

artery

274
Q

As arteries move away from the heart they lose which layer?

A

tunica adventitia layer

275
Q

(tiny arteries) - a two layer blood vessel carrying blood away from the heart of a living person. Only contains tunica media and tunica intima

A

Arteriole

276
Q

As the artery continues to move away from the heart the next (2nd) layer lost is?

A

tunica media (muscle layer)

277
Q

a single layered blood vessel. Only contains tunica intimaIt is at this point that the arterial portion of the blood vascular system unites with the venous portion of the blood vascular system and the process reverse.In Reverse - The tunica media (muscle layer) reappears

A

capillary

278
Q

(a tiny vein) -two layered blood vessel carrying blood toward the heart of a living person. The Tunica adventitia (externa) then reappears

A

venule

279
Q

three layered blood vessel that carries blood toward the heart of a living person

A

veins

280
Q

Layers making up a vein are ________ than that of an artery.

A

thinner

281
Q

The capillary level is where life occurs. The walls are so thin blood has to line up to pass. Veins are the suction side as blood moves toward the heart of a living person. Veins start small and as the venule or tunica media (muscle layer) reappears, it leaves a two layer vein carrying blood to the heart. As blood continues, the tunica intima (interna), third layer, or vein reappears carrying blood toward the heart of a living person. Layers of a vein are thinner and can be ruptured more easily. 85% of blood shifts to the venous side of the body following death. Veins are equipped with valves to prevent the back flow of blood going towards the heart of a living person from going to the lowest point to prevent the back flow.

A

–

282
Q

blood vessels that feed the outer layers of arteries, arterioles, veins, and venules. This is the red squiggly line found on blood vessels by which to differentiate an artery from a nerve.

A

Vasa vasdrum

283
Q

alternate (secondary) route of blood flow

A

Collateral circulation

284
Q

normal blood pressure

A

120/80

285
Q

top number of a blood pressure reading. the contraction phase of the cardiac cycle. Contraction of the ventricles

A

systole(systolic pressure)

286
Q

bottom number of a blood pressure reading. the resting phase of the cardiac cycle. Contraction of the two small atria (upper chambers)

A

diastole(diastolic pressure)

287
Q

low in oxygen blood; most important in embalming to establish and maintain drainage.

A

right atrium

288
Q

receives blood from the lungs

A

left atrium

289
Q

pumps unoxygenated blood to the lungs to pick up oxygen

A

right ventricle

290
Q

largest and strongest muscle of the heart; last pump of blood with oxygen to the body via arteries

A

left ventricle

291
Q

venous side; blood low in oxygen

A

right side

292
Q

artery side; blood high in oxygen

A

left side

293
Q

Large artery which first ships blood low in oxygen from the heart toward the lungs

A

pulmonary trunk

294
Q

the largest artery in the human body.

A

aorta

295
Q

The plural cavity only surrounds the

A

lungs

296
Q

Feed the left/right anterior (front) portion of the cerebrum or brain tissue.

A

Left/Right anterior cerebral artery

297
Q

Does not feed any specific part of brain tissue. Its purpose is to communicate or join the right/left internal carotid artery to the right/left posterior cerebral artery.

A

Right/Left posterior communicating artery

298
Q

feed the right/left posterior portion of cerebrum or brain tissue.

A

Right/Left posterior cerebral artery

299
Q

The only single/unpaired artery. Does not feed any specific part of brain tissue. Its purpose is to communicate or join the left and right anterior cerebral artery to each other. Its entire length is involved in making up the circle. Without it, we wouldn’t have a complete ring.

A

Anterior communicating artery (NAPPY HEAD LONELY DUDE!!)

300
Q

the union or joining together of blood vessels

A

Anastomosis

301
Q

List the arteries involved in making up the Circle of Willis

A

Right & Left Internal Carotid ArteriesRight & Left Posterior Communicating ArteriesRight & Left Posterior Cerebral ArteriesRight & Left Anterior Cerebral ArteriesAnterior Communicating Artery (NAPPY HEAD LONELY DUDE!!)

302
Q

5 branches of Facial Side (from most lateral to most superiorly)Hint:SomeLadyFoundMyStuff

A
  1. Superior thyroid artery - the first branch of the external carotid artery to rise on the facial side. Feeds the superior portion of the thyroid gland. 2. Lingual artery - the second branch of the external carotid artery on the facial side. Feeds the tongue. 3. Facial artery - the third branch of the external carotid artery on the facial side. For testing purposes, the facial artery is the most important branch off the external carotid artery during embalming because it feeds the face - the cheeks, lips, mouth, nose, and eyelids. It passes behind the mandible or lower jaw. 4. Maxillary artery - the fourth branch of the external carotid artery on the facial side. Feeds the maxilla or upper jaw, the upper teeth, and the majority of the muscles of mastication. 5. Superficial temporal artery - the fifth branch of the external carotid artery on the facial side and most superior artery that feeds the forehead region. The forehead region - the anterior 1/3 of a person’s scalp that is fed by the superficial temporal artery.
303
Q

3 branches of Auricular SideHint:AssumeOuter Positions

A
  1. Ascending pharyngeal artery - the first branch to rise off the external carotid artery on the auricular side. Feeds the pharynx (throat) and the soft palate (roof of the mouth that consists of soft tissue).2. Occipital Artery - the second branch off the external carotid artery on the auricular side. Feeds the occipital region (back of the head). The occipital region- The posterior 1/3 of a person’s scalp is fed by the occipital artery.3. Posterior auricular artery - the third branch off the external carotid artery on the auricular side. This is the most superior branch on the auricular side. It travels behind the ear. Feeds the middle (lateral) 1/3 of the scalp.
304
Q

(deep brachial artery) branch off the brachial artery that feeds the triceps brachii muscles.

A

Profunda branchii

305
Q

A circle of arteries that feed the cerebrum (the largest part of brain tissue).

A

Circle of Willis

306
Q

The Circle of Willis is also called…

A

Cerebroarterial Circle

307
Q

the point on either side of the neck, at which each common carotid artery terminates by splitting into an (1) Internal carotid artery (feeds inside the skull)(2) External carotid artery (feeds the outside of the skull)

A

Carotid sinus

308
Q

It is a continuation of the Right Common Carotid Artery. The largest sized artery that bring blood to base of the brain.

A

Right/Left internal carotid artery

309
Q

branch off subclavian artery off the left/right. Which goes superiorly

A

Left/right vertebral artery

310
Q

an unpaired or single artery formed by the union of the left and right vertebral arteries. It is a contributing artery of the circle of Willis.

A

Basilar artery

Nervous Nellies (12 decks)

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