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Microbio quiz 3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is binary fission?

A

Chromosomes replicates, Cell elongates, cross walls (septa) form, and cells separate to make 2 daughter cells.

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2
Q

What is generation time?

A

Time to divide

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3
Q

Growth curve typical order?

A

Lag phase, Log/exponential phase, Stationary phase, and death/decline phase.

In weird cells: There is prolonged decline phase after death phase

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4
Q

What happens in lag phase?

A

Cells are acclimating to new environment, recovery

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5
Q

What happens in log/exponential phase?

A

Nutrients increase, waste decreases, and susceptibility to antibiotics; primary metabolites increase.

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6
Q

What happens in stationary phase?

A

Death rate = reproduction/division rate; secondary metabolites

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7
Q

What happens in death/decline phase?

A

Waste increases and nutrients decrease; endospores; persisted cells

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8
Q

What happens in prolonged phase?

A

“Weird cells”; endospores; hardy cells

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9
Q

What are biofilms?

A

Groups (aggregation of microbes on surfaces)

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10
Q

What are EPS?

A

Extracellular polymeric substances that are secreted BOM’s that anchor and protect.

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11
Q

What behavior do biofilms have?

A

Multicellular behavior

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12
Q

How do biofilms form?

A
  1. Reversible attachment of planktonic cells (seconds) - ATTACHMENT
  2. First colonies become irreversibly attached (seconds, mins)
  3. Growth and cell division (hours, days) - MICROCOLONIES
  4. Production of EPS and formation of water channels (hours, days) - EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX / MATURATION
  5. Attachment of secondary colonizers and dispersion of microbes to new sites (days, months)
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13
Q

What is Quorum sensing?

A

Gene expression controlled by population growth.

Increased population = Increased concentration of “autoinducers” (chemical secretions)

It signals bacteria to produce beneficial proteins

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14
Q

What is FTM?

A

Fluid thioglycolate medium

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15
Q

What are obligate aerobes?

A

They require oxygen for metabolism
- Growth at top

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16
Q

What are obligate anaerobes?

A

They die in the presence of O2
- Growth at bottom

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17
Q

What are facultative anaerobes?

A

They prefer O2 but can metabolize without it.
- Growth mainly at top, but also throughout.

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18
Q

What are aerotolerant anaerobes?

A

Doesn’t use O2, but isn’t killed by O2.
- Growth equally throughout.

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19
Q

What are microaerophiles?

A

Requires O2 in low conic.
- Growth near top but not directly at top.

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20
Q

What is the metabolic variation for Aerobes and microaerophiles?

A

They are only aerobic respiration.

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21
Q

What is the metabolic variation for facultative anaerobe?

A

Aerobic respiration but can ferment.

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22
Q

What is the metabolic variation for obligate anaerobe?

A

Anaerobic respiration.

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23
Q

What is the metabolic variation for Aerotolerant?

A

Fermentation.

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24
Q

What are reactive oxygen species (ROSes)?

A

By-products of aerobic metabolism.

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25
Q

What do reactive oxygen species (ROSes) do?

A

They disrupt chemical bonds in BOMs (toxic oxygen)

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26
Q

What are the reaction oxygen species?

A

Singlet Oxygen, Superoxide Anion, Peroxide anion, and Hydroxyl radical.

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27
Q

What do ROS Responses do?

A

Detoxifying enzymes in aerobic organisms.

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28
Q

What makes up ROS responses?

A

Superoxide dismutase (SOD) + Catalase + Peroxidase

  • These enzymes allow for aerobic organisms
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29
Q

What is minimum range?

A

No significant growth below freezing. Refrigerator temps; may allow slow growth but very few pathogens. Right below optimum, many bacteria survive, some may grow.

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30
Q

What is optimum range?

A

Rapid growth of bacteria; same may produce toxins.

  • Danger Zone (dangerous growth)
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31
Q

What is maximum range?

A

Right above optimum is very slow bacterial growth. Temps even higher above optimum destroy most microbes. although lower temps take more time.

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32
Q

What are mesophiles?

A

They are organisms that grow in a temp of 37*, which is the human temp.

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33
Q

What effects organisms/protein structure?

A

Temp, pH, & salt

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34
Q

What are fastidious microorganisms?

A

They are organisms with complicated requirements to survive and reproduce.

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35
Q

What is osmotic pressure?

A

The pressure of water on membranes.

  • Inversely proportional to solute concentration
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36
Q

What is a halophile?

A

An organism that can survive high salt concentrations; they won’t exhibit plasmolysis.

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37
Q

What is a halotolerant?

A

They can tolerate high salt concentrations.

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38
Q

What is plasmolysis?

A

When the water is pushed out of the cytoplasm and shrivels up because of the pressure.

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39
Q

What are proteins produced by?

A

Ribosomes

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40
Q

What is the function of proteins?

A

Everything that sounds cool or like work; pretty much everything.

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41
Q

What is the structure of a protein?

A

Primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary.

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42
Q

What is the primary structure of a protein?

A

Sequence of amino acids.

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43
Q

What is the secondary structure of a protein?

A

Adjacent amino acid backbones interact. H-bonds, electrostatic forces.

Alpha helix (Spring) and beta sheet (Zig-zag).

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44
Q

What is the tertiary structure of a protein?

A

Interaction between R groups.

  • H bonds, electrostatic forces, hydrophobic interactions.
  • Disulfide bridges (more common in quaternary)
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45
Q

What is the quaternary structure of a protein?

A

Multiple peptides interact.

  • Similar forces to tertiary.
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46
Q

What is the physical requirement for growth of a protein?

A

pH, and Temp

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47
Q

What is a -phile?

A

Requires something; (pressure, temp, pH, etc.)

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48
Q

What is a -troph

A

Prefers something; (can still survive even if not in preferred environment)

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49
Q

Why is it important to maintain temp?

A

It affects growth because it damages proteins if temp isn’t perfect or good enough for the protein.

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50
Q

What is a denatured protein?

A

It lost it’s shape.

  • Probably because of temp not being good enough.
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51
Q

What are the importances of pH and Salt?

A
  • Halophiles probably won’t survive if taken out of it’s environment.
  • Proteins can have broken bonds if the pH or salt isn’t good enough, which can denature the protein.
  • Can affect movement of water (osmotic)
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52
Q

What represents secondary structure?

A

Beta-plated sheets

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53
Q

What structure is it when amino acids react with adjacent amino acids?

A

Secondary structure

54
Q

What structure is it when amino acids react to R-groups or other amino acids?

A

Tertiary structure

55
Q

How is primary structure of a protein held together?

A

Peptide bond

56
Q

What are trace elements?

A

Micronutrients

57
Q

What are growth factors?

A

Cannot be synthesized - limit growth
Fastidious organism = very high growth factors, usually require special media.

58
Q

What type of pattern does bacterial growth occur in?

A

An exponential pattern.

59
Q

Why would bacteria NOT enter plateau/stationary phase of growth?

A

becoming dormant (non-replicating state)

60
Q

What would an example of thermophile be?

A

Compost heap

61
Q

What would an example of mesophile be?

A

Human skin

62
Q

What would an example of psychrotroph be?

A

Refridgerated food

63
Q

What would an example of hyperthermophile be?

A

hydrothermal vent

64
Q

What is catabolism?

A

Exergonic.
- breaking down food, releases energy

64
Q

What would an example of psychrophile be?

A

Glacier lake

65
Q

What is anabolism (biosynthesis)?

A

Endergonic.
- Bone development and muscle mass. Requires energy

65
Q

What is the connection between catabolism and anabolism?

A

Catabolism releases energy that can be used to produce ATP, and the process of Anabolism requires ATP which then produces ADP at the end.

66
Q

What types of BOM are enzymes?

A

Proteins

67
Q

What are BOM’s (big organic molecules)?

A

Proteins, carbs, fats, nucleic acids.

68
Q

What is the function of enzymes?

A

They are catalyst (speed up reactions)

They decrease activation energy of a reaction

They break down food

69
Q

Enzyme components?

A

Enzyme, substrate, activation site, cofactor/coenzyme.

70
Q

What factors influence enzyme activity?

A

Substrate concentration, temp, pH/salt concentration, inhibitors.

71
Q

What is metabolism?

A

All of the chemical reactions that happen within an organism.

72
Q

What is catabolic/lism?

A

Large molecules are broken down into smaller ones, releasing energy.
- Exergonic: Accompanied by release of energy. free energy is negative.

73
Q

What is anabolic/lism?

A

Small molecules are assembled into larger ones, using energy.
- Endergonic: reaction where energy is absorbed, free energy is positive.

74
Q

What are the 2 basic metabolic needs?

A

Energy source: where they get energy to make ATP

Carbon Source: where they get building blocks for building BOM’s.

75
Q

What are photoautotrophs?

A

Uses CO2 from air to make their own sugars (photosynthesis).
- includes oxygenic and anoxygenic

76
Q

What are phototrophs?

A

Uses light energy for ATP production.

76
Q

What are oxygenic photoautotrophs?

A

They produce O2 as a waste product.

77
Q

What are chemotrophs?

A

Oxidize chemical compounds for energy.

78
Q

What are anoxygenic photoautotrophs?

A

They produce NO2, or SO4 as a waste product.

79
Q

What are photoheterotrophs?

A

Uses existing BOM’s as a source of raw materials but can use sun energy to break down.

80
Q

What are chemoheterotrophs?

A

Also use chemical compounds as a source of carbon.

81
Q

What is oxidation?

A

Loss of electrons (or hydrogen atoms)

82
Q

What is reduction?

A

Gain of electrons (or hydrogen atoms)

83
Q

What is redox?

A

When oxidation and reduction occur simultaneously

84
Q

What is redox in cells?

A

Redox energy release can be huge.

  • Cells use electron carriers (shuttles)
  • NAD+ / NADH
  • FAD / FADH2
  • Electrons and hydrogen are moving.
85
Q

What is activation energy?

A

The amount of energy required to start a chemical reaction.

86
Q

Enzyme structure?

A

Active site, apoenzyme, cofactor, coenzyme, and holoenzyme.

87
Q

What is the active site?

A

binds the substrate, high specificity

88
Q

What is apoenzyme?

A

Protein portion

89
Q

What do noncompetitive (allosteric) enzyme inhibitors do?

A

They bind to allosteric site; change shape of enzyme.

89
Q

What is cofactor?

A

Inorganic assistant molecule(s), metals

90
Q

What is coenzyme?

A

Organic factor, vitamins

90
Q

What do competitive enzyme inhibitors do?

A

They resemble substrate and bind to the active site taking the spot of where substrate would go.

91
Q

What is haloenzyme?

A

Apoenzyme + any cofactors/coenzymes

92
Q

Cellular respiration equation?

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 –> 6CO2 (aerobic) + 6H2O + ATP

92
Q

What is feedback inhibition?

A

Allosteric inhibitor is the product of the enzyme reaction pathway.
- Self-regulating enzyme pathway

92
Q

How much ATP comes from Glycolysis?

A

4 ATP

93
Q

Where is glycolysis in proks?

A

Cytoplasm

93
Q

What are the steps of cellular respiration?

A

glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, krebs cycle, electron transport chain, chemiosmosis / oxidative phosphorylation

93
Q

Where is glycolysis euks?

A

Cytoplasm

94
Q

What is the reactant of glycolysis?

A

glucose

94
Q

What is the product of glycolysis?

A

2 pyruvate

94
Q

What is the waste of glycolysis?

A

none

95
Q

What are the e-carriers of glycolysis?

A

2 NADH

95
Q

What are the reactants of pyruvate oxidation?

A

Pyruvate

95
Q

Where is pyruvate oxidation in proks?

A

Cytoplasm

96
Q

Where is pyruvate oxidation in euks?

A

Mito. matrix

96
Q

What are the products of pyruvate oxidation?

A

Acetyl CoA

96
Q

What are the e-carriers of pyruvate oxidation?

A

NADH
- (2 per glucose)

97
Q

What is the amount of ATP that comes from pyruvate oxidation?

A

None

97
Q

Where is krebs cycle in euks?

A

Mito. matrix

97
Q

What is the waste of pyruvate oxidation?

A

Co2
- (2 per glucose)

97
Q

What are the reactants of krebs cycle?

A

Acetyl CoA

97
Q

Where is krebs cycle in proks?

A

Cytoplasm

98
Q

What is the ATP amount from krebs cycle?

A

1 ATP (2 per glucose)

98
Q

What are the products of krebs cycle ?

A

oxaloacetate

98
Q

What is the waste of krebs cycle?

A

2 CO2
(4 per glucose)

98
Q

What are the e-carriers of krebs cycle?

A

3 NADH (6)
FADH2 (2)

98
Q

Where is electron transport chain in proks?

A

plasma membrane

99
Q

What are the reactants of electron transport chain?

A

O2

99
Q

What does fermentation do?

A

It follows glycolysis in the absence of other final electron acceptors.

  • Minimal ATP from glycolysis
  • Pyruvate is the final electron acceptor
99
Q

Where is electron transport chain in euks?

A

Mitochondrial inner membrane

99
Q

What are the products of electron transport chain?

A

None

99
Q

What is the waste of electron transport chain?

A

H2O

99
Q

What are the e-carriers of electron transport chain?

A

none (regenerate e-carriers)

99
Q

What is the goal of fermentation?

A

Regenerate (oxidize) NADH from glycolysis.

99
Q

What is the ATP amount after electron transport chain?

A

26-30 ATP

99
Q

Photosynthesis equation?

A

6CO2 + 12H2O –> C6+H12+O6 + 12O2 + 6H2O

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