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General Bio > Cell Exam > Flashcards

Cell Exam Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is DNA?

A

DNA is the genetic material for all living things.

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2
Q

What is DNA and RNA composed of?

A

Nucleotides

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3
Q

What shape is DNA?

A

Double helix shape with complementary strands.

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4
Q

What Enzymes are used in DNA replication?

A

DNA Helicase, Primase, Polymerase, Ligase

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5
Q

What does DNA Primase do?

A

Starts the replication process

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5
Q

What does DNA Helicase do?

A

Makes the replication fork, opens the DNA

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5
Q

What does DNA Polymerase do?

A

Brings in new nucleotides to make new strands of DNA

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6
Q

What does DNA Ligase do?

A

Glues together Okazaki fragments

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7
Q

What is Central Dogma?

A

Genetic information only flows in one direction

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8
Q

DNA is what for building proteins?

A

DNA is the instructions for building proteins.

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9
Q

DNA –>?

A

RNA –> Protein

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10
Q

What is transcription?

A

The DNA process of using a template strand of DNA and making a strand of mRNA.

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11
Q

What is the main enzyme used in transcription?

A

RNA Polymerase

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12
Q

What happens to the primary transcript in Transcription?

A

It is modified by cutting out introns through a process called splicing.

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13
Q

What is translation?

A

using an mRNA template to build a protein

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14
Q

What does mRNA have?

A

mRNA has codons, (a set of 3 nucleotides that corresponds to an amino acid)

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15
Q

What does tRNA have?

A

tRNA has corresponding anticodons and they carry the amino acids

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16
Q

Where do building proteins occur?

A

Within ribosomes

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17
Q

What does mitosis result in?

A

2 genetically identical diploid cells

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18
Q

What is mitosis preceded by?

A

Interphase

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19
Q

G1 of interphase?

A

Growth

20
Q

S of interphase?

A

DNA Replication

21
Q

G2

A

Preparation for division

22
Q

Mitosis steps?

A

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

23
Q

Prophase of Mitosis?

A

Chromatin condenses into chromosomes, spindle apparatus forms, and nuclear envelope breaks down.

24
Q

Metaphase of Mitosis?

A

Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

25
Q

Anaphase of Mitosis?

A

Sister chromatids separate

25
Q

Telophase in mitosis?

A

Chromosomes unwind, nuclear envelope rebuilds, spindle apparatus breaks down.

25
Q

What does cytokinesis do?

A

The cells separate from each other (different in plants and animals)

26
Q

Diploid in Meiosis?

A

Full set of chromosomes. All somatic cells. 23 pairs = 46 chromosomes in humans.

26
Q

Genotype?

A

Actual alleles a person has

26
Q

Nondisjunction in meiosis?

A

Chromosomes don’t separate correctly.

27
Q

Haploid in Meiosis?

A

One set of chromosomes. Gametes. 23 Chromosomes in humans.

27
Q

What does Meiosis result in?

A

4 genetically unique haploid cells.

27
Q

Crossing over in meiosis?

A

Exchange of genes between homologous chromosomes during Prophase 1

27
Q

Phenotype?

A

Physical expression of gene

27
Q

Alleles?

A

Different versions of a gene?

28
Q

Genes?

A

Code in DNA for the traits an individual has

28
Q

Homozygous?

A

Alleles are the same

29
Q

Heterozygous?

A

Alleles are different

30
Q

Polygenic traits?

A

Multiple genes code for the same trait

31
Q

What are for gene expression?

A

Methylation and Acetylation

32
Q

Does DNA function as an enzyme?

A

No.

33
Q

Where does DNA replication occur in Eukaryotes?

A

Nucleus

33
Q

What is the enzyme responsible for splicing out the introns from the primary transcript RNA to produce the mature mRNA?

A

Spliceosome

34
Q

What is the template in the process of transcription?

A

DNA

34
Q

What are the pieces of RNA that are kept after splicing to form the mature mRNA?

A

Exons

35
Q

Where does the process of translation occur?

A

Cytoplasm

36
Q

What is the product of the process of translation?

A

Protein

37
Q
A

General Bio (8 decks)

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