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General Bio > Microbio, 4th test > Flashcards

Microbio, 4th test Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

steps in the chain of infection

A

A. Reservoir of infectious agent
B. portal of exit
C. Transmission
D. Portal of Entry
E. Susceptible host

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2
Q

all the parts of the body that serve as portals of entry for microorganisms

A

vagina, nose, mouth, urethra, and broken skin

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3
Q

examples that involve direct transmission of infectious disease

A

kissing, touching, droplet spread

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4
Q

A teacher walking through her first-grade classroom pauses to pick up a used tissue that ended up on the floor instead of in the waste basket. Unfortunately, after discarding the tissue, she doesn’t immediately wash her hands, and acquires a strain of rhinovirus. Several days later she begins to experience the symptoms of a cold.

A

fomite

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5
Q

definition of virulence factors

A

Characteristics of a microorganism that enable it to establish infection and cause disease.

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6
Q

Different factors in hosts and pathogens themselves can influence the epidemiology of a disease. Which of the following are HOST factors that would influence epidemiology?

A

religious and cultural practices

previous exposure or immunization of a population to a disease agent

Gender

Age of population

general health of population

Genetic background of infected individuals

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7
Q

A disease is included on the Notifiable Infectious Diseases List for the CDC if it

A

is of relatively high incidence or poses potential danger to public health.

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8
Q

Which of the following are reasons that made smallpox virus a good target for eradication?

A

Human beings were the only reservoir for the virus.

The symptoms of the disease were highly evident and obvious.

An effective vaccine was able to be produced and administered across the globe.

Obviously infected individuals were able to be quarantined quickly to prevent spread of the infection to other susceptible individuals.

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9
Q

Which of the following is an example of microbial evolution leading to the emergence of a disease?

A

A bacterial cell acquiring the ability to produce a protective capsule.

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10
Q

Outbreak

A

Group of cases of a disease in a specific population.

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11
Q

Airborne transmission

A

Lack of proper air filtration or regulated airflow, resulting in airborne particles from respiratory droplets moving into areas with susceptible individuals.

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11
Q

Direct transmission

A

Infection through contact with an infected individual such as another patient or a healthcare worker who is not observing proper universal precautions.

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12
Q

Fomite transmission

A

Improper sanitation of medical devices that breach the first-line barriers of the normal host defense (e.g., urinary catheterization).

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13
Q

Sporadic diseases

A

A disease that occurs only from time to time.

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14
Q

Hand washing is an effective way to prevent

A

horizontal transmission of a disease.

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15
Q

What could be potential pathogen (parts) targets for antimicrobials?

A

Cell wall: penicillin & penicillin derivatives; peptidoglycan cross linking

Ribosomes (protein synthesis): macrolides & tetracyclines

Metabolic pathways: SULFA –> folic acid synthesis

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16
Q

Broad spectrum?

A

Target a wide range of microbes
- Superinfection: overgrowth of antibiotic resistant “normal” microflora.

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17
Q

Narrow spectrum?

A

Target a narrow range of microbes

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18
Q

Microbicidal

A

Kills

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19
Q

Microbistatic

A

Prevents growth

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20
Q

best definition of an opportunistic pathogen.

A

An organism that only causes disease when the host’s immune defenses are compromised.

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21
Q

four steps of Koch’s postulates in the correct order

A
  1. Find evidence that a particular microbe is present in every case of a particular disease.
  2. Isolate the suspected microbe from an infected host and cultivate it in pure culture in the laboratory.
  3. Inoculate a susceptible healthy subject with the pure culture of the potential pathogen and observe the resulting disease.
  4. Reisolate the disease agent from the test subject which now shows signs of disease.
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22
Q

Toxins that are not components of the bacterial cell structure but are secreted from bacterial cells are called ?

A

exotoxins

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23
Q

This term refers to a microbe establishing itself and multiplying on a body surface.

A

Colonization

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24
Q

This term refers to a microbe that causes disease in otherwise healthy individuals.

A

primary pathogen

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25
Q

This term refers to a microbe that causes disease only when the body is already compromised in some way.

A

opportunistic pathogen

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26
Q

This term refers to the degree of pathogenicity (disease-causing ability) of a microbe.

A

Virulence

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27
Q

Which of the following are limitations of Koch’s postulates?

A
  1. The suspected pathogen cannot be cultured in the laboratory.
  2. There is not a suitable experimental host for the suspected pathogen.
  3. The disease is polymicrobial, caused by more than one pathogen.
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28
Q

transmission

A

following chain of infection

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29
Q

reservoirs

A

Environmental issues and characteristics

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30
Q

Etiology

A

cause, (how did everything cause the outbreak)

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31
Q

Morbidity

A

number/rate of infected/diseased subjects

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32
Q

Mortality

A

number/rate of death

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33
Q

Prevalence

A

proportion infected at a particular time

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34
Q

Incidence

A

proportion of new infections in a time period

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35
Q

Sporadic

A

occurs occasionally, random distribution

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36
Q

Endemic

A

occurs regularly, even distribution

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37
Q

Epidemic

A

high incidence, short time, limited area

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38
Q

pandemic

A

worldwide epidemic

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39
Q

etiology points

A

koch’s postulates & molecular koch’s

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40
Q

Reservoir (pathogen habitats)

A

Can inhibit soil & water & animals

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41
Q

Carrier (pathogen habitats)

A

Human reservoir

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42
Q

Active (pathogen habitats)

A

infected carrier; may be asymptomatic

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43
Q

Passive

A

not infected; mechanical transmission (on body)

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44
Q

Direct (contact transmission)

A

from hosts that is infected to a susceptible host

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45
Q

Vertical (contact transmission)

A

cross placenta to fetus, newborn during birth

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46
Q

horizontal (contact transmission)

A

location & pathogen contact on skin

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47
Q

indirect (contact transmission)

A

inanimate objects; fomite

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48
Q

droplet (contact transmission)

A

airborne droplets over less than 1m

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49
Q

Vehicle transmission

A

from inanimate sources; water, food and air

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50
Q

vector transmission

A

living intermediate between reservoir and susceptible host

  • arthropods
    -biological vectors
    -mechanical vectors
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51
Q

Arthropods (vector transmission)

A

fleas, ticks, mosquitos

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52
Q

biological vectors (vector transmission)

A

pathogen completes a portion of lifecycle in the water

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53
Q

mechanical vector (vector transmission)

A

carrier’s pathogen on its body
- flies land on feces than on human

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54
Q

healthcare associated infection

A

acquired during treatment in healthcare facility

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55
Q

Emerging

A

new; increasing in incidence (or has potential to increase)

usually are zoonotic, viral or vector-borne viruses.

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56
Q

Communicable

A

spread from host to host

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56
Q

Infectious

A

caused by a pathogen

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56
Q

Reemerging

A

unusually high incidence of common diseases like measles

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56
Q

symptoms

A

felt by patient, subjective

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56
Q

signs

A

measurable

56
Q

syndrome

A

signs/symptoms that are characteristic of a disease

56
Q

Asymptomatic

A

(subclinical), infected person does not exhibit signs/symptoms

57
Q

Contagious

A

Easily/rapidly spread

58
Q

Nosocomial

A

contracted in health care setting

59
Q

zoonotic

A

contracted from an animal reservoir

60
Q

Acute

A

rapid onset

61
Q

chronic

A

prolonged onset, long term

62
Q

subacute

A

intermediate, symptoms appearing weeks after initial infection

63
Q

Latent

A

inactive periods alternating with outbreaks

64
Q

What can be carriers/reservoirs

A

animals, humans, soil and water

65
Q

Innate immunity branch

A

general, non-specific defense; regardless of pathogen identity

66
Q

Adaptive immunity branch

A

Specific defense; curated to individual pathogens; immunological memory

67
Q

Pathogens (layered defense)

A

viruses, bacteria, fungi

68
Q

1st line barriers (layered defense)

A

skin, mucous membranes, antimicrobial substances,

69
Q

2nd line- non specific killing (layered defense)

A

inflammation, fever, phagocytes

70
Q

3rd line curated response (layered defense)

A

Humoral and cellular immunity

71
Q

Complement system

A

group of inactive blood proteins produced by the liver

activation causes a cascade of reactions

72
Q

Innate complement activation

A

Alternative & lectin

73
Q

Adaptive complement activatinon

A

classical

74
Q

Complement functions common end-points

A

c3 is split in c3a and c3b

c3b activation cascade to form MAC - cytolysis

c3a and c3b can induce inflammation

75
Q

Cytokines

A

Soluble signaling molecules that can affect the cell that secretes it, nearby cells or distant cells

76
Q

Interferon (cytokines)

A

prevent viral replication in affected cells

77
Q

Interleukin (cytokines)

A

activate white blood cells

78
Q

Chemokine (cytokines)

A

recruit white blood cells to infection sites

79
Q

Inflammatory mediators

A

histamine, eicosanoids, leukotriene, prostaglandin, bradykinin

80
Q

Histamine (Inflammatory mediators)

A

mast cells & basophils; smooth muscle contraction

81
Q

Eicosanoids (Inflammatory mediators)

A

from arachidonic acid in plasma membrane of mast cells

82
Q

Leukotriene (Inflammatory mediators)

A

more potent than histamine; vomiting, coughing

83
Q

Prostaglandin (Inflammatory mediators)

A

fever induced

84
Q

Bradykinin (Inflammatory mediators)

A

capillary permeability

85
Q

Margination

A

WBC migrate to epithelial layer

86
Q

Rolling (adhesion)

A

binding of epithelial surface markers and WBC

86
Q

Adhesion (tight binding)

A

Leukocyte attachment to epithelial cells

87
Q

Diapedesis

A

WBC wiggles between cell layers

88
Q

Chemotaxis

A

Trail that leads to site of infection

89
Q

PAMP’s

A

pathogen associated molecular patterns

very non-specific

LPS, peptidoglycan, flagellin, viral DNA/RNA

90
Q

TLR’s

A

toll like receptors on phagocytes bind to PAMP’s and release cytokines

91
Q

Inflammation

A

destroy microbes (limits damage), repairs/replaced damaged tissues, mediated by proteins from liver, WBC’s, and damaged cells.

92
Q

Cardinal signals

A

Swelling, Heat, Redness, Pain, Loss of function

93
Q

Tissue repair

A

growth factors from macrophage, regeneration of epithelial tissue, fibrosis of connective tissues

94
Q

Fever

A

abnormal high body temps

prostaglandins, and other pyrogens raise the hypothalamus set point

Benefits: increased vasodilation, enhanced immune activity, high T kills pathogen

95
Q

Opsonization

A

When complement enhances phagocytosis of bacterium

96
Q

Adaptive immunity

A

Specific to pathogen, takes time, specificity increases, stronger & faster response on second exposure

97
Q

Humoral characteristics

A

B cells, extracellular pathogens, specific antibodies against pathogen, rapid

98
Q

Cell-mediated

A

Tc cells, intracellular pathogens/damaged mast cells, kills the host cell, delayed

99
Q

Both cell-mediated and humoral characteristics

A

Th cells, antigens displayed on APC’s, cytokines, memory

100
Q

MHC I

A

On all nucleated body cells, present intracellular (viral) antigens; “self-markers”, recognized by Tc cells

101
Q

MHC II

A

On macrophages, dendritic cells, B cells (phagocytes)

Present extracellular antigens, recognized by Th cells

102
Q

Natural Killer cells

A

Destroy cells with damaged or missing MHC: infected cells, tumor cells or parasites

No antigen required

Kills cells by apoptosis

103
Q

Target: cell wall

A

Inhibit peptidoglycan synthesis

Beta lactams: inhibit cross linking enzymes
- not effective if penicillin is old culture, or gram negative

Vancomycin: blocks NAM; stops protein from binding to glycan sugar

Bacitracin: Alters permeability of membrane and prevents peptidoglycan parts from being excreted.

104
Q

Target: protein synthesis

A

Bacteria have 70S ribosomes

Chloramphenicol, macrolides and lacosamide’s: bind to 50s ribosomal subunit and prevent peptide bond formation and stops protein synthesis

Aminoglycosides: bind to 30s ribosomal unit and impair proofreading– (faulty proteins)

Tetracyclines: bind to 30s ribosomal subunit and block binding of tRNA’s.

105
Q

Target: plasma membrane

A

Bacitracin: alters permeability – only used externally, if consumed it can cause issues.

Some antifungals destroy cholesterol in membranes

106
Q

Other targets

A

Interfere with DNA structure, replication transcription – nucleotide analogs

Inhibit metabolic pathways – folic acid & competitive inhibition

107
Q

Persister cells

A

Characteristics allowing for survival when exposed to antimicrobials

108
Q

Superbugs/ multi-drug resistant

A

Resistant to wide range of antimicrobials

109
Q

Kirby Bauer assay

A

Disc-diffusion assay
- Mueller Hinton agar: less agar, starch, grows fastidious organisms

110
Q

Zone of inhibition (Kirby Bauer)

A

Determines susceptibility

Minimum inhibitory concentration: lowest concentration required to prevent growth

Minimum bactericidal concentration: lowest concentration required to kill

111
Q

Antibiotic

A

Antimicrobial that targets bacteria
- Antimicrobial produced by another microbe

112
Q

Selective toxicity

A

targets pathogen & not host

113
Q

What could be potential pathogen (parts) for antimicrobials?

A

Cell wall: penicillin and penicillin derivatives (peptidoglycan cross linking)

Ribosomes (protein synthesis): macrolides and tetracyclines

Metabolic Pathways: SULFA –> folic acid synthesis

114
Q

Kochs postulates

A

pathogen must be present only in diseased host

pathogen must be isolated from host to host & cultured

Cultured organism must cause disease in experimental hosts

The same organism must be reisolated from experimental host

115
Q

pathogenicity

A

ability to cause disease

116
Q

virulence

A

degree of pathogenicity

117
Q

Primary (true) pathogens

A

causes diseases in healthy hosts

118
Q

Opportunistic pathogens

A

Cause diseases in already sick/stressed hosts

119
Q

adhesions

A

cell wall proteins bind receptors on host cells & biofilms

120
Q

invasion

A

alter hosts cytoskeleton or glycocalyx

survival within cells

121
Q

virulence factors

A

mediate disease severity

122
Q

primary (local) infection

A

primary pathogen at invasion site

123
Q

secondary infection

A

primary pathogen spreads (focal infection) – opportunistic pathogens

124
Q

Bacteremia

A

bacteria in the blood

125
Q

viremia

A

viruses in the blood

126
Q

toxemia

A

toxins in the blood

127
Q

septicemia

A

bacteria multiplying in the blood

128
Q

Coagulase

A

coagulate fibrinogen

129
Q

septicshock

A

decreased blood pressure with multiorgan disfunction

130
Q

exoenzymes:

A

coagulase, kinase, hyaluronidase, collagenase, IgA protease

131
Q

Kinase

A

digests fibrin (clots)

132
Q

Hyaluronidase

A

Digests intercellular polysaccharides

133
Q

Collagenase

A

Breaks down collagen proteins

134
Q

IgA protease

A

Destroys antibody IgA

135
Q

Endotoxin

A

released during fission/cell death, activates immune system cytokines, and disseminated intravascular coagulation

136
Q

Exotoxins

A

Secreted (soluble), immunogenic antibody production (antitoxin), toxoid-inactivated exotoxins

137
Q

A/B type toxins

A

2 subunits

A-toxin component damages host cell

B-binding component binds host cell

138
Q

Selected A/B type toxins

A

Diphtheria toxin, cholera toxin (enterotoxin), botulinum toxin, tetanus toxin

139
Q

Diphtheria toxin

A

inactivates host cell ribosomes, so host cell cannot produce proteins

140
Q

Cholera toxin (enterotoxin)

A

Excretion of fluids/electrolyte

141
Q

Botulinum toxin

A

Prevents release of acetylcholine

142
Q

Tetanus toxin

A

prevents release of GABA

143
Q

Membrane disrupting toxins

A

kill host cells and break apart membranes

Leucocidins: attack WBC

Hemolysins: tend to disrupt RBC

Streptolysins: disrupt membranes but specific to streptokinase

General Bio (13 decks)

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