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General Bio > Evolution Exam > Flashcards

Evolution Exam Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Natural Selection

A

Favors traits that help the organism survive and reproduce.

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2
Q

Fitness

A

Ability to survive and reproduce

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3
Q

Evolution

A

Change in allele frequency in a population.

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4
Q

How does evolution act?

A

Acts on populations

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5
Q

What do fossils show?

A

Descent with modification.

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5
Q

What is artificial selection?

A

Humans choose which phenotypes they want and breed those individuals so their can be more organisms with those traits they like.

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6
Q

Hardy Weinberg equilibrium conditions?

A

Random mating, no mutations, population size is large, No transferring genes, no selection

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7
Q

Hardy Weinberg always starts with…?

A

a mutation

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8
Q

Disruptive Selection

A

Acts to eliminate intermediate types

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8
Q

Homologous structures?

A

The similar construction of appendages that show organisms have a similar ancestor. Same evolution, new structure and function.

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8
Q

What is convergent evolution?

A

Independently, similar phenotypes will evolve in distantly related species due to the same evolutionary pressures.

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9
Q

Vestigial Structures

A

Have no apparent function but resembles structures their ancestors had

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9
Q

Directional Selection

A

acts to eliminate one extreme.

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10
Q

Stabilizing Selection

A

Acts to eliminate both extremes.

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10
Q

Geographic isolation

A

populations of organisms live in different areas where they will no longer reproduce with one another.

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11
Q

Ecological (habitat) isolation

A

Organisms occupy the same region but live in different habitats within that region.

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12
Q

Temporal Isolation

A

Species live in same region and habitat but have different breeding seasons.

13
Q

Sympatric Speciation

A

Speciation occurs between two species in the same geographic range, reproductive mechanisms evolve first keeping the organisms from interbreeding.

13
Q

Mechanical isolation

A

Sexually reproductive parts do not fit together

13
Q

Behavioral Isolation

A

Differences in mating rituals and signals (calls, dances, songs, etc)

14
Q

Gametic Isolation

A

Intercourse may happen between organisms but sperm and egg cannot fuse.

14
Q

Allopatric Speciation

A

speciation as a result of populations becoming geographically isolated and evolving through natural selection and/or genetic drift

15
Q

Bottleneck effect

A

a chance event or catastrophe can reduce the genetic variability within a population.

15
Q

Phylogenetic species concept

A

Defined as different species if they share a common ancestor and have statistically significant genetic differences. Done through comparison of genes.

16
Q

What does the bubble model propose?

A

That life’s building blocks could have formed within bubbles on the oceans surface.

16
Q

Example of evolution by natural selection?

A

Arctic fox getting white fur to be able to survive better.

17
Q

Biological species concept

A

Defined by a population where individuals reproduce and create fertile offspring. Organisms are defined as different species if they cannot reproduce.

18
Q

what does prebiotic soup propose?

A

That the organic molecules formed near Earth’s surface.

18
Q

Earths Early organic molecules

A

amino acids, sugars, fatty acids, nucleotides

19
Q

What did hydrothermal vents do?

A

Deep on the ocean floor they release hot water, carbon monoxide, and sulfides of iron and nickel.

20
Q

What was likely the first molecule as genetic material?

A

RNA

20
Q

Problems with biological species concept

A

Asexually reproducing organisms and organisms closely related enough to produce viable offspring.

21
Q

Which agent of evolutionary change can occur randomly when a population is small?

A

Genetic Drift

21
Q

Reproductive isolation that occurs due to two populations producing offspring that are unable to reproduce.

A

Hybrid sterility

22
Q

Problems with phylogenetic species concept

A

Requires in depth genetic studies and comparisons of organisms which takes time and money.
Trivial trait can make a group
monophyletic (can require the
naming of many more
species)
Cut-off difference between
genes is often arbitrary

23
Q

What is the ultimate source of all genetic variation?

A

Mutation

24
Q

Earth’s early organic molecules could have come from what?

A

Meteorites, prebiotic soup, or hydrothermal vents

25
Q

Humans and chimps share over 99% of their DNA. What explains many of the differences that exist between these species?

A

Differences in gene expression

26
Q

Explain the concept of evolutionary success

A

Individuals that inherit advantageous variations will outcompete others for resources and pass these variations to the next generation.

27
Q

Structures or functions in two organisms that came about through convergent evolution and not common ancestry?

A

Analogous (homoplastic) structures

28
Q

What are the evidences for Evolution?

A

Fossils, embryology, DNA analysis

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