MICROBIAL METABOLISM

Question 1

set of chemical reactions that occur in living organisms to maintain life

Answer 1

metabolism

Question 2

breakdown complex molecules in simpler ones, often releasing energy in the process

Answer 2

catabolism

Question 3

refers to the synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones, usually requiring energy input

Answer 3

anabolism

Question 4

production of precursors such as amino acids, monosaccharides, and nucleotides

Answer 4

stage 1

Question 5

use energy from ATP to turn the precursors into reactive form

Answer 5

stage 2

Question 6

the assembly of these activated precursors into complex molecules such as proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, and nucleic acids

Answer 6

stage 3

Question 7

biological catalysts that accelerate chemical reactions in living organisms

Answer 7

enzymes

Question 8

involve the binding of an enzyme to its substrates at the enzyme’s active site

Answer 8

enzyme-substrate interactions

Question 9

catalyze oxidation-reduction reactions
transfer electrons from one substrate to another

Answer 9

oxidoreductases

Question 10

transfer functional groups between molecules

Answer 10

transferases

Question 11

catalyze hydrolysis reactions
cleave bonds on molecules with the addition of water

Answer 11

hydrolases

Question 12

remove groups from or add groups to substrates without hydrolysis or oxidation

Answer 12

lyases

Question 13

catalyze isomerization reactions

Answer 13

isomerases

Question 14

catalyze the joining of two molecules, often coupled with the hydrolysis of ATP

Answer 14

ligases

Question 15

regulatory molecules bind to allosteric sites on the enzyme, altering its activity

Answer 15

allosteric regulation

Question 16

enzyme activity is altered by the addition or removal of chemical groups

Answer 16

covalent modification

Question 17

the end product of a metabolic pathway inhibits and enzyme involved in an earlier step, regulating overall pathway

Answer 17

feedback inhibition

Question 18

gene expression controls the synthesis of enzymes, with induction increasing enzyme production and repression decreasing it in response to environmental conditions

Answer 18

induction or repression

Question 19

reactant molecules acted on by an enzyme

Answer 19

substrates

Question 20

consist of protein alone

Answer 20

simple enzyme

Question 21

contain protein and non protein molecule

Answer 21

conjugates enzyme or holoenzyme

Question 22

protein portion of a conjugated enzyme

Answer 22

apoenzyme

Question 23

inorganic elements

Answer 23

cofactors

Question 24

organic cofactor molecules

Answer 24

coenzymes

Question 25

transfer hydrogen from one compound to another

Answer 25

dehydrogenae

Question 26

digest fats

Answer 26

lipase

Question 27

bonds many small molecules together

Answer 27

synthetase or polymerase

Question 28

acts on starch

Answer 28

amylase

Question 29

always present in relatively constant amounts regardless of the amount of substrate

Answer 29

constitutive enzyme

Question 30

production is turned off or turned on in response to changes in concentration of the substrate

Answer 30

regulated enzymes

Question 31

weak bonds that maintain the native shape of the apoenzyme are boken

Answer 31

denaturation

Question 32

inhibit enzyme activity by supplying a molecule that resembles the enzyme’s normal substrate

Answer 32

competitive inhibition

Question 33

enzymes have two binding site: the active site and a regulatory site

Answer 33

noncompetitive inhibition

Question 34

genetic apparatus responsible for replacing enzymes is repressed

Answer 34

enzyme repression

Question 35

enzymes appear only when suitable substrates are present

Answer 35

enzyme induction

Question 36

reactions release energy

Answer 36

exergonic

Question 37

reactions are driven forward with the addition of energy

Answer 37

endergonic

Question 38

loss of electrons

Answer 38

oxidation

Question 39

gain of electrons

Answer 39

reduction

Question 40

removal of hydrogen during a redox reaction

Answer 40

dehydrogenation

Question 41

uses enzyme to catabolize organic molecules

Answer 41

catabolism

Question 42

series of reactions that convert glucose to C02 and allow the cell to recover significant amount of energy

Answer 42

aerobic respiration

Question 43

used by strictly anaerobic organisms and those who are able to metabolize with or without oxygen

Answer 43

anaerobic respiration

Question 44

incomplete oxidation of glucose

Answer 44

fermentation

Question 45

turns glucose into pyruvate

Answer 45

glycolysis

Question 46

3-carbon product of glycolysis

Answer 46

pyruvate

Question 47

a cyclical metabolical pathway that begins with acetyl coa, which joins with oxaloacetic acid, then participates in seven other additional transformations

Answer 47

krebs cycle

Question 48

chain of special redox carriers that receives reduced carriers generated by glycolysis and krebs cycle

Answer 48

electron transport chain

Question 49

aerobes produce enzyme to deal with toxic oxygen products

Answer 49

superoxide dismutase
catalase

Question 50

streptococcus produce these to grow well in presence of oxygen

Answer 50

peroxidase

Question 51

amino groups are removed through

Answer 51

deamination

Question 52

ability of a system to integrate catabolic and anabolic pathways to improve cell efficiency

Answer 52

amphibolism