FOUNDATIONS OF MICROBIOLOGY Flashcards
In the 1670s and the
decades thereafter, a Dutch merchant made careful observations of microscopic
organisms, which he called animalcules.
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
during the mid‐1600s, and an English scientist made
key observations. He is reputed to have observed strands of fungi among the specimens of cells he viewed.
Robert Hooke
showed that fly maggots do not arise from decaying meat (as others believed) if the meat is covered to prevent the entry of flies.
Francesco Redi
disputed the theory by showing that boiled
broth would not give rise to microscopic forms of life.
Lazzaro Spallanzani
An English cleric advanced spontaneous generation,
John Needham
He performed numerous experiments to discover why wine and dairy products became sour, and he found that bacteria were to blame.
Louis Pasteur
what theory did Pasteur discovered?
Germ Theory of Disease
Pasteur’s attempts to prove the germ theory were
unsuccessful. However, this German scientist provided the proof by cultivating anthrax bacteria
apart from any other type of organism.
Robert Koch
In the late 1800s and for the first decade of the 1900s, emerged a ________________ during which many agents of different infectious diseases were identified.
Golden Age of Microbiology
introduced aseptic techniques
Joseph Lister
showed evidence that some microbes have very high heat resistance and are difficult to destroy
John Tyndall
spores and sterilization
Ferdinand Cohn
the electron microscope
was developed and perfected. In that decade, cultivation methods for viruses were also introduced, and the knowledge of viruses developed rapidly.
1940
is a specialized area of biology that deals with living
things ordinarily too small to be seen without magnification.
microbiology
are microscopic organisms.
Commonly called “germs, viruses, agents…” but not all cause disease and many more are useful or essential for human life.
microorganisms or microbes that
The generally accepted classification of living things was devised by Robert Whittaker of Cornell University in
1969`
are relatively simple, prokaryotic organisms
whose cells lack a nucleus or nuclear membrane.
bacteria
are eukaryotic microorganisms that include
multicellular molds and unicellular (single‐celled) yeasts.
fungi
are eukaryotic, unicellular organisms. Motion is
a characteristic associated with many species, and the
protozoa can be classified according to how they move:
Some protozoa use flagella, others use cilia, and others
use pseudopodia.
Protozoa
implies a variety of plantlike
organisms.
algae
are ultramicroscopic bits of genetic material (DNA
or RNA) enclosed in a protein shell and, sometimes, a
membranous envelope.
viruses
degree of relatedness between groups of living organisms
phylogeny
Carl Woese devised system based upon the cellular organization of the organisms in 3 domains
1978
when humans manipulate microorganisms to make products in an industrial setting
biotechnology
