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Bio 55 > Microbial Metabolism > Flashcards

Microbial Metabolism Flashcards

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1
Q

What is metabolism?

A

The SUM total of chemical reactions that take place within cells (of an organism)

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2
Q

What does every cell acquire/need?

A

Nutrients

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3
Q

Metabolism requires energy from ? (2)

A

-light
-catabolism of nutrients

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4
Q

Energy is stored in ?

A

ATP

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5
Q

Cells catabolize nutrients to form?

A

Precursor metabolites

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6
Q

*how to remember precursor metabolites

A

-eat food
-food breaks down (catabolism)
-molecules from food can be used as energy (ATP) or synthesize/build other structures (amino acids, nucleotides)
This is the precursor metabolites

-They then are used to anabolically for cell growth by assembling macromolecules.

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7
Q

Cells reproduced once they ___________ in size.

A

Doubled

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8
Q

What type of chemical reactions underly metabolism? (4)

A

-catabolism (breakdown)
-anabolis (synthesis)
-oxidation (loss of electron to—> reduced agent)
-reduction(gained electron from oxidizing agent)

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9
Q

Does Catabolic pathways consume or release energy

A

-RELEASE energy

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10
Q

What type of reactions are catabolic pathways?

A

Exergonic

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11
Q

In catabolic pathways, where is the energy stored ?
When does it use that energy?

A

-Organic molecules
-until it needs to do work in the cell

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12
Q

Does anabolic pathways consume or release energy?

A

-consume energy

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13
Q

What happens in catabolic pathways.

A

breakdown complex molecules to simpler compounds

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14
Q

What happens in anabolic pathways?

A

Consume energy to build complicated molecule from simpler molecules.

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15
Q

What type of reaction is anabolic pathway?

A

Endergonic reaction

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16
Q

Free energy is released by reactions and is made available to perform ?

A

Work

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17
Q

Reactions in closed systems eventually reach equilibrium and can?

A

Do no work

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18
Q

A cell that has reached metabolic equilibrium is?

A

Dead

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19
Q

What is a defining feature of life?***

A

Disequilibrium

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20
Q

Why do cells maintain disequilibrium?

A

Because they are open with a constant flow of material in and out of the cell.

*a cell continuous to do work throughout its life

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21
Q

What happens to the energy in an explosion?

A

A lot of the energy is LOST

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22
Q

The product of one reaction does not accumulate,
What happens to it?

A

It becomes the reactant in the next step

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23
Q

What is the term for a huge amount of energy released all at once?

A

Explosion

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24
Q

Sunlight provides a daily source of what ?

And to what type of organism?

A

-Free energy
-photosynthetic organism

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25
Q

Nonphotosynthetic organisms depend on a transfer of free energy from? In the form of what ?

A

-Photosynthetic organisms
-nutrients/food

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26
Q

Oxidation and reductions always occur?

A

Simultaneously

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27
Q

Cells use _______________________ to carry electrons
(Oxidation and reduction)

A

-electron carrier molecules

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28
Q

What are three important electron carriers?
(Oxidation and reduction)

A
  1. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)—->NADH
  2. Nicothnamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+)—->NADPH
  3. Flavine adenine dinucleotide (FAD)—-> FADH2
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29
Q

Energy released from nutrients can be stored in high energy phosphate bonds of?

A

ATP

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30
Q

What is phosphorylation?

A

-inorganic phosphate is added to substrate.

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31
Q

Cells phosphorylation ADP to ATP in three ways.
What are they?

A

-substrate-level phosphorylation
-oxidative phosphorylation
-photophosphorylation

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32
Q

Anabolic pathways use some energy of ATP by breaking a?

A

Phosphate bond (that releases energy)

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33
Q

What is the role of an enzyme in metabolism?

A

It is a catalyst (assist in reaction)

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34
Q

Enzymes are what type of catalyst?

A

Organic

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35
Q

Enzymes are permanently changed in a reaction?
T/F

A

FALSE

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36
Q

Do enzymes reduce or raise activation energies ?

A

Reduce

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37
Q

Enzymes are ________ for a substrate.

A

Specific

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38
Q

What are the six categories of enzymes based on mode of action?

A

-hydrolases
-isomerases
-ligases or polymerases
-lyases
-oxidoreductases
-transferases

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39
Q

Role of hydrolases?

A

Remove hydrogens

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40
Q

Role of isomerases?

A

Rearrange atoms

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41
Q

Role of ligases or polymerases?

A

Join molecules (add monomers)

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42
Q

Role of lyases?

A

Breaking of chemical bonds

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43
Q

Role of Transferases?

A

-transfer functional groups.

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44
Q

Turnerover number is generally ____________ molecules per second. (Enzymes)

A

1-10,000

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45
Q

Most enzymes are ?

A

Proteins (main portion)

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46
Q

What is a holoenzyme?

A

Enzyme that is composed of :
-apoenzymes (protein portion)
-cofactors (nonprotein portion)

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47
Q

Apoenzymes are_____________ until it is bound to cofactors

A

Inactive

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48
Q

Examples of cofactors

A

-inorganic ions [copper, iron]
-coenzymes

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49
Q

Factors that influence the rate of enzymatic reactions?
(4)

A

-temperature
-P.H.
-enzyme and substrate concentrations
-presence of inhibitors

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50
Q

Explain how temperature affects enzymatic reactions ?
-too cold?
-warm?
-too hot?

A

-too cold - slowed down.
-warm- is at its best.
-too hot- protein becomes denatured.

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51
Q

What happens to a protein when the temperature is too high?

A

-It becomes denatured.

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52
Q

What can cause enzymes to be denatured?

A

-temperature
-PH

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53
Q

Optimum PH?

A

7

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54
Q

With lots of substrate concentration does the enzyme activity work slow or fast?

A

Fast

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55
Q

What are inhibitors?

A

Substances that block an enzyme’s active site.

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56
Q

Do inhibitors denature enzymes?
Y/N

A

NO

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57
Q

What are the types of inhibitors?

A

-Competitive inhibitors
-Noncompetitive inhibitors (aka Allosteric inhibitor)

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58
Q

Some antibiotics use which type of inhibitor?

A

-competitive

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59
Q

What molecules and elements are necessary for life?

A

-nucleic acids
-proteins
-lipids
-carbohydrates

60
Q

Organisms oxidize ____________ as the primary energy source for _____________ reactions.

A

-carbohydrates
-anabolic

61
Q

Glucose catabolism is called?

A

-glycolysis

62
Q

Cellular respiration utilizes what processes?

A

-glycolysis
-Krebs cycle
-electron transport chain

63
Q

Fermentation uses what processes ?

A

-glycolysis then converts pyruvic acid into other compounds .

64
Q

The oxidation of glucose to pyruvic acid, produces what ?

A

-ATP
-NADH

65
Q

How many pyruvic acid is made from glycolysis?

A

2

66
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

-cytoplasm of most cells

67
Q

How many stages of glycolysis ?
How many steps?

A

-3 stages
-10 steps

68
Q

What are the 3 stages in glycolysis?

A

-energy-investment stage
-lysis stage
-energy-conserving stage

69
Q

What are the products of glycolysis?

A

2 pyruvic acid, 4 ATP, 2 NADH, 2H+

70
Q

What is the net total products of glycolysis.

A

2 pyruvic acid, 2 ATP, 2 NADH, 2H+

71
Q

What two pathways are used as an alternative to glycolysis?

A

-Pentose phosphate pathway
-Entner-Doudoroff pathway

72
Q

Do the alternative pathways yield more or fewer molecules of ATP?

A

FEWER

73
Q

What type of pathway is mostly seen in photosynthesizing organisms?

A

-Pentose Phosphate pathway

74
Q

Pentose phosphate pathways
(Things to know)

A

-uses Pentoses and NADPH
-produce 1ATP + 2 NADPH
-operate WITH glycolysis
-used to make precursor metabolites for nucleotides and amino acids

75
Q

Entner-Doudoroff pathway
(Things to know)

A

-Produces 2 NADPH + 1ATP
-used INSTEAD of glycolysis
-Pseudomonas, Rhizobium, Agrobacterium, Enterococcus faecalis

76
Q

Pyruvic acid is completely oxidized to produce ATP by a series of _________ _________.

A

-Redox reactions

77
Q

What is a redox reaction ?

A

Oxidation reduction reaction

78
Q

What are the stages of cellular respiration ?

A

-Synthesis of acetyl-CoA (intermediate step)
-Krebs cycle
-Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

79
Q

How many Acetyl-CoA are made after glycolysis and why that number?

A

-2 molecules of Acetyl-CoA are synthesized
- 1 for each pyruvic acids from glycolysis (2)

80
Q

Products of the intermediate step?
(Synthesis of Acetyl-CoA)

A

-2 Acetyl-CoA
-2 NADH
-2 CO2

81
Q

In the Krebs cycle a large amount of energy remains in the bonds of ?

A

-Acetyl-CoA enzyme A

82
Q

The Krebs cycle transfers much of this energy to coenzymes ________ and ________?

A

-NAD+
-FAD

83
Q

Where does the Krebs cycle occur in prokaryotes?

A

-cytoplasm/cytosol

(Prokaryotes have no organelles)[bacteria]

84
Q

Where does the Krebs cycle occur in eukaryotes?

A

-matrix of the MITOCHONDRIA
(Animal cells have organelles)

85
Q

How many times does the Krebs cycle happen ?
Why that number?

A

-Happens 2 times
-1 for each molecule of acetyl-coa

86
Q

Is the intermediate step an oxidation or reduction redaction?
What is it oxidizing/reducing?

A

-Reduction
-pyruvic acid

87
Q

Is the Krebs cycle an oxidation or reduction reaction ?
What is it oxidizing/reducing?

A

-Oxidation
-acetyl-coa

88
Q

What are the products of the Krebs cycle?

A

3- NADH
1-FADH2
1-ATP

89
Q

What is another name for the Krebs cycle?

A

-Citric Acid cycle

90
Q

Is the electron transport chain an oxidizing or reducing reaction?

A

Both oxidizing and reducing as electrons are passed down the chain.

91
Q

What are 4 major classes of electron carriers in the electron transport chain ?

A

-flavoproteins
-ubiquinones
-metal-containing proteins
-cytochromes

92
Q

Energy released can be used to produce ATP by ?

A

Chemiosmosis

93
Q

What is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain ?

A

Oxygen

94
Q

Chemiosmosis
(Things to know)

A

-use of electrochemical gradients to generate ATP
-creates a proton gradient from energy released in redox reactions of ETC
-protons flow down the electrochemical gradient through ATP synthases that phosphorylate ADP to ATP
-called OXIDATIVE phosphorylation because proton gradient created by oxidation of components of ETC
- about 34 ATP molecules formed from one molecule of glucose

95
Q

Where does glycolysis happen in eukaryotes?

A

Cytoplasm

96
Q

Where does glycolysis happen in prokaryotes?

A

Cytoplasm

(“PROkaryotes”….”PLASM”)

97
Q

Where does the intermediate step happen in eukaryotes?

A

Mitochondrial matrix

98
Q

Where does the intermediate step happen in prokaryotes?

A

Cytoplasm

(“PROkaryotes”….”PLASM”)

99
Q

Where does the Krebs cycle happen in eukaryotes?

A

Mitochondrial matrix

100
Q

Where does the Krebs cycle happen in prokaryotes?

A

Cytoplasm
(“PROkaryotes”….”PLASM”)

101
Q

Where does the electron transport chain occur in eukaryotes?

A

Mitochondrial inner membrane

(Remember ETC happens in “membranes”)

102
Q

Where does the electron transport chain occur in prokaryotes?

A

Plasma membrane

(Remember ETC happens in “membranes”)

(“PROkaryotes”….”PLASM”)

103
Q

Easy way to remember where aerobic respiration (glycolysis, intermediate step, Krebs cycle, Electron Transport Chain[ETC]) happens ***

A

-Prokaryotes (bacteria) have no internal organelles so the process happens inside its cytoplasm and ETC happens in plasma membrane -THINK “plasm” “prokaryotes” ETC just happens in membrane

-eukaryotes (animals) have organelles inside cell, so besides glycolysis which occurs in cytoplasm , occurs in mitochondria but again for ETC happens in membrane just mitochondria membrane

104
Q

Respiration formula?

A

C6 H12 O6 + 6O2———> 6CO2 + 6H2O + 38ATP +HEAT

105
Q

In respiration, where is C6 H12 O6 found?
(Glucose)

A

Glycolysis

106
Q

In respiration, where is 6O2 found?
(Oxygen)

A

Electric transport chain

107
Q

In respiration where is 6CO2 found?

A

-Intermediate cycle
-Krebs cycle

108
Q

In respiration, where is 6H2O found?

A

End of electron transport chain

109
Q

In respiration where is 38ATP found

A

-glycolysis
-Krebs cycle
-electric transport chain

110
Q

Aerobic respirations final electron acceptor is ?

A

Oxygen

111
Q

Anaerobic respiration’s final electron acceptor is ?

A

NOT O2
(Yields less energy)

112
Q

Electron acceptors in anaerobic respiration ?

A

-NO3
-SO4
CO3^2

113
Q

What is the main molecule fermented is fermentation ?

A

Carbohydrate

114
Q

Is fermentation a aerobic or anaerobic process?

A

Anaerobic

115
Q

Fermentation does not use what steps for ATP

A

Does not use:
-krebs cycle
-electron transport chain

116
Q

What is the final electron acceptor in fermentation ?

A

-organic molecule

117
Q

Fermentation has an intermediate step.

T/F

A

False

118
Q

Fermentation depends on glycolysis product.
T/F

A

TRUE
It requires pyruvic acid from glycolysis

119
Q

Fermentation process*

A

-glucose molecule used in glycolysis
-pyruvic acid from end product glycolysis used to ferment.
-uses organism to ferment and create different products depending on organism.

120
Q

Examples of organisms used for fermentation

TESTABLE?

A

-propionibacterium
-aspergillus, lactobacillus, streptococcus
-saccharomyces
-clostridium

121
Q

Fermentation products.

A

-CO2 propionic acid (Swiss cheese)
-lactic acid (cheddar chees, yogurt, soy sauce)
-CO2 ethanol (wine, beer)
-acetone, isopropanol (nail polish remover, rubbing alcohol)

122
Q

Alcohol fermentation produces?

A

Ethyl alcohol + CO2

123
Q

Lactic acid fermentation produces?

A

Lactic acid

124
Q

Homolactic fermentation produces?

A

Lactic acid only

125
Q

Heterolactic fermentation produces?

A

Lactic acid & other compounds

126
Q

When testing for carbohydrate fermentation
What color indicates positive carbohydrate fermentation ?
What color indicates negative carbohydrate fermentation.

A

-phenyl red indicator turns YELLOW when positive
-phenyl red indicator stays RED when negative

-RED -
-YELLOW +

127
Q

When testing for carbohydrate fermentation what does a clear color mean/represent ?

A

Clear means organism did not grow= non result

128
Q

In lipid catabolism what is lipid split into ?

A

-glycerol
-fatty acids

129
Q

An enzyme that breaks down lipids is called ?

A

Lipase

130
Q

An enzyme that breaks down a protein is called?

A

Protease

131
Q

Steps for protein catabolism

A

-protein gets broken down by protease into Amino acids
-deamination
-decarboxylation
-dehydrogenation
- turns into organic acid
-used for Krebs cycle

132
Q

How do you identify a bacteria ?

A

Biochemical testing?

(Think tree diagram)

133
Q

What is the opposite of respiration ?

A

Photosynthesis

134
Q

Describe photo in photosynthesis

A

Conversion of light energy into chemical energy (ATP)
-light dependent reactions

135
Q

Describe synthesis in photosynthesis

A

Fixing carbon into organic molecule
-light-independent (dark) reaction
-calvin benson cycle

136
Q

Oxygenic formula
(Photosynthesis)

A

6 CO2 + 12 H2O + Light energy ——-> C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 6 H2O

137
Q

Anoxygenic formula
(Photosynthesis)

A

CO2 + 2 H2S + light energy ——-> [CH2O] + 2 A + H2O

138
Q

Steps in cyclic photophosphorylation

A

-light (source of energy) goes into chlorophyll
-excited electrons use Electron transport chain
-ATP is made from this
-electron carrier goes back to chlorophyll
-repeat process?

139
Q

Noncyclic photophosphorylation is like what ?

A

Aerobic respiration in the Electron transport chain

140
Q

Does the Calvin-benson cycle need solar energy ?

A

Does not need but uses energy from sunlight

141
Q

What is a photoautotroph?

A

Makes its own food

142
Q

Halobacterium uses bacteriorhodopsin or chlorophyll to generate electrons for a chemiosmotic proton pump ?

A

Bacterirohodopsin

143
Q

All organisms require an energy source.
What can it be?

A

-chemical energy source
-light energy source

144
Q

What are amphibolic pathways?

A

Metabolic pathways that have both catabolic and anabolic functions.

*go back & forth as needed.

145
Q

ATP produced by catabolism is used to drive ?

A

Anabolism

146
Q

Catabolic pathways produce precursor metabolites to use ?

A

For Construction of macromolecule

147
Q

If two energy sources are available , cells catabolize which first?

A

The more energy efficient first

Bio 55 (19 decks)

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