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Bio 55 > Intro To Micorbiology (1) > Flashcards

Intro To Micorbiology (1) Flashcards

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1
Q

4 types of pathogens? That cause disease

A

-Bacterial disease
-Fungal disease
-Viral disease
-Parasitic disease (Protozoans, Helminthes)

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2
Q

Stone washing uses?

A

Trichoderma yeast (enzymes for mold)

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3
Q

Cotton and polyester uses?

A

Gluconacetobacter (bacteria)

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4
Q

Debleaching uses

A

Mushroom peroxidase from yeast

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5
Q

indigo uses

A

E. Coli (Escherichia coli) [Most studied bacteria]

(Easy to insert gene to make indigo)

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6
Q

Plastic uses

A

Bacterial polyhydroxyalkanoate

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7
Q

What is golden rice?

A

Genetically modified rice where vitamins have been added by inserting yeast genes into plants.

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8
Q

What did eating camel dung do?

A

The bacteria inside of camel dung secreted substance that killed parasites that caused diarrhea

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9
Q

What was the name of the bacteria that caused diarrhea

A

Basitracin

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10
Q

Who refined that bacteria from the camel dung?

A

Germans

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11
Q

What do resident microbes do ?

A

Take up space on area so pathogens dont get a good grip.

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12
Q

What makes up the bioluminescence in certain fish

A

Bacteria

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13
Q

What gives coral they’re color?

A

Microscopic algae

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14
Q

What are lichens?

A

Combination of FUNGUS living with ALGAE

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15
Q

(Lichens)
What does the fungus benefit from the algae

A

Benefits by food from photosynthesis

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16
Q

(Lichens)
How does algae benefit from fungus?

A

Algae has a place to live

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17
Q

Pathogens.
4 main groups of disease causing

A

-Bacterial disease
-fungal disease
-viral disease
-Parasitic diseases
-Protozoans
-Helminthes

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18
Q

What are Helminthes?

What are the 2 Phyla?

A

-Worms (large, multicellular)

  • Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
  • Nematoda (roundworms)
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19
Q

Describe Helminthes eggs?

A

Microscopic and diagnostic

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20
Q

What is Microbiology?

A

Study of small things/organisms

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21
Q

Organism ?

A

Living thing composed of organ system

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22
Q

Microorganism ?

A

Small organism not visible through naked eye

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23
Q

Pathogen?

A

Organism causing disease

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24
Q

What is Disease?

A

Condition or state of being where NOT in homeostasis

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25
Q

What is Infection ?

A

Microbes invade and multiply

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26
Q

Biogenesis?

A

Living things arise from other living things

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27
Q

Spontaneous generation

A

Living things come from nothing

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28
Q

Cell theory

A

-How living things arise from cell

-Concept that all living things are composed from cells

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29
Q

Infectious disease is ?

A

Contagious

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30
Q

Examples of Infections without disease? (2)

A

-Normal flora
-HIV

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31
Q

Examples of dIsease without infection? (2)

A

-Sunburn
-wound

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32
Q

Who made the first microscope?

A

Robert Hooke

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33
Q

Who made lenses and saw “animacules”

A

Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)

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34
Q

Who created the taxonomic system of binomial nomenclature?

A

Carolus Linnaeuus (1707-1778)

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35
Q

How can microbes be classified?

A

Binomial Nomenclature

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36
Q

In “Staphylococcus auerues”
1.)What does “staphylococcus” represent ?
2.)What does “auerues” represent?

A

1.)Genus
2.)Species

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37
Q

How is the species usually named?

A

Usually named after discoverer, place found, or color.

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38
Q

What does Staphylus mean in Greek ?

A

Cluster of grapes

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39
Q

Leeuwenhoeks’s microorganism groups?
(6)

A

-Bacteria
-Archaea
-Fungi
-Protozoa
-Algae
-Small multicellular animals (water bears)

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40
Q

What 4 questions did scientist want answered in the golden age of microbiology ?

A

-Spontaneous generation
-Fermentation
-Diseases
-Prevention

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41
Q

Who proposed spontaneous generation ?
(Living things can arise from non-living things)

A

Aristotle (384-322 B.C.)

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42
Q

Name of experiment for spontaneous generation or biogenesis?

A

Redi’s experiment (1668)

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43
Q

1.)Who experimented with beef gravy/plant material infusion?

2.)What were the results?

3.)What was he trying to prove?

A

1.)John T. Needham (1745)

2.) microbial growth

3.)Spontaneous generation or biogenesis

*reinforced spontaneous generation.

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44
Q

1.)Who also experimented with beef gravy/plant material infusion?

2.)what were the results?

A

1.) Spallanzani

2.) No growth

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45
Q

What did Spallanzani conclude based on his experiment?
(Compared to Needham’s)

A

-Needham did not heat flasks enough to kill all microbes, or had not sealed flasks tightly enough

-microorganisms exist in air and can contaminate experiments

-therefore, there’s NO spontaneous generation ,
It happens because of biogenesis

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46
Q

What did critics say about Spallanzanis experiment ?

A

-Sealed flasks did not allow enough AIR for organisms to survive

-prolonged heating KILLED “life force”

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47
Q

(Pastuer’s experiment)

Nutrient broth placed in flask, heated, not sealed.

What were the results?

A

Microbial growth

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48
Q

(Pastuer’s experiment

Nutrient broth placed in flask, heated, then sealed.

What were the results?

A

No microbial growth

49
Q

(Pastuer’s experiment)

Nutrient broth placed in flask, heated, then the neck of tube curbed to a “U”, left open

What were the results?

A

No microbial growth

50
Q

What did Pasteur’s experiment prove?

A

Proved microbes come from air

51
Q

What did debate over spontaneous generation lead to ?

A

Scientific method

52
Q

Fermentation was _________ driven research

A

Industry

53
Q

What was believed to cause fermentation

A

-Air
-some believed living organisms

54
Q

When Bacteria ferments grape juice what does it produce?

A

Acid

55
Q

When yeast ferments grape juice what does it produce?

A

Alcohol

56
Q

Buchner experiment

A

Acellular fermentation

57
Q

Who is the father of microbiology?

A

Louis Pasteur

(Ask professor if its him or Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek)

58
Q

Who created germ theory?

What is it?

A

Louis Pasteur

Believed that some kind of microorganism causes disease

59
Q

Who used chemical disinfection to prevent surgical wound infections?

A

Surgeon in Military Hospital
-Joseph Lister

60
Q

What did Joseph lister used to wash wounds and hands?

A

Carboxolic acid

61
Q

What was realized later from using carboxilic acid ?

A

It was a carcinogen.

62
Q

Who is the “father of bacteriology”

What did he study ?

A

-Robert Koch

-causative agents of disease

63
Q

What did Robert Koch create?

What is it?

A

-Koch’s postulates

-series of repeatable steps to prove that a disease is caused by a specific infectious agent.

64
Q

Koch’s postulates?

A

-microorganism must be present in every case of the disease & absent form health hosts.

-microorganism must be isolated from the diseased host (and all other microorganisms) and grown in PURE CULTURE

-when SUSCEPTIBLE, health animals are infected with pathogens form pure culture, the specific SYMPTOMS of disease must occur

-microorganism must be re-isolated from the disease animal and correspond to the original microorganism in pure culture.

65
Q

Possible variables in Koch’s experiment ?

A

-age
-sex
-species of mice
-method of injection
-dosage
-injection site
-tools/equipment used
-skill of technician(no contmntion/dmge to animal)
-collection of blood
-are mice a host for anthrax?

66
Q

Koch’s contribution

A

-simple staining techniques
-1st photomicrograph of bacteria (and 1st in diseased tissue)
-techniques for estimating CFU/ml
-use of steam to sterilize media
-use of Petri dishes
-techniques to transfer bacteria
-bacteria as distinct species

67
Q

Who discovered that genes encode a cell’s enzymes?

A

-George Beadle
-Edward Tatum

68
Q

Who showed that DNA was hereditary material?

A

-Oswald Avery
-Colin MacLeod
-Maclyn McCarty

69
Q

Who discovered the role of mRNA in protein?

A

-Francois Jacob
-Jacques Monod

70
Q

Are Helminthes (parasite) eukaryotic or prokaryotic?

A

Eukaryotic

71
Q

What is a helminth?

What is it useful for ?

A

-Multicellular, parasitic FLATWORMS, and ROUND WORMS

-useful for diagnostic

72
Q

Is Fungi eukaryotic or prokaryotic?

A

Eukaryotic

73
Q

How does fungi obtain food?

A

Other organisms

74
Q

Do fungi have a cell wall?

A

Yes

75
Q

What does fungi consist of ?

A

-Molds (form spores)
-MULTICELLULAR
-have hyphae
-Yeasts
-UNICELLULAR
-cause infection
-used for baking & brewing

76
Q

How does mold reproduce?

A

By sexual and asexual spores

77
Q

How does yeast reproduce?

A

-Asexually by budding
-some produce sexual spores

78
Q

How is penicillum identified by?

A

Broom bristles

79
Q

What is a hypha?

A

“A long filament of cells in fungi or actinomycetes”

80
Q

Where does protozoa usually live?

A

Wet environment

81
Q

Single or multi-cellular?

Eukaryotes or prokaryotes?

A

-single-celled
-eukaryotes

82
Q

Is Protozoa heterotrophic or autotrophic?

A

Both

83
Q

Heterotroph?

A

“An organism that requires an ORGANIC CARBON SOURCE; (A.K.A organotroph) (FEED ON OTHERS)

84
Q

Autotroph?

A

“An organism that uses carbon dioxide (CO2) as its principal carbon source; (chemoautotroph, photoautotroph)” (SELF FEEDERS)

85
Q

Difference between autotrophs and heterotrophs?

A

-Autotrophs-PRODUCERS who prepare their own food.

-Heterotrophs-CONSUMERS who depend on other sources for their food

86
Q

Can protozoa be parasitic

A

Yes

87
Q

How does Protozoa reproduce?

A

-Mostly reproduce asexually
-some reproduce sexually

88
Q

How is Protozoa capable of locomotion? (3)

A

-Pseudopodia
-Cilia
-Flagella

89
Q

Pseudopod?

A

An EXTENSION of a eukaryotic cell that aids in locomotion and feeding. (Footlike structure)[False feet]

90
Q

Cilia?

A

“Relatively short cellular projection from some eukaryotic cells, composed of nine pairs plus two micro tubules.”

91
Q

Flagella?

A

A thin appendage from the surface of a cell; used for cellular locomotion; composed of flagellum in prokaryotic cells, composed of 9+2 microtubules in eukaryotic cells.

92
Q

Is algae unicellular or multicellular?

A

Both

93
Q

Does algae have a cell wall ?

A

Yes

94
Q

What does algae secrete?

A

Toxins

95
Q

Algae is categorized on the basis of : (3)

A

-Pigmentation (red, green, brown)
-storage products
-composition of cell wall

96
Q

*Green Algae

A

-close to water
-cell wall is cellulose

97
Q

*Brown algae

A

-Deeper in the ocean
-different cell wall
-stores gasses

98
Q

*Red algae

A

-deepest parts of the ocean
-get agar from them

99
Q

Do Prokaryotes have a nucleus?

A

NO, they have a nucleoid (circular DNA)

100
Q

Are prokaryotes unicellular or multicellular?

A

Unicellular

101
Q

How do prokaryotes reproduce?

A

Asexually

102
Q

Types of prokaryotes? (2)

A

-Bacteria
-Archaea (have characteristics of prokaryotes and eukaryotes)

103
Q

Where can prokaryotes be found?

A

Every (sufficient moisture)

104
Q

How do cheek cells look ?

A

Looks like fried eggs

105
Q

Are viruses living or non-living

A

Non-living

106
Q

Can bacteria get viruses ? Y/N

A

Yes

107
Q

Are viruses acellular or multicellular?

A

Acellular

108
Q

Do virues have DNA or RNA cores?

A

Both

109
Q

What kind of “coat” do viruses have

A

-protein

110
Q

What can viruses sometimes be enclosed in ?

A

-Lipid envelope

111
Q

Can viruses replicate?

A

Yes

112
Q

How do viruses replicate?

A

-ONLY inside a living host cell

113
Q

What can E. Coli 057:H7 cause?

A

Kidney failure

114
Q

How is malaria transmitted ?

A

Mosquitoes

115
Q

How is West Nile Virus transmitted ?

A

Mosquitos

116
Q

What is Legionnellosis ?

A

-different type of pneumonia (caused by legionella bacteria)

117
Q

Types of Emerging infectious diseases ?

A

-HIV/AIDS
-Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy
-Anthrax
-E. Coli 057:H7
-Invasive group A Streptococci
-H1N1 Virus
-Hantavirus
-Ebola virus
-Bird flu
-SARS-CoV-2

118
Q

Re-emerging Diseases?

A

-Malaria
-Tuberculosis’
-West Nile Virus
-Legionnellosis

119
Q

Can bacteria and archaea be used along with modern electronics?

A

Yes

Bio 55 (19 decks)

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