Intro To Micorbiology (1) Flashcards
1
Q
4 types of pathogens? That cause disease
A
-Bacterial disease
-Fungal disease
-Viral disease
-Parasitic disease (Protozoans, Helminthes)
2
Q
Stone washing uses?
A
Trichoderma yeast (enzymes for mold)
3
Q
Cotton and polyester uses?
A
Gluconacetobacter (bacteria)
4
Q
Debleaching uses
A
Mushroom peroxidase from yeast
5
Q
indigo uses
A
E. Coli (Escherichia coli) [Most studied bacteria]
(Easy to insert gene to make indigo)
6
Q
Plastic uses
A
Bacterial polyhydroxyalkanoate
7
Q
What is golden rice?
A
Genetically modified rice where vitamins have been added by inserting yeast genes into plants.
8
Q
What did eating camel dung do?
A
The bacteria inside of camel dung secreted substance that killed parasites that caused diarrhea
9
Q
What was the name of the bacteria that caused diarrhea
A
Basitracin
10
Q
Who refined that bacteria from the camel dung?
A
Germans
11
Q
What do resident microbes do ?
A
Take up space on area so pathogens dont get a good grip.
12
Q
What makes up the bioluminescence in certain fish
A
Bacteria
13
Q
What gives coral they’re color?
A
Microscopic algae
14
Q
What are lichens?
A
Combination of FUNGUS living with ALGAE
15
Q
(Lichens)
What does the fungus benefit from the algae
A
Benefits by food from photosynthesis
16
Q
(Lichens)
How does algae benefit from fungus?
A
Algae has a place to live
17
Q
Pathogens.
4 main groups of disease causing
A
-Bacterial disease
-fungal disease
-viral disease
-Parasitic diseases
-Protozoans
-Helminthes
18
Q
What are Helminthes?
What are the 2 Phyla?
A
-Worms (large, multicellular)
- Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
- Nematoda (roundworms)
19
Q
Describe Helminthes eggs?
A
Microscopic and diagnostic
20
Q
What is Microbiology?
A
Study of small things/organisms
21
Q
Organism ?
A
Living thing composed of organ system
22
Q
Microorganism ?
A
Small organism not visible through naked eye
23
Q
Pathogen?
A
Organism causing disease
24
Q
What is Disease?
A
Condition or state of being where NOT in homeostasis
25
What is Infection ?
Microbes invade and multiply
26
Biogenesis?
Living things arise from other living things
27
Spontaneous generation
Living things come from nothing
28
Cell theory
-How living things arise from cell
-Concept that all living things are composed from cells
29
Infectious disease is ?
Contagious
30
Examples of Infections without disease? (2)
-Normal flora
-HIV
31
Examples of dIsease without infection? (2)
-Sunburn
-wound
32
Who made the first microscope?
Robert Hooke
33
Who made lenses and saw “animacules”
Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)
34
Who created the taxonomic system of binomial nomenclature?
Carolus Linnaeuus (1707-1778)
35
How can microbes be classified?
Binomial Nomenclature
36
In “Staphylococcus auerues”
1.)What does “staphylococcus” represent ?
2.)What does “auerues” represent?
1.)Genus
2.)Species
37
How is the species usually named?
Usually named after discoverer, place found, or color.
38
What does Staphylus mean in Greek ?
Cluster of grapes
39
Leeuwenhoeks’s microorganism groups?
(6)
-Bacteria
-Archaea
-Fungi
-Protozoa
-Algae
-Small multicellular animals (water bears)
40
What 4 questions did scientist want answered in the golden age of microbiology ?
-Spontaneous generation
-Fermentation
-Diseases
-Prevention
41
Who proposed spontaneous generation ?
(Living things can arise from non-living things)
Aristotle (384-322 B.C.)
42
Name of experiment for spontaneous generation or biogenesis?
Redi’s experiment (1668)
43
1.)Who experimented with beef gravy/plant material infusion?
2.)What were the results?
3.)What was he trying to prove?
1.)John T. Needham (1745)
2.) microbial growth
3.)Spontaneous generation or biogenesis
*reinforced spontaneous generation.
44
1.)Who also experimented with beef gravy/plant material infusion?
2.)what were the results?
1.) Spallanzani
2.) No growth
45
What did Spallanzani conclude based on his experiment?
(Compared to Needham’s)
-Needham did not heat flasks enough to kill all microbes, or had not sealed flasks tightly enough
-microorganisms exist in air and can contaminate experiments
-therefore, there’s NO spontaneous generation ,
It happens because of biogenesis
46
What did critics say about Spallanzanis experiment ?
-Sealed flasks did not allow enough AIR for organisms to survive
-prolonged heating KILLED “life force”
47
(Pastuer’s experiment)
Nutrient broth placed in flask, heated, not sealed.
What were the results?
Microbial growth
48
(Pastuer’s experiment
Nutrient broth placed in flask, heated, then sealed.
What were the results?
No microbial growth
49
(Pastuer’s experiment)
Nutrient broth placed in flask, heated, then the neck of tube curbed to a “U”, left open
What were the results?
No microbial growth
50
What did Pasteur’s experiment prove?
Proved microbes come from air
51
What did debate over spontaneous generation lead to ?
Scientific method
52
Fermentation was _________ driven research
Industry
53
What was believed to cause fermentation
-Air
-some believed living organisms
54
When Bacteria ferments grape juice what does it produce?
Acid
55
When yeast ferments grape juice what does it produce?
Alcohol
56
Buchner experiment
Acellular fermentation
57
Who is the father of microbiology?
Louis Pasteur
(Ask professor if its him or Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek)
58
Who created germ theory?
What is it?
Louis Pasteur
Believed that some kind of microorganism causes disease
59
Who used chemical disinfection to prevent surgical wound infections?
Surgeon in Military Hospital
-Joseph Lister
60
What did Joseph lister used to wash wounds and hands?
Carboxolic acid
61
What was realized later from using carboxilic acid ?
It was a carcinogen.
62
Who is the “father of bacteriology”
What did he study ?
-Robert Koch
-causative agents of disease
63
What did Robert Koch create?
What is it?
-Koch’s postulates
-series of repeatable steps to prove that a disease is caused by a specific infectious agent.
64
Koch’s postulates?
-microorganism must be present in every case of the disease & absent form health hosts.
-microorganism must be isolated from the diseased host (and all other microorganisms) and grown in PURE CULTURE
-when SUSCEPTIBLE, health animals are infected with pathogens form pure culture, the specific SYMPTOMS of disease must occur
-microorganism must be re-isolated from the disease animal and correspond to the original microorganism in pure culture.
65
Possible variables in Koch’s experiment ?
-age
-sex
-species of mice
-method of injection
-dosage
-injection site
-tools/equipment used
-skill of technician(no contmntion/dmge to animal)
-collection of blood
-are mice a host for anthrax?
66
Koch’s contribution
-simple staining techniques
-1st photomicrograph of bacteria (and 1st in diseased tissue)
-techniques for estimating CFU/ml
-use of steam to sterilize media
-use of Petri dishes
-techniques to transfer bacteria
-bacteria as distinct species
67
Who discovered that genes encode a cell’s enzymes?
-George Beadle
-Edward Tatum
68
Who showed that DNA was hereditary material?
-Oswald Avery
-Colin MacLeod
-Maclyn McCarty
69
Who discovered the role of mRNA in protein?
-Francois Jacob
-Jacques Monod
70
Are Helminthes (parasite) eukaryotic or prokaryotic?
Eukaryotic
71
What is a helminth?
What is it useful for ?
-Multicellular, parasitic FLATWORMS, and ROUND WORMS
-useful for diagnostic
72
Is Fungi eukaryotic or prokaryotic?
Eukaryotic
73
How does fungi obtain food?
Other organisms
74
Do fungi have a cell wall?
Yes
75
What does fungi consist of ?
-Molds (form spores)
-MULTICELLULAR
-have hyphae
-Yeasts
-UNICELLULAR
-cause infection
-used for baking & brewing
76
How does mold reproduce?
By sexual and asexual spores
77
How does yeast reproduce?
-Asexually by budding
-some produce sexual spores
78
How is penicillum identified by?
Broom bristles
79
What is a hypha?
“A long filament of cells in fungi or actinomycetes”
80
Where does protozoa usually live?
Wet environment
81
Single or multi-cellular?
Eukaryotes or prokaryotes?
-single-celled
-eukaryotes
82
Is Protozoa heterotrophic or autotrophic?
Both
83
Heterotroph?
“An organism that requires an ORGANIC CARBON SOURCE; (A.K.A organotroph) (FEED ON OTHERS)
84
Autotroph?
“An organism that uses carbon dioxide (CO2) as its principal carbon source; (chemoautotroph, photoautotroph)” (SELF FEEDERS)
85
Difference between autotrophs and heterotrophs?
-Autotrophs-PRODUCERS who prepare their own food.
-Heterotrophs-CONSUMERS who depend on other sources for their food
86
Can protozoa be parasitic
Yes
87
How does Protozoa reproduce?
-Mostly reproduce asexually
-some reproduce sexually
88
How is Protozoa capable of locomotion? (3)
-Pseudopodia
-Cilia
-Flagella
89
Pseudopod?
An EXTENSION of a eukaryotic cell that aids in locomotion and feeding. (Footlike structure)[False feet]
90
Cilia?
“Relatively short cellular projection from some eukaryotic cells, composed of nine pairs plus two micro tubules.”
91
Flagella?
A thin appendage from the surface of a cell; used for cellular locomotion; composed of flagellum in prokaryotic cells, composed of 9+2 microtubules in eukaryotic cells.
92
Is algae unicellular or multicellular?
Both
93
Does algae have a cell wall ?
Yes
94
What does algae secrete?
Toxins
95
Algae is categorized on the basis of : (3)
-Pigmentation (red, green, brown)
-storage products
-composition of cell wall
96
*Green Algae
-close to water
-cell wall is cellulose
97
*Brown algae
-Deeper in the ocean
-different cell wall
-stores gasses
98
*Red algae
-deepest parts of the ocean
-get agar from them
99
Do Prokaryotes have a nucleus?
NO, they have a nucleoid (circular DNA)
100
Are prokaryotes unicellular or multicellular?
Unicellular
101
How do prokaryotes reproduce?
Asexually
102
Types of prokaryotes? (2)
-Bacteria
-Archaea (have characteristics of prokaryotes and eukaryotes)
103
Where can prokaryotes be found?
Every (sufficient moisture)
104
How do cheek cells look ?
Looks like fried eggs
105
Are viruses living or non-living
Non-living
106
Can bacteria get viruses ? Y/N
Yes
107
Are viruses acellular or multicellular?
Acellular
108
Do virues have DNA or RNA cores?
Both
109
What kind of “coat” do viruses have
-protein
110
What can viruses sometimes be enclosed in ?
-Lipid envelope
111
Can viruses replicate?
Yes
112
How do viruses replicate?
-ONLY inside a living host cell
113
What can E. Coli 057:H7 cause?
Kidney failure
114
How is malaria transmitted ?
Mosquitoes
115
How is West Nile Virus transmitted ?
Mosquitos
116
What is Legionnellosis ?
-different type of pneumonia (caused by legionella bacteria)
117
Types of Emerging infectious diseases ?
-HIV/AIDS
-Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy
-Anthrax
-E. Coli 057:H7
-Invasive group A Streptococci
-H1N1 Virus
-Hantavirus
-Ebola virus
-Bird flu
-SARS-CoV-2
118
Re-emerging Diseases?
-Malaria
-Tuberculosis’
-West Nile Virus
-Legionnellosis
119
Can bacteria and archaea be used along with modern electronics?
Yes
