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Bio 55 > Exam 4 Defenitions > Flashcards

Exam 4 Defenitions Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

A disease that is spread from one host to another

A

Communicable disease

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2
Q

Type of epidemiology that test a hypothesis and uses and uses a control

A

Experimental epidemiology

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3
Q

Another name for nosocomial infection

A

Hospital acquired infection

(HAI)

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4
Q

Collects and analyzes epidemiological information in the United States

A

CDC

Center of disease control

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5
Q

One organism benefits at the expense of the other

A

Parasitism

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6
Q

Both organisms benefit

A

Mutualism

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7
Q

Disease constantly present in the population

A

Endemic

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8
Q

An arthropod carries the pathogen in its body and then passes it to the host through a bite

A

Vector

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9
Q

One factor that can make a person susceptible to a disease

A

Lifestyle

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10
Q

A disease is this stage when the pt is feeling better but still weak

A

Convalescence

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11
Q

A _________ infection occurs after a primary predisposing infection

A

Secondary infection

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12
Q

Period of disease course when minor general symptoms are felt

A

Prodromal

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13
Q

A specific group of signs and symptoms that accompany a disease

A

Syndrome

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14
Q

Diseases that are easily and rapidly spread from one host to another

A

Contagious

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15
Q

An abnormal state in which the body is not perming normal functions

A

Disease

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16
Q

Type of epidemiology that uses data collected from a particular disease occurrence

A

Analytical

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17
Q

Microbiota that permanently colonizes the host and does not cause diseases under normal conditions

A

Resident

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18
Q

Immunity in most of the population

A

Herd immunity

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19
Q

Systemic infection that began as a local infection

A

Focal infection

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20
Q

This type of transmission can be direct or indirect

A

Contact

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21
Q

With a _________ infection pathogens are limited to a small area of the body

A

Local

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22
Q

Microbiota that may be present for days, weeks, or months

A

Transient microbiota

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23
Q

Type of vector that Carries pathogen on outside of its body spreading disease

A

Mechanical disease

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24
Q

If there are no noticeable signs or symptoms (in apparent infection) then, the host can have a ___________ disease.

A

Subclinical

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25
Q

Invasion or colonization of the Body by pathogens

A

Infection

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26
Q

In a _________ disease the causative agent is inactive for a time, but then activates and produces symptoms

A

Latent

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27
Q

Place where a pathogen stays when not infecting a host

A

Reservoir

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28
Q

The study of disease

A

Pathology

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29
Q

Worldwide epidemic ?

A

Pandemic

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30
Q

Also know as blood poising, growth of bacteria in the blood.

A

Septecimia

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31
Q

The cause of a disease

A

Etiology

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32
Q

A change in body function that are felt by the pt as a result of a disease

A

Symptoms

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33
Q

Changes in a body that can be measure or observed as a result of the disease

A

Sign

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34
Q

Enzyme secreted by S. AERUES to hide in a blood clot

(Coagulates fibrinogen)

A

Coagulase

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35
Q

The lipid portions of lypopolysaccharides of gram negative bacteria

A

Endotoxin

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36
Q

M. Tuberculosis uses this substance around its cell wall to evade phagocytosis

A

Mycolic acid

(Waxy lipid)

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37
Q

One type of toxin that makes protein channels in the membrane of leukocytes

A

Leukocidins

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38
Q

One parasite can change these so the immune cells can keep up

A

Surface proteins

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39
Q

Type of binding compound that takes iron from the host cells

A

Siderophore

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40
Q

Secreted by some cells to digest tissues and get deep into tissues

A

Enzymes

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41
Q

Prevents phagocytosis

A

Capsules

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42
Q

Organisms that cause an inflammatory response from their waste products

A

Protozoans

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43
Q

Proteins produced inside pathogenic bacteria as part of their growth and metabolism

A

Exotoxin

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44
Q

For a pathogen to enter a host it must be able to first __________ to host cells

A

Adhere

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45
Q

Ability to produce a toxin

A

Toxigenicity

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46
Q

The most common portal of entry

A

Inhalation

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47
Q

Toxin secreted by a fungus

A

Mycotoxin

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48
Q

Many toxins are acquired by a pathogen through a phage. This is called

A

Lysogeny

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49
Q

The ability to cause disease

A

Pathogenicity

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50
Q

___________ cause an immense immune response, compromising the host

A

Superantigen

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51
Q

The extent of pathogenicity

A

Virulence

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52
Q

A portal of entry that is not a normal opening on a host

A

Parental route

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53
Q

Proteins that help a pathogen stick to a host

A

Adhesins/ ligands

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54
Q

Fraction of a population that contracts a disease during a specific time

A

Incidence

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55
Q

Fraction of a population having a specific disease at a given time

A

Prevalence

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56
Q

Occurs occasionally in a population

A

Sporadic disease

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57
Q

Constantly present in a population

A

Endemic disease

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58
Q

Disease acquired by many host in an given area in a short time

A

Epidemic disease

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59
Q

Worldwide epidemic

A

Pandemic disease

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60
Q

Symptoms develop rapidly

A

Acute disease

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61
Q

Disease develops slowly

A

Chronic disease

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62
Q

Symptoms between acute and chronic

A

Subacute disease

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63
Q

Disease with a period of no symptoms when the causative agent is inactive

A

Latent disease

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64
Q

Immunity in most of the population

A

Herd immunity

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65
Q

Toxic inflammatory arising from the spread of microbe especially bacteria or their toxins, from a focus of infection

A

Sepsis

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66
Q

Bacteria in the blood

A

Bacteremia

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67
Q

Growth of bacteria in the blood

A

Septicemia

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68
Q

Toxins in the blood

A

Toxemia

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69
Q

Viruses in the blood

A

Viremia

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70
Q

Acute infection that causes the initial infection

A

Primary infection

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71
Q

Opportunistic infection after a primary (predisposing) infection

A

Secondary infection

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72
Q

No noticeable signs or symptoms ( in apparent infection)

A

Subclinical disease

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73
Q

Requires close association between infected and susceptible host

A

Direct transmission/contact

74
Q

Spread by fomites ; by non living things on tissues , towels, money , cups, utensil, etc.

A

Indirect contact

75
Q

Transmission via airborne droplets; mucus , sneezing , coughing

A

Droplet contact

76
Q

By an inanimate reservoir (food, water, air)

A

Vehicle transmission

77
Q

Microbes with genetic characteristics allowing for their survival when exposed to an antibiotic

A

Persister cells

78
Q

Bacteria that are resistant to large numbers of antibiotics

A

Superbugs

79
Q

Are often spread horizontally among bacteria of plasmids or transposons, via conjugation or transduction

A

Resistant genes

80
Q

Selective for resistant mutants

A

Misuse of antibiotics

81
Q

A substance the body identifies as foreign and toward which amounts an immune response. Most are large, complex proteins.

A

Antigen

(A haptin [small molecule} can act as an antigen if it binds)

82
Q

It is the part of an antigen that is recognized by the immune system, specifically by antibodies, B cells, or T cells

A

Antigenic determinant

(Antibodies recognize and react with antigenic determines or (epitopes).)

83
Q

The part of an antigen molecule to which an antibody attaches itself

A

Epitope

84
Q

A protein produced in response to an antigen and is capable of binding specifically to that antigen

A

Antibody

(Antibodies are produced by plasma cells {matured from B cells }

85
Q

Consist of fluid called lymph, vessel called lymphatic vessels, a number of structures and organs contains lymphoid tissue and red bone marrow, where stem cells develop into blood cells, including lymphocytes. Lymph nodes are the sites of activation of T cells, and B cells; destroy microbes

A

Lymph system

86
Q

T cell independent antigens stimulate B cells directly ; large, repaeating

A

Exogenous antigen

87
Q

T dependent antigens require help of an antigen present cells (APC’s) and t helper cells to stimulate B cells; smaller not as numerous

A

Endogenous antigen

88
Q

Accepts or rejects as compatible or not. Attaches to noncompatible antigens, and presents it to T cells.

A

Major histocompatibily complex. (MHC)

Immune system cells communicate via cytokines. MHC is in all cells.

89
Q

Is a digest antigens.

A

APC
[antigen presenting cells]

(Ag fragments on APC surface with MHC[b cells, dendritic cells, activated macrophages]

90
Q

T lymphocytes which destroy target cells with perforin

A

Tc cells

(T cytotoxic cells=CD8; differentiate into cytotoxic t lymphocytes which destroy target cells with perforin )

91
Q

B cells become activated when an antigen reacts with specific receptors on its surface.
The activated B cells produces a clone of plasma cells and memory cells

A

Clonal selection

92
Q

This process takes place in the bone marrow and thymus, removes those lymphocytes that have receptors for self antigens. Process of destroying b and T cells that react to cell antigens.

A

Clonal deletion

93
Q

Inactivated toxin used in a vaccine

A

Toxoid

94
Q

Antibodies against a specific toxin

A

Antitoxin

95
Q

Adaptive immunity refers to the fact that the defense is _____________ for the particular invading organism

A

Third line or specific

96
Q

This 3rd line of defense has a ___________ which allows it to response faster to a second invasion

A

Memory component

97
Q

Two sections of adaptive immunity; _____________ which involves the production of _______________ and ______________ which involve t lymphocytes.

A

-innate immuinity
-proteins
-adaptive immunity

98
Q

Defenses against any pathogen (normal body functions)

A

Innate immunity

99
Q

Ability to ward of disease

Specific antibody and lymphocyte responset to an antigen

A

Immunity

100
Q

Immunity or resistance to a specific pathogen

A

Adaptive immunity

101
Q

Consists of tightly packed cells with keratin

A

Epidermis

102
Q

Lines different portals of entry

A

Mucous membranes

103
Q

Traps microbes in portals of entry

A

Mucus

104
Q

Transports microbes trapped in mucus away from the lungs

A

Ciliary escalator

105
Q

Normal microbiota compete with pathogens or alter the environment

A

Microbial antagonism/ competitive exclusion

106
Q

One organism(microbe) benefits, and the other (host) is unharmed

A

Commensalism microbiota

107
Q

Kills microbes directly

A

Bactercidal

108
Q

Prevents microbes form growing

A

Bacteriostatic

109
Q

Overgrowth of normal microbiota that is resistant to antibiotics

A

Superinfection

110
Q

From Greek, meaning eat

A

Phago

111
Q

From greek, meaning cell

A

Cyte

112
Q

Vasodilation, increased permeability of blood vessels

A

Histamines & kinins

113
Q

Intensify histamine and kinin effect (a lot of histamine released)

A

Protstaglandins

114
Q

Increased permeability of blood vessels, phagocytic attachment

A

Leukotrienes

115
Q

Enhanced phagocytosis

A

Opsonization or immune adherence

116
Q

Cytolysis (MAC attack)

A

Membrane attack complex

117
Q

Produced by cells that are infected with virus

A

Interferons

118
Q

Cause cells to produce antiviral proteins that inhibit viral replication (in neighboring cells)

A

IFN-a and IFN-B

119
Q

Causes neutrophils and macrophages to phagocytize bacteria

A

IFN- y

120
Q

Bind serum ions

A

Transferrins

121
Q

Lyse bacteria cells

A

Antimicrobial peptides

122
Q

The use of drugs to treat a disease

A

Chemotherapy

123
Q

Interfere with the growth of microbes within a host

A

Antimicrobial drugs

124
Q

A substance produced by a microbe that , i small amounts , inhibits another microbe

A

Antibiotic

125
Q

Killing harmful microbes without damaging the host

A

Selective toxicity

126
Q

Harmful to a pregnancy

A

Teratogenic

127
Q

The effect of two drugs together is GREATER than the effect of either alone

A

Synergism

128
Q

The effect of two drugs together is LESS than the effect of either alone

A

Antagonism

129
Q

The clumping of insoluble particles, whereas precipitation involve the aggregation of soluble molecules

A

Agglutination

130
Q

The agglutination of RBC, can be used to determine blood type

A

Hemagglutination

131
Q

Commonly used to detect presence of antibodies in serum.
Uses an enzyme as the label

A

ELISA test

132
Q

Technique to detect antibodies against multiple antigens

A

Western blot test

133
Q

Soluble antigens

A

Precipitation

134
Q

Particulate antigens

A

Agglutination

135
Q

Agglutination of RBC’s

A

Hemagglutination

136
Q

RBC’s are indicator

A

Complement fixation

137
Q

Inactivates toxin or virus

A

Neutralization

138
Q

A substance the body identifies as foreign and to which it produces specific antibodies or sensitized

A

Antigen

139
Q

Proteins made in response to an antigen

A

Antibody

140
Q

Carried out by antibodies circulating the blood. Antibodies are produced in B lymphocytes that have matured into plasma cells

A

Humoral immunity

141
Q

Carried out by T lymphocytes and occurs at the cellular level

A

Cell mediated immunity

142
Q

A small molecule that can act as an antigen if it binds to a larger protein molecule

A

Hapten

143
Q

Stimulates T helper cells

A

Interleukin-1

144
Q

Activates cloning of T helper cells, B, Tc and NK cells

A

Interleukin-2

145
Q

Differentiation of CD4 cells

A

Interleukin-12

146
Q

Stimulate macrophage activity

A

y-interferon

147
Q

Induce migration of leukocytes to inflammatory mediator; respond to chemical signals

A

Chemokines infection

148
Q

Present T dependent antigens to B cells, to stimulate other T&B cells

A

T helper cells=CD4 cells

149
Q

Differentiate into cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) which destroy target cells with perforin

A

T Cytotoxic cells =CD8 cells

150
Q

Suppress T cells against self, subset of CD4 Th cells , formerly called T suppressor cells

A

T regulatory cells

151
Q

Destroys membrane of leukocytes

A

Leukocidins

152
Q

Destroy membranes of RBC

A

Hemolysins

153
Q

Destroy membranes of WBC

A

Streptolysins

154
Q

Like superbug, but more specific to protein in certain pathogen.

Cause intense immune response due to release of excessive amounts of cytokines form host cells

A

Superantigen

155
Q

Cause red tide, irritate skin, usually happens after rain

A

Dinoflagellates

156
Q

Cause paralytic shellfish poising

A

Saxitoxin

157
Q

Study of disease

A

Pathology

158
Q

The study of the cause of a disease

A

Etiology

159
Q

Development of disease

A

Pathogenesis

160
Q

Permanently colonize the host

A

Normal microbiota

161
Q

Means living together. It is the relationship between normal microbiota and the host

A

Symbiosis

162
Q

One organism benefits, and the other is unaffected

A

Commensalism

163
Q

No living things, but human cells

A

Axenic

164
Q

Live microbes applied to or ingested into the body, intended to exert a beneficial effect

A

Probiotics

165
Q

Protect the host by :
-occupying niches that pathogens might occupy
-producing acids
-producing bacteriocins

A

Normal microbiota

166
Q

A competition between microbes

A

Microbial antagonism

167
Q

A specific group of signs and symptoms that accompany a disease

A

Syndrome

168
Q

A disease that is spread from one host to another

A

Communicable disease

169
Q

A disease that is easily spread from one host to another

A

Contagious disease

170
Q

A disease that is it not transmitted from one host to another

A

Noncommunicable disease

171
Q

An infection throughout the body

A

Systemic infection

172
Q

Systemic infection that began as a local infection

A

Focal infection

173
Q

When 2 or more viruses enter cell and when assembly occurs they start building up the interchanging parts/cells

A

Antigenic shift

174
Q

Single virus that can make an error

A

Antigenic drift

175
Q

Incidence of a specific notifiable disease

A

Morbidity

176
Q

Deaths from notifiable disease

A

Mortality

177
Q

Number of people affected in relation to the total population in a given time period

A

Morbidity rate

178
Q

Number of deaths from a disease in relation to the population in a given time

A

Mortality rate

179
Q

Health care workers report specified disease to local, state, and national offices.

A

Case reporting

180
Q

Physicians are required to report occurrence

A

Nationally notifiable disease

Bio 55 (19 decks)

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