Exam 4 Defenitions Flashcards
1
Q
A disease that is spread from one host to another
A
Communicable disease
2
Q
Type of epidemiology that test a hypothesis and uses and uses a control
A
Experimental epidemiology
3
Q
Another name for nosocomial infection
A
Hospital acquired infection
(HAI)
4
Q
Collects and analyzes epidemiological information in the United States
A
CDC
Center of disease control
5
Q
One organism benefits at the expense of the other
A
Parasitism
6
Q
Both organisms benefit
A
Mutualism
7
Q
Disease constantly present in the population
A
Endemic
8
Q
An arthropod carries the pathogen in its body and then passes it to the host through a bite
A
Vector
9
Q
One factor that can make a person susceptible to a disease
A
Lifestyle
10
Q
A disease is this stage when the pt is feeling better but still weak
A
Convalescence
11
Q
A _________ infection occurs after a primary predisposing infection
A
Secondary infection
12
Q
Period of disease course when minor general symptoms are felt
A
Prodromal
13
Q
A specific group of signs and symptoms that accompany a disease
A
Syndrome
14
Q
Diseases that are easily and rapidly spread from one host to another
A
Contagious
15
Q
An abnormal state in which the body is not perming normal functions
A
Disease
16
Q
Type of epidemiology that uses data collected from a particular disease occurrence
A
Analytical
17
Q
Microbiota that permanently colonizes the host and does not cause diseases under normal conditions
A
Resident
18
Q
Immunity in most of the population
A
Herd immunity
19
Q
Systemic infection that began as a local infection
A
Focal infection
20
Q
This type of transmission can be direct or indirect
A
Contact
21
Q
With a _________ infection pathogens are limited to a small area of the body
A
Local
22
Q
Microbiota that may be present for days, weeks, or months
A
Transient microbiota
23
Q
Type of vector that Carries pathogen on outside of its body spreading disease
A
Mechanical disease
24
Q
If there are no noticeable signs or symptoms (in apparent infection) then, the host can have a ___________ disease.
A
Subclinical
25
Invasion or colonization of the Body by pathogens
Infection
26
In a _________ disease the causative agent is inactive for a time, but then activates and produces symptoms
Latent
27
Place where a pathogen stays when not infecting a host
Reservoir
28
The study of disease
Pathology
29
Worldwide epidemic ?
Pandemic
30
Also know as blood poising, growth of bacteria in the blood.
Septecimia
31
The cause of a disease
Etiology
32
A change in body function that are felt by the pt as a result of a disease
Symptoms
33
Changes in a body that can be measure or observed as a result of the disease
Sign
34
Enzyme secreted by S. AERUES to hide in a blood clot
(Coagulates fibrinogen)
Coagulase
35
The lipid portions of lypopolysaccharides of gram negative bacteria
Endotoxin
36
M. Tuberculosis uses this substance around its cell wall to evade phagocytosis
Mycolic acid
(Waxy lipid)
37
One type of toxin that makes protein channels in the membrane of leukocytes
Leukocidins
38
One parasite can change these so the immune cells can keep up
Surface proteins
39
Type of binding compound that takes iron from the host cells
Siderophore
40
Secreted by some cells to digest tissues and get deep into tissues
Enzymes
41
Prevents phagocytosis
Capsules
42
Organisms that cause an inflammatory response from their waste products
Protozoans
43
Proteins produced inside pathogenic bacteria as part of their growth and metabolism
Exotoxin
44
For a pathogen to enter a host it must be able to first __________ to host cells
Adhere
45
Ability to produce a toxin
Toxigenicity
46
The most common portal of entry
Inhalation
47
Toxin secreted by a fungus
Mycotoxin
48
Many toxins are acquired by a pathogen through a phage. This is called
Lysogeny
49
The ability to cause disease
Pathogenicity
50
___________ cause an immense immune response, compromising the host
Superantigen
51
The extent of pathogenicity
Virulence
52
A portal of entry that is not a normal opening on a host
Parental route
53
Proteins that help a pathogen stick to a host
Adhesins/ ligands
54
Fraction of a population that contracts a disease during a specific time
Incidence
55
Fraction of a population having a specific disease at a given time
Prevalence
56
Occurs occasionally in a population
Sporadic disease
57
Constantly present in a population
Endemic disease
58
Disease acquired by many host in an given area in a short time
Epidemic disease
59
Worldwide epidemic
Pandemic disease
60
Symptoms develop rapidly
Acute disease
61
Disease develops slowly
Chronic disease
62
Symptoms between acute and chronic
Subacute disease
63
Disease with a period of no symptoms when the causative agent is inactive
Latent disease
64
Immunity in most of the population
Herd immunity
65
Toxic inflammatory arising from the spread of microbe especially bacteria or their toxins, from a focus of infection
Sepsis
66
Bacteria in the blood
Bacteremia
67
Growth of bacteria in the blood
Septicemia
68
Toxins in the blood
Toxemia
69
Viruses in the blood
Viremia
70
Acute infection that causes the initial infection
Primary infection
71
Opportunistic infection after a primary (predisposing) infection
Secondary infection
72
No noticeable signs or symptoms ( in apparent infection)
Subclinical disease
73
Requires close association between infected and susceptible host
Direct transmission/contact
74
Spread by fomites ; by non living things on tissues , towels, money , cups, utensil, etc.
Indirect contact
75
Transmission via airborne droplets; mucus , sneezing , coughing
Droplet contact
76
By an inanimate reservoir (food, water, air)
Vehicle transmission
77
Microbes with genetic characteristics allowing for their survival when exposed to an antibiotic
Persister cells
78
Bacteria that are resistant to large numbers of antibiotics
Superbugs
79
Are often spread horizontally among bacteria of plasmids or transposons, via conjugation or transduction
Resistant genes
80
Selective for resistant mutants
Misuse of antibiotics
81
A substance the body identifies as foreign and toward which amounts an immune response. Most are large, complex proteins.
Antigen
(A haptin [small molecule} can act as an antigen if it binds)
82
It is the part of an antigen that is recognized by the immune system, specifically by antibodies, B cells, or T cells
Antigenic determinant
(Antibodies recognize and react with antigenic determines or (epitopes).)
83
The part of an antigen molecule to which an antibody attaches itself
Epitope
84
A protein produced in response to an antigen and is capable of binding specifically to that antigen
Antibody
(Antibodies are produced by plasma cells {matured from B cells }
85
Consist of fluid called lymph, vessel called lymphatic vessels, a number of structures and organs contains lymphoid tissue and red bone marrow, where stem cells develop into blood cells, including lymphocytes. Lymph nodes are the sites of activation of T cells, and B cells; destroy microbes
Lymph system
86
T cell independent antigens stimulate B cells directly ; large, repaeating
Exogenous antigen
87
T dependent antigens require help of an antigen present cells (APC’s) and t helper cells to stimulate B cells; smaller not as numerous
Endogenous antigen
88
Accepts or rejects as compatible or not. Attaches to noncompatible antigens, and presents it to T cells.
Major histocompatibily complex. (MHC)
Immune system cells communicate via cytokines. MHC is in all cells.
89
Is a digest antigens.
APC
[antigen presenting cells]
(Ag fragments on APC surface with MHC[b cells, dendritic cells, activated macrophages]
90
T lymphocytes which destroy target cells with perforin
Tc cells
(T cytotoxic cells=CD8; differentiate into cytotoxic t lymphocytes which destroy target cells with perforin )
91
B cells become activated when an antigen reacts with specific receptors on its surface.
The activated B cells produces a clone of plasma cells and memory cells
Clonal selection
92
This process takes place in the bone marrow and thymus, removes those lymphocytes that have receptors for self antigens. Process of destroying b and T cells that react to cell antigens.
Clonal deletion
93
Inactivated toxin used in a vaccine
Toxoid
94
Antibodies against a specific toxin
Antitoxin
95
Adaptive immunity refers to the fact that the defense is _____________ for the particular invading organism
Third line or specific
96
This 3rd line of defense has a ___________ which allows it to response faster to a second invasion
Memory component
97
Two sections of adaptive immunity; _____________ which involves the production of _______________ and ______________ which involve t lymphocytes.
-innate immuinity
-proteins
-adaptive immunity
98
Defenses against any pathogen (normal body functions)
Innate immunity
99
Ability to ward of disease
Specific antibody and lymphocyte responset to an antigen
Immunity
100
Immunity or resistance to a specific pathogen
Adaptive immunity
101
Consists of tightly packed cells with keratin
Epidermis
102
Lines different portals of entry
Mucous membranes
103
Traps microbes in portals of entry
Mucus
104
Transports microbes trapped in mucus away from the lungs
Ciliary escalator
105
Normal microbiota compete with pathogens or alter the environment
Microbial antagonism/ competitive exclusion
106
One organism(microbe) benefits, and the other (host) is unharmed
Commensalism microbiota
107
Kills microbes directly
Bactercidal
108
Prevents microbes form growing
Bacteriostatic
109
Overgrowth of normal microbiota that is resistant to antibiotics
Superinfection
110
From Greek, meaning eat
Phago
111
From greek, meaning cell
Cyte
112
Vasodilation, increased permeability of blood vessels
Histamines & kinins
113
Intensify histamine and kinin effect (a lot of histamine released)
Protstaglandins
114
Increased permeability of blood vessels, phagocytic attachment
Leukotrienes
115
Enhanced phagocytosis
Opsonization or immune adherence
116
Cytolysis (MAC attack)
Membrane attack complex
117
Produced by cells that are infected with virus
Interferons
118
Cause cells to produce antiviral proteins that inhibit viral replication (in neighboring cells)
IFN-a and IFN-B
119
Causes neutrophils and macrophages to phagocytize bacteria
IFN- y
120
Bind serum ions
Transferrins
121
Lyse bacteria cells
Antimicrobial peptides
122
The use of drugs to treat a disease
Chemotherapy
123
Interfere with the growth of microbes within a host
Antimicrobial drugs
124
A substance produced by a microbe that , i small amounts , inhibits another microbe
Antibiotic
125
Killing harmful microbes without damaging the host
Selective toxicity
126
Harmful to a pregnancy
Teratogenic
127
The effect of two drugs together is GREATER than the effect of either alone
Synergism
128
The effect of two drugs together is LESS than the effect of either alone
Antagonism
129
The clumping of insoluble particles, whereas precipitation involve the aggregation of soluble molecules
Agglutination
130
The agglutination of RBC, can be used to determine blood type
Hemagglutination
131
Commonly used to detect presence of antibodies in serum.
Uses an enzyme as the label
ELISA test
132
Technique to detect antibodies against multiple antigens
Western blot test
133
Soluble antigens
Precipitation
134
Particulate antigens
Agglutination
135
Agglutination of RBC’s
Hemagglutination
136
RBC’s are indicator
Complement fixation
137
Inactivates toxin or virus
Neutralization
138
A substance the body identifies as foreign and to which it produces specific antibodies or sensitized
Antigen
139
Proteins made in response to an antigen
Antibody
140
Carried out by antibodies circulating the blood. Antibodies are produced in B lymphocytes that have matured into plasma cells
Humoral immunity
141
Carried out by T lymphocytes and occurs at the cellular level
Cell mediated immunity
142
A small molecule that can act as an antigen if it binds to a larger protein molecule
Hapten
143
Stimulates T helper cells
Interleukin-1
144
Activates cloning of T helper cells, B, Tc and NK cells
Interleukin-2
145
Differentiation of CD4 cells
Interleukin-12
146
Stimulate macrophage activity
y-interferon
147
Induce migration of leukocytes to inflammatory mediator; respond to chemical signals
Chemokines infection
148
Present T dependent antigens to B cells, to stimulate other T&B cells
T helper cells=CD4 cells
149
Differentiate into cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) which destroy target cells with perforin
T Cytotoxic cells =CD8 cells
150
Suppress T cells against self, subset of CD4 Th cells , formerly called T suppressor cells
T regulatory cells
151
Destroys membrane of leukocytes
Leukocidins
152
Destroy membranes of RBC
Hemolysins
153
Destroy membranes of WBC
Streptolysins
154
Like superbug, but more specific to protein in certain pathogen.
Cause intense immune response due to release of excessive amounts of cytokines form host cells
Superantigen
155
Cause red tide, irritate skin, usually happens after rain
Dinoflagellates
156
Cause paralytic shellfish poising
Saxitoxin
157
Study of disease
Pathology
158
The study of the cause of a disease
Etiology
159
Development of disease
Pathogenesis
160
Permanently colonize the host
Normal microbiota
161
Means living together. It is the relationship between normal microbiota and the host
Symbiosis
162
One organism benefits, and the other is unaffected
Commensalism
163
No living things, but human cells
Axenic
164
Live microbes applied to or ingested into the body, intended to exert a beneficial effect
Probiotics
165
Protect the host by :
-occupying niches that pathogens might occupy
-producing acids
-producing bacteriocins
Normal microbiota
166
A competition between microbes
Microbial antagonism
167
A specific group of signs and symptoms that accompany a disease
Syndrome
168
A disease that is spread from one host to another
Communicable disease
169
A disease that is easily spread from one host to another
Contagious disease
170
A disease that is it not transmitted from one host to another
Noncommunicable disease
171
An infection throughout the body
Systemic infection
172
Systemic infection that began as a local infection
Focal infection
173
When 2 or more viruses enter cell and when assembly occurs they start building up the interchanging parts/cells
Antigenic shift
174
Single virus that can make an error
Antigenic drift
175
Incidence of a specific notifiable disease
Morbidity
176
Deaths from notifiable disease
Mortality
177
Number of people affected in relation to the total population in a given time period
Morbidity rate
178
Number of deaths from a disease in relation to the population in a given time
Mortality rate
179
Health care workers report specified disease to local, state, and national offices.
Case reporting
180
Physicians are required to report occurrence
Nationally notifiable disease
