Eukaryotes Slides Flashcards
1
Q
What are the 4 eukaryotes talked about in these slides?
A
-Fungi
-Algae
-Protozoa
-Helminths
2
Q
What is mycology ?
A
Study of fungi
3
Q
Does fungi have a membrane bound nucleus?
Y/N?
A
Yes
4
Q
How does fungi obtain food?
A
From other organisms
5
Q
Fungi are know as “natures _________”
A
Decomposers
6
Q
Do fungi have cell walls ?
Y/N?
A
Yes
7
Q
What are Fungi cell walls made of?
A
Chitin
8
Q
Are molds unicellular or multicellular?
A
Multicellular
9
Q
Molds have hyphae.
T/F?
A
True
10
Q
Does mold reproduce by sexual or asexual spores?
A
Both sexual and asexual spores
11
Q
Is yeast multicellular or unicellular ?
A
Unicellular
12
Q
What type of environment does yeast prefer?
A
Prefer slightly acidic environment
(Think of yeast in beer, beer gives you acid)
13
Q
How does yeast reproduce ?
A
Asexually by budding; some produce sexual spores
14
Q
Most fungi are _________
A
Decomposers
15
Q
Since fungi are Decomposers what what they be classified as ?
A
Chemoheterotrophs
16
Q
Many fungi are ___________ pathogens
A
Opportunistic
17
Q
Few fungi are __________ __________
A
True pathogens
18
Q
What is mycosis
A
Diseased caused by a fungus
19
Q
Molds are _____________ fungi
A
Filamentous
20
Q
What is the thallus of a mold
A
-BODY of the mold consisting of filaments of cells joined together. (Book definition)
-visible fungal growth, vegetative structures
(slide definition)
21
Q
The filaments in mold/fungal thallus consists of ?
A
Hyphae
22
Q
Differences between septate hyphae vs. coenocytic hyphae
A
Septate: cross walls that divide hyphae in uninucleate (one nucleus) cell units.
(Think septum in nose seperates nostrils into 2 parts)
Coenocytic: hyphae contain NO septa and appear as long continuous cells with MANY nuclei.
23
Q
Differences between vegetative hyphae vs. reproductive hyphae (aerial hyphae)
A
Vegetative- hypha that’s obtains nutrients and grows (catabolize)
Reproductive- A.K.A. Aerial hypha is hypha concerned with reproduction, often bear reproductive spores
24
Q
What is mycelium ?
A
Mass of hyphae
25
Where does reproductive or (aerial hyphae) make spores ?
Makes spores at ends
26
Are fungal spores reproductive ?
Y/N?
Yes, they ARE reproductive
27
Is yeast filamentous or non filamentous ?
Non filamentous
28
Are fungal spores: (as/not as ) resistant to environmental conditions as bacterial endospores.
Not as resistant
29
Do molds make sexual or asexual spores?
Both sexual and asexual spores
30
Explain how mold sexual spores reproduce.
Result from the fusion of 2 nuclei from 1(+) and 1 (-) mating strain of the same species
(Important for classification)
31
Explain how mold asexual spores reproduce :
Makes clones of the parent.
32
Explain the difference between asexual conidiospore vs. sporangiospore
Conidiospore- uni/multicellular spore NOT enclosed in a sac; produced in a chain at the end of a conidiophore.
Sporangiospore- spores formed within is sac (sporangium) at the end of an aerial hyphae (sporangiophore)
33
Conidiospores are formed by aerial hyphae _____________ _________ to make several tiny compartments
Pinching off
34
Sporangiospores are formed and held inside a membrane called?
Sporangium
35
What is a dimorphic fungi?
Can have 2 morphologies.
36
What are the 2 morphologies that a dimorphic fungi can have?
-mold
-yeast
37
What determines a fungi’s morphology ?
-Living conditions
-often dependent on temperature
38
Mold-like growth at _______degrees Celsius
Yeast growth at __________ degrees Celsius
-25
-37
39
Explain how dimorphic fungi can change form
(Example)
-grows in soil as mold, producing spores that are often inhaled or introduced into the skin
-grows in the body as yeast
40
In budding cells are the daughter cells smaller or larger than parent cells ?
Smaller
41
Cell of all fungi are surrounded by ?
Cell walls
42
Explain hyphae
-make up most fungi
-they are branching and threadlike fibers
-make up the body of the fungus
43
What is formed in the gills of fungi ?
Spores
44
Do substances move quickly or slowly through hyphae ?
Quickly
45
Explain Amastigomycota vs. Mastigomycota
Amastigomycota- widespread in soil, some are human pathogens, divide into 4 divisions by sexual spore types
Mastigomycota: primitive filamentous fungi, found in water,
May cause plant disease
46
What are the 4 divisions of Amastigomycota and how are they divided by ?
-zygomycota
-ascomycota
-basidiomycota
-deuteromycota
-Divided by sexual spore type
47
Where is Amastigomycota widespread in ?
Soil
48
Where is Mastigomycota found ?
In water
49
Can Amastigomycota or Mastigomycota be human pathogens ?
Amastigomycota
50
Can Amastigomycota or Mastigomycota cause plant disease ?
Mastigomycota
51
What is mycosis
Fungal disease
52
5 types of fungal disease ?
-systemic
-subcutaneous
-cutaneous
-superficial
-opportunistic
53
Examples for systemic disease
Histoplasmosis & coccidioidomycosis
-spores inhaled infects lungs similar to TB
54
Example for subcutaneous disease
Sporotrichosis
55
Example for cutaneous disease
Caused by dermatophytes, makes keratinase
56
Example for superficial disease
Where is this commonly found?
-fungi grow along hair shafts and surface epidermal cells
-common in tropical climates
57
Example for opportunistic disease
Pneumocystis in AIDS patients
58
What are some medically important fungi ?
(3)
-Ascomycota
-Basidiomycota
-Deuteromycota
59
What kind of sexual spores does ascomycota have?
Ascospores
60
What kind of asexual spores does ascomycota have ?
Conidospores
61
Some examples of ascomycota
-Penicillium (source of penicillin)
-Saccharomyces (bread yeast)
-Histoplasma (pneumonia)
-Microsporium (1 cause of ringworm)
62
What kind of sexual spores does basidiomycota have?
Basidiospores
63
What kind of asexual spores does basidiomycota have?
Conidia
64
Example of basidiomycota ?
Cryptococcus neoformans -( meningitis)
65
What kind of sexual spores does deuteromycota have?
None, cannot find sexual spores on them.
66
What kind of asexual spores does deuteromycota have?
Conidia
67
Examples of deuteromycota
-Candida albicans (yeast infection, diaper rash)
-coccidioides immitis (valley fever, pneumonia)
68
What are lichens ?
Algae + fungi living in a mutualistic relationship
69
What type of relationship does lichens (algae and fungi) have ?
Mutualistic
70
What is the role of algae in lichens ?
Performs photosynthesis and produces carbohydrates which it SHARES with the fungi.
71
What is the role of fungi in lichens ?
Attaches both organisms to a rock, tree, etc. and provides protection from desiccation.
72
Are lichens fast or slow growing ?
Slow growing
73
Lichens produce ___________ ____________ to leech ___________ needed for growth from rocks .
-Organic acids
-nutrients
74
How do “crusties” look like in lichens
Around rocks , tend to look not so appealing ; flat
75
How do “folios” look like in lichens
Look more appealing “pretty” grow around wood look more 3d more like a plant or “leaf”
76
What kingdom is algae a part of ?
Protista
77
Are algae unicellular or multicellular ?
Both, unicellular and multicellular
78
Where can you find algae?
Mostly aquatic, living in the top few meters of water
79
Algae are simple eukaryotic ____________.
Photoautotrophs (makes its own food by the sun )
80
Whey are they considered photoautotrophs?
Fix CO2, into organic carbon, and release O2.
81
Does algae reproduce sexually or asexually ?
Both sexually and asexually
82
How is algae classified ?
Classified by :
-pigments
-rRNA
-structures
*pigmentation
*storage products
*composition of cell wall
83
Can algae cause disease?
Yes, a few cause disease via TOXINS made by algae
84
Are algae’s reproductive structures simple or complex?
Simple
85
Most algae are:
Unicellular/Multicellular
Multicellular
86
What are 6 different types of algae?
-green algae
-brown algae
-red algae
-diatoms
-water molds
-dinoflagellates
87
Characteristics of green algae?
-At surface sea level
-most numerous as phytoplankton
-Make up sea lettuce
88
Characteristics of brown algae
-lower in sea (middle of green and red algae sea level)
-can get as large as a tree
89
Characteristics of red algae
-even lower in the ocean (deepest of the colored algaes)
-often very stiff
-have calcium carbonate
90
Characteristics of diatom, water molds, dinoflagellates
-Very ancient
-fossil fuels
-fossil remains create oil
91
Some dinoflagellates secrete?
Toxins
92
Dinoflagellates are responsible for
-red tide
-shellfish disease
93
Is Protozoa single called or multicellular?
Single-called eukaryotes
94
Are Protozoa heterotrophic or autotrophic ?
-some heterotrophic
-some autotrophic (make own energy from sun)
95
Is Protozoa parasitic ?
Some are parasitic
96
Does Protozoa reproduce sexually or asexually ?
-most reproduce asexually (by binary fission)
-some reproduce sexually (by meiosis, exchange gametes)
97
Are Protozoa capable of locomotion ?
Y/N?
Yes
98
How are Protozoa capable of locomotion ?
-pseudopodia (extension of cell membrane [slowly])
-cilia (short hairlike structures)
-flagella (tail structure)
99
Where is Protozoa inhabited?
Inhabit water & soil
(Wet environments)
100
How many different species of Protozoa are there ?
Do they all cause disease?
-20,000 species
-only a few cause disease
101
Life forms of protozoa?
-trophozoite: growing/ feeding stage (tropho=eating)
-cyst: protective form, usually shed in feces and infectious
102
Examples of asexual reproduction for Protozoa
-binary fission,
-budding
-schizogony (many nuclear divisions/ stays in parent cell membrane)
103
Example of sexual reproduction of Protozoa
Conjugation (paramecium)-(eukaryotic conjugation)
104
Examples of Protozoa
-Amoeba
-paramecium
105
What is archaezoa
Group of old primitive protozoans
106
What is significant about archaezoa motility ?
2+ flagella
107
Examples of archaezoa
-Trichomonas vaginalis
-Giardiaq lamblia
108
Does Trichomonas vaginalis have a mitochondria?
Does Trichomonas vaginalis have a cyst form ?
-No mitochondria
-No cyst form
109
Where is Giardia lamblia found ?
Trophozoites found in the small intestines in animals
110
How are Giardia lamblia cysts excreted ?
In feces
111
How is Giardia lamblia spread ?
Spread by the fecal-oral route
112
What is the names of parasitic archaezoa
-Trichomonas vaginalis
-Giardia lamblia
113
What is Giardiasis?
What is the causative agent?
-Disease
-Giardia Lamblia
114
What are signs/ symptoms of Giardia lamblia?
-prolonged diarrhea, nausea, abdominal cramps
115
Pathogenesis of Giardiasis?
(Where does it attach?)
(What does it do?)
-attaches to intestinal cells
-interferes with nutrient absorption
116
Epidemiology of Giardiasis?
(How is it transmitted)
-oral/fecal transmission
-contaminated water, human carriers
-animal reservoirs
117
Treatment for giardiasis
Metronidazole (FLAGYL)
118
Prevention for giardiasis
-water sanitation
-hand washing
119
Examples of amoebozoa (amoebas)
-Entamoeba histolytica
-Naegleria fowferi
-Acanthamoeba
120
How does Naeglera fowferi enter the body ?
Through the olfactory ineuroepithelium (nose)
121
How does Acanthamoeba enter the body ?
Enters through lower respiratory tract or through ulcerated or broken skin ( through eyes or wounds)
122
How does entamoeba histolytica move?
Pseudopodia
123
What does entamoeba histolytica cause ?
Amoebic dysentery
124
What is dysentery ?
Bloody diarrhea
125
How is ciliophoria motile?
By cilia
126
Example of ciliphoria
Balantidium coli
127
What is the only ciliate that is a parasite?
Balantidium coli
128
What does ciliophoria cause ?
Severe dysentery, trophozoites feed on host tissue in the LARGE intestines
129
CILIOPHORIA :
Where does the cyst shed?
How is it transmitted?
-sheds in feces
-transmitted fecal-oral route
130
Mature forms of Apicomplexia are non-motile
T/F?
TRUE, they are non-motile
131
What kind of parasites are apicomplexia?
Explain.
-obligate intracellular parasites
-they dont do anything outside of host
132
What kind of life cycle does apicomplexia have ?
What does it require?
-complex lifecycle
-require several host.
133
Examples of Apicomplexia
-Plasmodium [causes malaria]
-Toxoplasma gondii (toxoplasmosis) [from cat litter boxes]
-Cryptosporidium [causes intestinal disruption/ diarrhea
134
What organism causes malaria?
Plasmodium
135
What organism causes toxoplasmosis?
Toxoplasma gondii
136
Where can toxoplasma gondii be found ?
Cat litter box
137
Where is plasmodium mostly found ?
Worldwide , but mostly in tropics
138
How many people are infected with malaria / Plasmodium ?
300-500 million people
139
How many deaths per year are caused by malaria/ plasmodium ?
2 - 4 million deaths
140
Where are the majority of malaria deaths occuring?
And percentage ?
90% in Africa
141
In Africa, malaria kills a child every _____ _____________.
30 seconds
142
Where does malaria multiply ?
In Red Blood Cells
143
How does malaria affect RBC’s
Ruptures RBC’s and causes high fever
144
Causative agents: Plasmodium sp.
-P. Falciparum [most severe disease, 50% mortality]
-P. Vivax [most common species]
-P. Malarieae & P. Ovale [less severe form of disease]
*All have cyclic fevers/ shakes
145
Signs/ symptoms of Plasmodium sp.
-occur in intervals of 2-3 days with alternating asymptomatic periods.
-chills, fever, vomitting & severe headache
-P. Falciparum: SEVERE anemia, kidney & liver damage
146
In Plasmodium transmitted by the Anopheles mosquito is the human the primary or intermediate host?
Human is intermediate host
147
In Plasmodium transmitted by the Anopheles mosquito is the mosquito the primary host or intermediate host?
Mosquito is primary host./ definitive host.
148
In plasmodium, when the anopheles mosquito infects the human, where does sexual reproduction occur?
Where does asexual reproduction occur?
-sexual reproduction occurs in the mosquito (primary/definitive host)
-asexual reproduction occurs in the human (intermediate host)
149
What is schizogony?
When sporozoites have multiple nuclear divisions.
(Multiply/asexual reproduction)
150
Once sporozoites undergo schizogony in the liver cell ,
What is produced?
Merozoites
151
When the mosquitoes bite humans where do sporozoites migrate to?
To liver
152
Once sporozoites undergo schizogony band produce merozoites where are they released into?
Into the bloodstream to infect new red blood cells
153
Explain the life cycle steps of the anopheles mosquito?
1. Infected mosquito bites human and sporozoites migrate to liver.
2. Sporozoites undergo schizogony in liver to produce merozoites.
3. Merozoites are released into blood stream from liver to infect new RBC’s
4. Merozoites develop into ring stage in RBC.
5. Ring stage grows and divides, producing merozoites
6. Merozoites are released when RBC ruptures, some merozoites infect new RBC’s, some develop into male & female gametocytes.
7. ANOTHER mosquito bites infected human and ingests gametocytes.
8. In mosquito’s digestive tract, gametocytes unite to form zygote.
9. Resulting sporozoites migrate to salivary glands of mosquito. To start process over again.
154
Sporozoites life cycle (summarized)
-sporozoites —>
-merozoite—>
-male/female gametocytes—>
-zygote—>
-sporozoite.
155
What is a definitive host?
Example?
-Host where the organism undergoes sexual reproduction
-Anopheles mosquito for Plasmodium (causes malaria)
156
What is an intermediate host?
Example?
-Host where the organism only reproduces asexually
-Humans for plasmodium
157
Malaria pathogenesis:
Parasites replicate in RBC’s
158
Explain process of P. Falciparum
What are some complications?
-RBC’s develop knobs on their surface causing them to stick to the walls of capillary vessels , clogging them, preventing RBC’s from reaching the spleen where phagocytes would eliminate them, & interrupting blood supply causing death of tissues
-complications: organ damage, cerebral infection
159
Epidemiology of malaria:
Vector transmission, mosquito
160
Treatments for malaria?
-Quinine & deravitives: chloroquine, primaquine, & mefloquine.
161
Prevention of malaria?
-insecticides, mosquito-nets over beds; prophylactic does of MEFLOQUINE
162
What are hemoflagellates ?
Blood parasites
163
Do Hemoflagellates have flagella?
Y/N?
YES they have flagella
164
How are hemoflagellates transmitted ?
By bites of blood-feeding insects.
165
Where can hemoflagellates be found in infected hosts.
In blood, which then moves into tissues
166
Example of Hemoflagellates
-Trypanosoma gambiense (eastern hemisphere)
-Trypanosoma cruzi (western hemisphere)
167
What transmits Trypanosoma gambiense ?
What does it cause ?
-transmitted by testse fly
-causes African sleeping sickness
168
What transmits Trypanosoma cruzi?
What does it cause ?
-transmitted by the “kissing bug”
-causes Chagas disease (parasitic heart disease)
169
What does Trypanosoma cruzi cause ?
-parasitic heart disease
-cardiomegaly with aneurysm (enlarged heart)
*most common
170
What are Helminths?
Worms
171
Are Helminths multicellular or unicellular?
Multicellular
172
Are Helminths free living or parasitic ?
Both, can be free living or parasitic
173
What is parasitology ?
Study of parasites
174
What kind of parasite is a leech ?
Ectoparasite
175
Name for roundworms ?
Nematodes
176
Name for flatworms?
Platyhelminths
177
What are the Helminths two phyla ?
-Phylum Nematoda
*roundworms
-Phylum Platyhelminthes
*flatworms
178
Types of platyhelminths / flatworms ?
-Trematodes-flukes
-Cestodes- tapeworms
179
Are roundworms parasitic?
-roundworms are ALL PARASITIC (to some living things [plants, grass, animal])
180
What is a monoecious flatworm?
-hermaphroditic- male & female in 1 organism
181
Platyhelminthes often produce large number of eggs that are ______________
Infectious
182
Platyhelminthes have often complex lifecycles with ____________ _________ for several larval stages and a _____________ _________ for the adult parasite.
-intermediate host
-definitive host
183
Example of cestodes (flatworm)
Taenia solium (pork tapeworm)
184
Trematodes (flukes) all have what type of intermediate host?
Snail
185
Example of trematodes (flukes)
-Schistosoma
-Fasciola hepatica
186
Examples of phylum Nematoda (roundworms)
-Enterobius vermicularis
-Ascaris lumbricoides
-Necator americanus
-Trichinella spiralis
187
Characteristics of Enterobius vermicularis
-pinworm; rectum of a person
188
Characteristics of Ascaris lumbricoides
-roundworm disease (most common)
189
Characteristics of Necator americanus
-hookworm , under skin between toes
190
Characteristic of Trichinella spiralis
-embeds in pork muscle , can transfer to human. ‘
(Cook pork correctly to prevent )
191
What is the most common worm infection ?
Ascaris (roundworm) - 30%
192
Least common worm infection?
Trichinella 1%
193
Parts of cestodes (tapeworms)
-scolex (head)
-proglottids (segments)
194
What does the scolex of a tapeworm contain?
-hooks/suckers
-holds nutrients
195
What is in the proglottids of a tapeworm?
-ovaries and testicles
*proglottids are filled with eggs
196
Schistosome infects what ?
Bladder
197
Are trematoda flukes or tapeworms?
Flukes
198
Are cestoda flukes or tapeworms?
Tapeworms
199
For Nematodas (roundworms) are males or females larger ?
Females are larger
200
Does Nematoda have simple or complex digestive system ?
Complex digestive system
201
Most Nematoda are dioecious or monoecious ?
Explain.
-Most are dioecious
-there are female Nematoda as well as male nematoda
202
There are 2 groups of nematoda that is based on the forms of infections which are :
-eggs (infectious)
*Enterobius vermicularis
*Ascaris lumbricoides
-Larvae (infectious)
*necator americanus
*trichinella spiralis (ingested)
203
What organism is the pinworm in humans?
Enterobius vermicularis
204
Can humans or pets contract Enterobius vermicularis
-only humans can contract Enterobius vermicularis (pinworms)
205
Name of organism that is hookworm?
-necator americanus
206
3 different groups of Helminths ?
-flukes (trematoda)
-tapeworms (cestodes)
-roundworms (nematodes)
207
How is algae classified ?
Pigments , rRNA, & structures
208
Medically important phyla : fungi
-Ascomycota
*Penicillum, Saccharomyces, Histoplasma, Microsporium
-Basidiomycota
*Cryptococcus neoformans
-Deuteromycota
*Candida albicans, Coccidioides immitis
209
Medically important phyla: protozoa
-Archaezoa
*Trichomonas vaginalis, Giardia lamblia
-Amoebozoa
*Entamoeba histolytica, Naegleria, Acanthamoeba
-Ciliophoria
*Balandidium coli
-Apicomplexia
*plasmodium, toxoplasma gondii, cryptosporidium
-Hemoflagellates
*trypanosoma gambiense, trypanosoma cruzi
