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Eukaryotes Slides Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 4 eukaryotes talked about in these slides?

A

-Fungi
-Algae
-Protozoa
-Helminths

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2
Q

What is mycology ?

A

Study of fungi

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3
Q

Does fungi have a membrane bound nucleus?
Y/N?

A

Yes

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4
Q

How does fungi obtain food?

A

From other organisms

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5
Q

Fungi are know as “natures _________”

A

Decomposers

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6
Q

Do fungi have cell walls ?

Y/N?

A

Yes

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7
Q

What are Fungi cell walls made of?

A

Chitin

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8
Q

Are molds unicellular or multicellular?

A

Multicellular

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9
Q

Molds have hyphae.

T/F?

A

True

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10
Q

Does mold reproduce by sexual or asexual spores?

A

Both sexual and asexual spores

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11
Q

Is yeast multicellular or unicellular ?

A

Unicellular

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12
Q

What type of environment does yeast prefer?

A

Prefer slightly acidic environment

(Think of yeast in beer, beer gives you acid)

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13
Q

How does yeast reproduce ?

A

Asexually by budding; some produce sexual spores

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14
Q

Most fungi are _________

A

Decomposers

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15
Q

Since fungi are Decomposers what what they be classified as ?

A

Chemoheterotrophs

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16
Q

Many fungi are ___________ pathogens

A

Opportunistic

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17
Q

Few fungi are __________ __________

A

True pathogens

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18
Q

What is mycosis

A

Diseased caused by a fungus

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19
Q

Molds are _____________ fungi

A

Filamentous

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20
Q

What is the thallus of a mold

A

-BODY of the mold consisting of filaments of cells joined together. (Book definition)

-visible fungal growth, vegetative structures
(slide definition)

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21
Q

The filaments in mold/fungal thallus consists of ?

A

Hyphae

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22
Q

Differences between septate hyphae vs. coenocytic hyphae

A

Septate: cross walls that divide hyphae in uninucleate (one nucleus) cell units.
(Think septum in nose seperates nostrils into 2 parts)

Coenocytic: hyphae contain NO septa and appear as long continuous cells with MANY nuclei.

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23
Q

Differences between vegetative hyphae vs. reproductive hyphae (aerial hyphae)

A

Vegetative- hypha that’s obtains nutrients and grows (catabolize)

Reproductive- A.K.A. Aerial hypha is hypha concerned with reproduction, often bear reproductive spores

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24
Q

What is mycelium ?

A

Mass of hyphae

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25
Q

Where does reproductive or (aerial hyphae) make spores ?

A

Makes spores at ends

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26
Q

Are fungal spores reproductive ?
Y/N?

A

Yes, they ARE reproductive

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27
Q

Is yeast filamentous or non filamentous ?

A

Non filamentous

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28
Q

Are fungal spores: (as/not as ) resistant to environmental conditions as bacterial endospores.

A

Not as resistant

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29
Q

Do molds make sexual or asexual spores?

A

Both sexual and asexual spores

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30
Q

Explain how mold sexual spores reproduce.

A

Result from the fusion of 2 nuclei from 1(+) and 1 (-) mating strain of the same species

(Important for classification)

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31
Q

Explain how mold asexual spores reproduce :

A

Makes clones of the parent.

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32
Q

Explain the difference between asexual conidiospore vs. sporangiospore

A

Conidiospore- uni/multicellular spore NOT enclosed in a sac; produced in a chain at the end of a conidiophore.

Sporangiospore- spores formed within is sac (sporangium) at the end of an aerial hyphae (sporangiophore)

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33
Q

Conidiospores are formed by aerial hyphae _____________ _________ to make several tiny compartments

A

Pinching off

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34
Q

Sporangiospores are formed and held inside a membrane called?

A

Sporangium

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35
Q

What is a dimorphic fungi?

A

Can have 2 morphologies.

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36
Q

What are the 2 morphologies that a dimorphic fungi can have?

A

-mold
-yeast

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37
Q

What determines a fungi’s morphology ?

A

-Living conditions
-often dependent on temperature

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38
Q

Mold-like growth at _______degrees Celsius
Yeast growth at __________ degrees Celsius

A

-25
-37

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39
Q

Explain how dimorphic fungi can change form

(Example)

A

-grows in soil as mold, producing spores that are often inhaled or introduced into the skin

-grows in the body as yeast

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40
Q

In budding cells are the daughter cells smaller or larger than parent cells ?

A

Smaller

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41
Q

Cell of all fungi are surrounded by ?

A

Cell walls

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42
Q

Explain hyphae

A

-make up most fungi
-they are branching and threadlike fibers
-make up the body of the fungus

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43
Q

What is formed in the gills of fungi ?

A

Spores

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44
Q

Do substances move quickly or slowly through hyphae ?

A

Quickly

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45
Q

Explain Amastigomycota vs. Mastigomycota

A

Amastigomycota- widespread in soil, some are human pathogens, divide into 4 divisions by sexual spore types

Mastigomycota: primitive filamentous fungi, found in water,
May cause plant disease

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46
Q

What are the 4 divisions of Amastigomycota and how are they divided by ?

A

-zygomycota
-ascomycota
-basidiomycota
-deuteromycota

-Divided by sexual spore type

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47
Q

Where is Amastigomycota widespread in ?

A

Soil

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48
Q

Where is Mastigomycota found ?

A

In water

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49
Q

Can Amastigomycota or Mastigomycota be human pathogens ?

A

Amastigomycota

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50
Q

Can Amastigomycota or Mastigomycota cause plant disease ?

A

Mastigomycota

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51
Q

What is mycosis

A

Fungal disease

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52
Q

5 types of fungal disease ?

A

-systemic
-subcutaneous
-cutaneous
-superficial
-opportunistic

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53
Q

Examples for systemic disease

A

Histoplasmosis & coccidioidomycosis

-spores inhaled infects lungs similar to TB

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54
Q

Example for subcutaneous disease

A

Sporotrichosis

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55
Q

Example for cutaneous disease

A

Caused by dermatophytes, makes keratinase

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56
Q

Example for superficial disease

Where is this commonly found?

A

-fungi grow along hair shafts and surface epidermal cells

-common in tropical climates

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57
Q

Example for opportunistic disease

A

Pneumocystis in AIDS patients

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58
Q

What are some medically important fungi ?
(3)

A

-Ascomycota
-Basidiomycota
-Deuteromycota

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59
Q

What kind of sexual spores does ascomycota have?

A

Ascospores

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60
Q

What kind of asexual spores does ascomycota have ?

A

Conidospores

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61
Q

Some examples of ascomycota

A

-Penicillium (source of penicillin)
-Saccharomyces (bread yeast)
-Histoplasma (pneumonia)
-Microsporium (1 cause of ringworm)

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62
Q

What kind of sexual spores does basidiomycota have?

A

Basidiospores

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63
Q

What kind of asexual spores does basidiomycota have?

A

Conidia

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64
Q

Example of basidiomycota ?

A

Cryptococcus neoformans -( meningitis)

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65
Q

What kind of sexual spores does deuteromycota have?

A

None, cannot find sexual spores on them.

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66
Q

What kind of asexual spores does deuteromycota have?

A

Conidia

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67
Q

Examples of deuteromycota

A

-Candida albicans (yeast infection, diaper rash)
-coccidioides immitis (valley fever, pneumonia)

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68
Q

What are lichens ?

A

Algae + fungi living in a mutualistic relationship

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69
Q

What type of relationship does lichens (algae and fungi) have ?

A

Mutualistic

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70
Q

What is the role of algae in lichens ?

A

Performs photosynthesis and produces carbohydrates which it SHARES with the fungi.

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71
Q

What is the role of fungi in lichens ?

A

Attaches both organisms to a rock, tree, etc. and provides protection from desiccation.

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72
Q

Are lichens fast or slow growing ?

A

Slow growing

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73
Q

Lichens produce ___________ ____________ to leech ___________ needed for growth from rocks .

A

-Organic acids
-nutrients

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74
Q

How do “crusties” look like in lichens

A

Around rocks , tend to look not so appealing ; flat

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75
Q

How do “folios” look like in lichens

A

Look more appealing “pretty” grow around wood look more 3d more like a plant or “leaf”

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76
Q

What kingdom is algae a part of ?

A

Protista

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77
Q

Are algae unicellular or multicellular ?

A

Both, unicellular and multicellular

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78
Q

Where can you find algae?

A

Mostly aquatic, living in the top few meters of water

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79
Q

Algae are simple eukaryotic ____________.

A

Photoautotrophs (makes its own food by the sun )

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80
Q

Whey are they considered photoautotrophs?

A

Fix CO2, into organic carbon, and release O2.

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81
Q

Does algae reproduce sexually or asexually ?

A

Both sexually and asexually

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82
Q

How is algae classified ?

A

Classified by :
-pigments
-rRNA
-structures

*pigmentation
*storage products
*composition of cell wall

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83
Q

Can algae cause disease?

A

Yes, a few cause disease via TOXINS made by algae

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84
Q

Are algae’s reproductive structures simple or complex?

A

Simple

85
Q

Most algae are:
Unicellular/Multicellular

A

Multicellular

86
Q

What are 6 different types of algae?

A

-green algae
-brown algae
-red algae
-diatoms
-water molds
-dinoflagellates

87
Q

Characteristics of green algae?

A

-At surface sea level
-most numerous as phytoplankton
-Make up sea lettuce

88
Q

Characteristics of brown algae

A

-lower in sea (middle of green and red algae sea level)
-can get as large as a tree

89
Q

Characteristics of red algae

A

-even lower in the ocean (deepest of the colored algaes)
-often very stiff
-have calcium carbonate

90
Q

Characteristics of diatom, water molds, dinoflagellates

A

-Very ancient
-fossil fuels
-fossil remains create oil

91
Q

Some dinoflagellates secrete?

A

Toxins

92
Q

Dinoflagellates are responsible for

A

-red tide
-shellfish disease

93
Q

Is Protozoa single called or multicellular?

A

Single-called eukaryotes

94
Q

Are Protozoa heterotrophic or autotrophic ?

A

-some heterotrophic
-some autotrophic (make own energy from sun)

95
Q

Is Protozoa parasitic ?

A

Some are parasitic

96
Q

Does Protozoa reproduce sexually or asexually ?

A

-most reproduce asexually (by binary fission)
-some reproduce sexually (by meiosis, exchange gametes)

97
Q

Are Protozoa capable of locomotion ?
Y/N?

A

Yes

98
Q

How are Protozoa capable of locomotion ?

A

-pseudopodia (extension of cell membrane [slowly])
-cilia (short hairlike structures)
-flagella (tail structure)

99
Q

Where is Protozoa inhabited?

A

Inhabit water & soil

(Wet environments)

100
Q

How many different species of Protozoa are there ?

Do they all cause disease?

A

-20,000 species
-only a few cause disease

101
Q

Life forms of protozoa?

A

-trophozoite: growing/ feeding stage (tropho=eating)
-cyst: protective form, usually shed in feces and infectious

102
Q

Examples of asexual reproduction for Protozoa

A

-binary fission,
-budding
-schizogony (many nuclear divisions/ stays in parent cell membrane)

103
Q

Example of sexual reproduction of Protozoa

A

Conjugation (paramecium)-(eukaryotic conjugation)

104
Q

Examples of Protozoa

A

-Amoeba
-paramecium

105
Q

What is archaezoa

A

Group of old primitive protozoans

106
Q

What is significant about archaezoa motility ?

A

2+ flagella

107
Q

Examples of archaezoa

A

-Trichomonas vaginalis
-Giardiaq lamblia

108
Q

Does Trichomonas vaginalis have a mitochondria?
Does Trichomonas vaginalis have a cyst form ?

A

-No mitochondria
-No cyst form

109
Q

Where is Giardia lamblia found ?

A

Trophozoites found in the small intestines in animals

110
Q

How are Giardia lamblia cysts excreted ?

A

In feces

111
Q

How is Giardia lamblia spread ?

A

Spread by the fecal-oral route

112
Q

What is the names of parasitic archaezoa

A

-Trichomonas vaginalis
-Giardia lamblia

113
Q

What is Giardiasis?

What is the causative agent?

A

-Disease

-Giardia Lamblia

114
Q

What are signs/ symptoms of Giardia lamblia?

A

-prolonged diarrhea, nausea, abdominal cramps

115
Q

Pathogenesis of Giardiasis?

(Where does it attach?)

(What does it do?)

A

-attaches to intestinal cells

-interferes with nutrient absorption

116
Q

Epidemiology of Giardiasis?

(How is it transmitted)

A

-oral/fecal transmission
-contaminated water, human carriers
-animal reservoirs

117
Q

Treatment for giardiasis

A

Metronidazole (FLAGYL)

118
Q

Prevention for giardiasis

A

-water sanitation
-hand washing

119
Q

Examples of amoebozoa (amoebas)

A

-Entamoeba histolytica
-Naegleria fowferi
-Acanthamoeba

120
Q

How does Naeglera fowferi enter the body ?

A

Through the olfactory ineuroepithelium (nose)

121
Q

How does Acanthamoeba enter the body ?

A

Enters through lower respiratory tract or through ulcerated or broken skin ( through eyes or wounds)

122
Q

How does entamoeba histolytica move?

A

Pseudopodia

123
Q

What does entamoeba histolytica cause ?

A

Amoebic dysentery

124
Q

What is dysentery ?

A

Bloody diarrhea

125
Q

How is ciliophoria motile?

A

By cilia

126
Q

Example of ciliphoria

A

Balantidium coli

127
Q

What is the only ciliate that is a parasite?

A

Balantidium coli

128
Q

What does ciliophoria cause ?

A

Severe dysentery, trophozoites feed on host tissue in the LARGE intestines

129
Q

CILIOPHORIA :

Where does the cyst shed?

How is it transmitted?

A

-sheds in feces

-transmitted fecal-oral route

130
Q

Mature forms of Apicomplexia are non-motile

T/F?

A

TRUE, they are non-motile

131
Q

What kind of parasites are apicomplexia?

Explain.

A

-obligate intracellular parasites

-they dont do anything outside of host

132
Q

What kind of life cycle does apicomplexia have ?

What does it require?

A

-complex lifecycle

-require several host.

133
Q

Examples of Apicomplexia

A

-Plasmodium [causes malaria]
-Toxoplasma gondii (toxoplasmosis) [from cat litter boxes]
-Cryptosporidium [causes intestinal disruption/ diarrhea

134
Q

What organism causes malaria?

A

Plasmodium

135
Q

What organism causes toxoplasmosis?

A

Toxoplasma gondii

136
Q

Where can toxoplasma gondii be found ?

A

Cat litter box

137
Q

Where is plasmodium mostly found ?

A

Worldwide , but mostly in tropics

138
Q

How many people are infected with malaria / Plasmodium ?

A

300-500 million people

139
Q

How many deaths per year are caused by malaria/ plasmodium ?

A

2 - 4 million deaths

140
Q

Where are the majority of malaria deaths occuring?
And percentage ?

A

90% in Africa

141
Q

In Africa, malaria kills a child every _____ _____________.

A

30 seconds

142
Q

Where does malaria multiply ?

A

In Red Blood Cells

143
Q

How does malaria affect RBC’s

A

Ruptures RBC’s and causes high fever

144
Q

Causative agents: Plasmodium sp.

A

-P. Falciparum [most severe disease, 50% mortality]
-P. Vivax [most common species]
-P. Malarieae & P. Ovale [less severe form of disease]

*All have cyclic fevers/ shakes

145
Q

Signs/ symptoms of Plasmodium sp.

A

-occur in intervals of 2-3 days with alternating asymptomatic periods.

-chills, fever, vomitting & severe headache

-P. Falciparum: SEVERE anemia, kidney & liver damage

146
Q

In Plasmodium transmitted by the Anopheles mosquito is the human the primary or intermediate host?

A

Human is intermediate host

147
Q

In Plasmodium transmitted by the Anopheles mosquito is the mosquito the primary host or intermediate host?

A

Mosquito is primary host./ definitive host.

148
Q

In plasmodium, when the anopheles mosquito infects the human, where does sexual reproduction occur?
Where does asexual reproduction occur?

A

-sexual reproduction occurs in the mosquito (primary/definitive host)

-asexual reproduction occurs in the human (intermediate host)

149
Q

What is schizogony?

A

When sporozoites have multiple nuclear divisions.
(Multiply/asexual reproduction)

150
Q

Once sporozoites undergo schizogony in the liver cell ,
What is produced?

A

Merozoites

151
Q

When the mosquitoes bite humans where do sporozoites migrate to?

A

To liver

152
Q

Once sporozoites undergo schizogony band produce merozoites where are they released into?

A

Into the bloodstream to infect new red blood cells

153
Q

Explain the life cycle steps of the anopheles mosquito?

A
  1. Infected mosquito bites human and sporozoites migrate to liver.
  2. Sporozoites undergo schizogony in liver to produce merozoites.
  3. Merozoites are released into blood stream from liver to infect new RBC’s
  4. Merozoites develop into ring stage in RBC.
  5. Ring stage grows and divides, producing merozoites
  6. Merozoites are released when RBC ruptures, some merozoites infect new RBC’s, some develop into male & female gametocytes.
  7. ANOTHER mosquito bites infected human and ingests gametocytes.
  8. In mosquito’s digestive tract, gametocytes unite to form zygote.
  9. Resulting sporozoites migrate to salivary glands of mosquito. To start process over again.
154
Q

Sporozoites life cycle (summarized)

A

-sporozoites —>
-merozoite—>
-male/female gametocytes—>
-zygote—>
-sporozoite.

155
Q

What is a definitive host?

Example?

A

-Host where the organism undergoes sexual reproduction

-Anopheles mosquito for Plasmodium (causes malaria)

156
Q

What is an intermediate host?

Example?

A

-Host where the organism only reproduces asexually

-Humans for plasmodium

157
Q

Malaria pathogenesis:

A

Parasites replicate in RBC’s

158
Q

Explain process of P. Falciparum

What are some complications?

A

-RBC’s develop knobs on their surface causing them to stick to the walls of capillary vessels , clogging them, preventing RBC’s from reaching the spleen where phagocytes would eliminate them, & interrupting blood supply causing death of tissues

-complications: organ damage, cerebral infection

159
Q

Epidemiology of malaria:

A

Vector transmission, mosquito

160
Q

Treatments for malaria?

A

-Quinine & deravitives: chloroquine, primaquine, & mefloquine.

161
Q

Prevention of malaria?

A

-insecticides, mosquito-nets over beds; prophylactic does of MEFLOQUINE

162
Q

What are hemoflagellates ?

A

Blood parasites

163
Q

Do Hemoflagellates have flagella?
Y/N?

A

YES they have flagella

164
Q

How are hemoflagellates transmitted ?

A

By bites of blood-feeding insects.

165
Q

Where can hemoflagellates be found in infected hosts.

A

In blood, which then moves into tissues

166
Q

Example of Hemoflagellates

A

-Trypanosoma gambiense (eastern hemisphere)

-Trypanosoma cruzi (western hemisphere)

167
Q

What transmits Trypanosoma gambiense ?

What does it cause ?

A

-transmitted by testse fly

-causes African sleeping sickness

168
Q

What transmits Trypanosoma cruzi?

What does it cause ?

A

-transmitted by the “kissing bug”

-causes Chagas disease (parasitic heart disease)

169
Q

What does Trypanosoma cruzi cause ?

A

-parasitic heart disease
-cardiomegaly with aneurysm (enlarged heart)
*most common

170
Q

What are Helminths?

A

Worms

171
Q

Are Helminths multicellular or unicellular?

A

Multicellular

172
Q

Are Helminths free living or parasitic ?

A

Both, can be free living or parasitic

173
Q

What is parasitology ?

A

Study of parasites

174
Q

What kind of parasite is a leech ?

A

Ectoparasite

175
Q

Name for roundworms ?

A

Nematodes

176
Q

Name for flatworms?

A

Platyhelminths

177
Q

What are the Helminths two phyla ?

A

-Phylum Nematoda
*roundworms

-Phylum Platyhelminthes
*flatworms

178
Q

Types of platyhelminths / flatworms ?

A

-Trematodes-flukes

-Cestodes- tapeworms

179
Q

Are roundworms parasitic?

A

-roundworms are ALL PARASITIC (to some living things [plants, grass, animal])

180
Q

What is a monoecious flatworm?

A

-hermaphroditic- male & female in 1 organism

181
Q

Platyhelminthes often produce large number of eggs that are ______________

A

Infectious

182
Q

Platyhelminthes have often complex lifecycles with ____________ _________ for several larval stages and a _____________ _________ for the adult parasite.

A

-intermediate host
-definitive host

183
Q

Example of cestodes (flatworm)

A

Taenia solium (pork tapeworm)

184
Q

Trematodes (flukes) all have what type of intermediate host?

A

Snail

185
Q

Example of trematodes (flukes)

A

-Schistosoma
-Fasciola hepatica

186
Q

Examples of phylum Nematoda (roundworms)

A

-Enterobius vermicularis
-Ascaris lumbricoides
-Necator americanus
-Trichinella spiralis

187
Q

Characteristics of Enterobius vermicularis

A

-pinworm; rectum of a person

188
Q

Characteristics of Ascaris lumbricoides

A

-roundworm disease (most common)

189
Q

Characteristics of Necator americanus

A

-hookworm , under skin between toes

190
Q

Characteristic of Trichinella spiralis

A

-embeds in pork muscle , can transfer to human. ‘

(Cook pork correctly to prevent )

191
Q

What is the most common worm infection ?

A

Ascaris (roundworm) - 30%

192
Q

Least common worm infection?

A

Trichinella 1%

193
Q

Parts of cestodes (tapeworms)

A

-scolex (head)
-proglottids (segments)

194
Q

What does the scolex of a tapeworm contain?

A

-hooks/suckers
-holds nutrients

195
Q

What is in the proglottids of a tapeworm?

A

-ovaries and testicles

*proglottids are filled with eggs

196
Q

Schistosome infects what ?

A

Bladder

197
Q

Are trematoda flukes or tapeworms?

A

Flukes

198
Q

Are cestoda flukes or tapeworms?

A

Tapeworms

199
Q

For Nematodas (roundworms) are males or females larger ?

A

Females are larger

200
Q

Does Nematoda have simple or complex digestive system ?

A

Complex digestive system

201
Q

Most Nematoda are dioecious or monoecious ?

Explain.

A

-Most are dioecious

-there are female Nematoda as well as male nematoda

202
Q

There are 2 groups of nematoda that is based on the forms of infections which are :

A

-eggs (infectious)
*Enterobius vermicularis
*Ascaris lumbricoides

-Larvae (infectious)
*necator americanus
*trichinella spiralis (ingested)

203
Q

What organism is the pinworm in humans?

A

Enterobius vermicularis

204
Q

Can humans or pets contract Enterobius vermicularis

A

-only humans can contract Enterobius vermicularis (pinworms)

205
Q

Name of organism that is hookworm?

A

-necator americanus

206
Q

3 different groups of Helminths ?

A

-flukes (trematoda)
-tapeworms (cestodes)
-roundworms (nematodes)

207
Q

How is algae classified ?

A

Pigments , rRNA, & structures

208
Q

Medically important phyla : fungi

A

-Ascomycota
*Penicillum, Saccharomyces, Histoplasma, Microsporium

-Basidiomycota
*Cryptococcus neoformans

-Deuteromycota
*Candida albicans, Coccidioides immitis

209
Q

Medically important phyla: protozoa

A

-Archaezoa
*Trichomonas vaginalis, Giardia lamblia

-Amoebozoa
*Entamoeba histolytica, Naegleria, Acanthamoeba

-Ciliophoria
*Balandidium coli

-Apicomplexia
*plasmodium, toxoplasma gondii, cryptosporidium

-Hemoflagellates
*trypanosoma gambiense, trypanosoma cruzi

Bio 55 (19 decks)

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