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Bio 55 > Hypersensitivities > Flashcards

Hypersensitivities Flashcards

1
Q

Hypersensitivity?

A

Any Immune response against a foreign antigen exaggerated beyond the norm

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2
Q

What are the four types of hypersensitivity?

A

Type 1 (immediate)
Type 2 (cytotoxic)
Type 3 (immune complex-mediated)
Type 4 (delayed or cell-mediated)

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3
Q

Type 1 hypersensitivity

(Immediate)

A

-results form the release of inflammatory molecules in response to an antigen

-develops soon after exposure to an antigen

-commonly called allergy

-the antigens that stimulate it are called allergens

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4
Q

Type 1 hypersensitivity

(Immediate) contd.

A

-roles of degranulating cells in an allergic reaction
-degranulation occurs after cells are sensitized
*mast cells
*basophils
*eosinophils

-degranulation releases histamine, kinins, proteases, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins

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5
Q

Type 1 hypersensitivity

(Immediate) contd—

A

Clinical signs of allergic reactions
-usually mild
-site of reaction depends on portal of entry
-small inhaled allergens may reach lungs and cause asthma
-some foods contains allergens
*may cause diarrhea and other GI signs and symptoms
-local skin inflammation may produce hives or URTICARIA

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6
Q

Immune components involved in urticaria ?

A

Granulocytes (basophils?)

IgE

Inflammatory chemicals

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7
Q

Type 1 hypersensitivity can cause?

A

-acute anaphylaxis or anaphylactic shock

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8
Q

What can treat anaphylaxis?

A

Epinephrine

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9
Q

How to diagnose type 1 hypersensitivity ?

A

High levels of IgE against specific allergen

Skin test

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10
Q

Prevention of type 1 hypersensitivity

A

-avoid allergens
-eliminate suspected foods with allergens from diet
-immunotherapy
-administer drugs that counteract inflammatory mediators
-treat asthma with corticosteroid and bronchodilator
-epinephrine neutralizes many mechanisms of anaphylaxis

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11
Q

Type 2 hyper sensitivity is what ?

(Cytotoxic)

A

Results when cells are destroyed by an immune response

(Blood cells destroyed)

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12
Q

What type of hypersensitivity is a component of many auto immune diseases?

A

Type 2, cytotoxic hypersensitivity

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13
Q

2 examples of type 2 hypersensitivity

(Cytotoxic)

A

Destruction of blood cells following incompatible blood transfusion

Destruction of fetal red blood cells in hemolytic disease of the newborn

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14
Q

The main concept of type 2 (cytotoxic) hypersensitivity

A

Antigens and antibodies from blood transfusion cause destruction of rbc due to antibodies to foreign blood antigens

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15
Q

How many humans are rh+?

A

85%

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16
Q

What is administered to pregnant woman who are rh- with rh+ baby ?

17
Q

Type 2 hypersensitivity drug induced cytoxic reactions That can produce what disease ?

A

-immune thrombocytopenia purpura
-agranulocytosis
-hemolytic anemia

18
Q

Type 3 (immune complex- mediated) hypersensitivity ?

A

-caused by formation of immune complexes

19
Q

Type 3 HS. (Immune complex-mediated)

Can cause what type of localized reactions ?

A

Hypersensitivity pneumonitis

Glomerulonephritis

20
Q

Type 3 HS. (Immune complex-mediated)

Can cause what type of systemic reactions ?

A

-systemic lupus erythmatosus

-Rheumatoid arthritis

21
Q

Hypersensitive pneumonias
(Type 3 immune complex- mediated HS)

A

Inhalation of antigens stimulates antibody production.

Subsequent inhalation of same antigen results in formation of immune complexes, activates complement

22
Q

Glomerulonephritis

(Type 3 immune complex- mediated HS)

A

Immune complexes in the blood are deposited in glomeruli

Damage to glomerular cells impedes blood filtration

Kidney failure and death

23
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis

(Type 3 immune complex- mediated HS)

A

Immune complexes deposited in the joint
-results in release of inflammatory chemicals
-joints break down and distort

Trigger not well understood
Treated with anti inflammatory drugs

24
Q

Systemic lupus erythematosus

(Type 3 immune complex- mediated HS)

A

Autoantibodies against DNA result in immune complex formation

Many other antibodies can also occur
-against rbc, platelets , lymphocytes, muscle cells

Trigger uknown

Immunosuppressive drugs reduce autoantibody formation
Glucocorticoids reduce inflammation

25
Immune components involved with systemic lupus erythmatosus
-autoantibodies (lupus) -Ag-ab-complement complex
26
Type 4 (delayed or cell-mediated) HS
*involves T cells -inflammation 12-24 hr after contact with certain antigens Delay reflects the times it takes for macrophages and T cells to migrate to and proliferate at the site of the antigen
27
Type 4 (delayed or cell mediated) HS CAUSE
-The tuberculin response -allergic contact dermatitis -graft rejection
28
Type 4 (delayed or cell -mediated) HS Graft rejection ?
-Rejection of tissues or organs that have been transplanted -grafts perceived as foreign by recipient undergo rejection -immune response against foreign MHC on graft cells -rejection depends on the degree to which the graft is foreign to the recipient -based on type of graft
29
4 types of grafts
Autograft- from same donor to itself (rat to self) Isograft- genetically identical sibling or clone (rat to cloned rat) Allograft- genetically different member of same species (not related) (rat to different rat) Xenograft- different species (rat to cat)
30
Type 4 (delayed or cell mediated ) HS Graft versus host disease usually happens?
In bone marrow
31
Type 4 (delayed or cell mediated ) HS Graft versus host disease
-donated bone marrow cells regarded patient cells as foreign -donor and recipient differ in MHC class 1 molecule Grafter T cells attack recipient tissues -donor and recipient differ in MHC class 2 molecules Grafted T cells attack the host antigen presenting cell -immunosuppressive drugs can stop graft versus host disease
32
Type 4 (delayed or cell mediated ) HS Donor recipient Matching and tissue typing
MHC compatibility between dont and recipient is difficult because of a height degree of variability / specific to each individual -the more closely the donor and recipient are related, the smaller differences in MHC -parent or sibling preferable
33
Type 4 (delayed or cell mediated ) HS Immunosuppressive drugs are important to transplantation success.
Classes of immunosuppressive drugs -glucocorticoids -cytotoxic drugs -cyclosporine Lymphocyte-depleting therapies
34
Type 1 HS causes
-asthma (use bronchodilator) -GI issues (avoid food) -urticaria (hives)-(epinephrine)
35
Type 2 HS causes
(Blood related) -immune thrombocytopenia purpura (low platelets) -agranulocytosis (low wbc) -hemolytic anemia (low Rbc)
36
Type 3 HS causes
(Localized) -hypersensitivity pneumonitis (lungs inflames) -glomerulonephritis (inflammation/damage to glomerulus/kidneys) (Systemic) -systemic lupus eruthematosus (immune system attacks own tissues/organs cause inflammation ) -rheumatoid arthritis (immune system attacks own cells, mainly joints )
37
Type 4 HS causes
-tuberculin response (tb test) -allergic contact dermatitis (inflammation of skin) -graft rejection (immune system attacks donated tissue/organ)
38
Type 4 HS causes contd.
-Graft vs host disease (donated bone marrow response) -donor-recipient matching and tissue typing
39
Classes of immunosuppressive drugs
-glucocorticoid -cytotoxic drugs -cyclosporine -lymphocyte-depleting therapies

Bio 55 (19 decks)

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