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Micro - Viruses Flashcards

1
Q

DNA viruses - 3 rules of thumb

A

all dsDNA (except parvovirus, which is ss)

all linear (except papilloma, polyoma (circular, supercoiled), and hepadna- (circular, incomplete))

all non-enveloped (except Herpes-, Hepadna-, which are enveloped)

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2
Q

Herpesviruses - name all

A 
HSV1 (oral)
HSV2 (genital)
HSV3 (VZV)
HSV4 (EBV)
HSV5 (CMV)
HSV6 (Roseola)
HSV8 (Kaposi)

dsDNA, linear, enveloped

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3
Q

herpesvirus that causes Roseola

A

HSV6

dsDNA, linear, enveloped

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4
Q

herpesvirus that causes VZV

A

HSV3

dsDNA, linear, enveloped

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5
Q

herpesvirus that causes EBV

A

HSV4

dsDNA, linear, enveloped

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6
Q

herpesvirus that causes Kaposi

A

HSV8

dsDNA, linear, enveloped

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7
Q

herpesvirus that causes CMV

A

HSV5

dsDNA, linear, enveloped

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8
Q

herpesvirus that causes oral lesions

A

HSV1

dsDNA, linear, enveloped

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9
Q

herpesvirus that causes genital lesions

A

HSV2

dsDNA, linear, enveloped

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10
Q

herpesvirus features

A

Enveloped, dsDNA, linear

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11
Q

hepaDNAvirus - examples + features

A

HBV - enveloped, partially dsDNA and circular

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12
Q

Adenovirus - features

A

dsDNA, linear, non-enveloped

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13
Q

parvovirus - examples + features

A

Parvo B19

no envelope, ssDNA and linear (smallest DNA virus)

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14
Q

papillomavirus - examples + features

A

HPV

no envelope, dsDNA and circular

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15
Q

Polyomavirus - examples + features

A

JC virus
BK virus

no envelope, dsDNA and circular

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16
Q

Poxvirus - examples + features

A

Smallpox
Cowpox
Molluscum contagiosum

enveloped, dsDNA and linear (largest DNA virus)

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17
Q

HSV1 - clinical features (transmission, presentation, treatment)

A

transmission: respiratory droplets, saliva

ORAL (some genital) lesions - swollen gums w/ ulcerative lesions, enlarged tender CERVICAL LN

temporal lobe encephalitis (cowdry type A inclusion)

keratoconjunctivitis

treatment: acyclovir

dsDNA, linear, enveloped

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18
Q

HSV1 - where does it establish latency in?

A

trigeminal ganglia

dsDNA, linear, enveloped

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19
Q

HSV2 - clinical features (transmission, presentation, treatment)

A

sex, perinatally

GENITAL (some oral) lesions

dsDNA, linear, enveloped

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20
Q

HSV3 - clinical features (transmission, presentation, treatment)

A

respiratory secretions

chicken pox (begins on trunk and spreads to face and extremities)

shingles (post-herpetic neuralgia)

both can cause encephalitis, pneumonia

dsDNA, linear, enveloped

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21
Q

HSV3 - where does it establish latency in?

A

DRG or CNV ganglia

dsDNA, linear, enveloped

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22
Q

HSV4 - clinical features (transmission, presentation, diagnosis)

A

EBV

respiratory secretions, saliva

mono (profound fatigue, myalgias, fever, posterior cervical lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomeagly, sore throat)

Infects B cells -> cause atypical CD8 T cells ““Downey Cells

Monospot test (+) - heterophile antibodies that agglutinate sheep RBC

dsDNA, linear, enveloped

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23
Q

HSV4 causes two types of malignancies in two different populations

A

Hodgkin lymphoma, Burkitt lymphoma (Africa, involves jaw)

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (Japan, China, involves nostrils, pharynx, maxillary sinuses)”

dsDNA, linear, enveloped

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24
Q

What is the monospot test used for?

A

distinguish between CMV and EBV, both can cause mono-like sx (profound fatigue, myalgias, fever, posterior cervical lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomeagly, sore throat)

EBV/HSV4 = Monospot test (+) heterophile antibodies agglutinate sheep RBC

CMV/HSV5 = Monospot test (-) heterophile antibodies do not agglutinate sheep RBC

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25
Q

HSV5 - clinical features (transmission, presentation, diagnosis)

A

CMV

  • transmission: sex, organ transplants
  • AIDs CD4 <50 - also w/ mono sx (but Monospot test (-)), retinitis/scotoma, interstitial pneumonia
  • congential - ToRCHHes - sensorineural hearing loss, seizures, petechial rash
    trmt: gangciclovir

dsDNA, linear, enveloped

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26
Q

where does CMV establish latency in?

A

mononuclear cells - see Owl eye inclusions

dsDNA, linear, enveloped

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27
Q

HSV6 - clinical features (transmission, presentation, diagnosis)

A

Roseola

transmitted via saliva

high fevers followed by diffuse macular rash, can cause febrile seizures; affects infants

dsDNA, linear, enveloped

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28
Q

HSV8 - clinical features (transmission, presentation, diagnosis)

A

Kaposi

transmitted via sex; common in HIV, transplant patients

endothelial cell neoplasm -> violaceous, flat nodular skin lesions

dsDNA, linear, enveloped

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29
Q

Adenovirus - clinical features (transmission, presentation, diagnosis)

A

pharyngitis, sore throat, pink eye (conjunctivitis) pneumonia, acute hemorrhagic cystitis

occurs in small outbreaks among individuals living together in close quarters (military barracks, camp dorms)

ø treatment

dsDNA, linear, non-enveloped

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30
Q

Parvovirus B19 - clinical picture in fetus, children, adults, and sickle cell patients?

A

fetus: hydrops fetalis
children: slapped cheek rash that spreads to the rest of the body
adults: anemia + RA-like sx

Sickle cell dz: aplastic anemia

ssDNA, linear, non-enveloped

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31
Q

Papillomavirus - clinical picture

A

HPV

6/11 = Condyloma acuminata (warts); koilocytes

16/18 = cervical cancer

dsDNA, circular, non-enveloped

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32
Q

Polyomavirus - clinical picture

A

JC virus PML in HIV patients; increased risk with Natalizumab
BK transplant patients, commonly targets kidney

dsDNA, circular, non-enveloped

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33
Q

Smallpox

A

eradicated

dsDNA, linear, non-enveloped

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34
Q

cowpox

A

milkmaid blisters

dsDNA, linear, non-enveloped

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35
Q

Molluscum contagiosum

A

poxvirus

flesh-colored dome lesions w/ umbilicated dimple;

common in wrestlers, immunosuppressed

dsDNA, linear, non-enveloped

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36
Q

RNA viruses - rule of thumbs

A

all ss (except Reoviridae)

all enveloped (except Reo, picorna, hepe, and calici)

all circular except (arena, bunya, and delta, which are circular

only multi-segmented viruses are: Reo, orthomyxo, arena, and bunya (BOAR)

(+) stranded: I went to a retro toga party where I drank flavored corona and ate hippy California pickles

(-) sense: Always Bring Polymerase Or Fail Replication

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37
Q

Reoviruses - examples + features

A

Rotavirus - DS RNA linear,10- 12 seg, ø envelope

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38
Q

PicoRNAvirus - examples + features

A 
Poliovirus
Echovirus
Rhinovirus
Coxsackie virus
HAV

all ssRNA + linear, ø envelope

“PERCH on a Peak” - F/O spread (except Rhino); all can cause aspetic meningitis (except Rhino and HAV)

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39
Q

Hepevirus - example + features

A

HEV - ssRNA + linear, ø envelope

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40
Q

Calcivirus - example + features

A

Norovirus - SSRNA (+) linear, ø envelope

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41
Q

Flavivirus - example + features

A 
HCV
Yellow Fever
Dengue
St. Louis Encephalitis (SLE)
West Nile

all SSRNA (+) linear, enveloped

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42
Q

Toga virus - example + features

A

Rubella
Eastern Equine Encephalitis
Western Equine Encephalitis

SSRNA (+) linear, enveloped

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43
Q

Retroviruses - example + features

A

HTLV
HIV

SSRNA (+) linear, enveloped

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44
Q

Corona virus

A

SSRNA (+) linear, enveloped

45
Q

Orthomyxovirus - example + features

A 
Influenza
SS RNA (-) linear, 8 seg, enveloped
46
Q

Paramyxovirus - example + features

A

SSRNA (-) linear, , enveloped, all contain surface F (fusion) protein, which causes respiratory epithelial cells to fuse and form multi-nucleated cells

Parainfluenza
RSV
Measles
Mumps

PaRaMyxovirus

47
Q

Rhabdovirus - examples + features

A

Rabies

SSRNA (-) linear, enveloped

48
Q

Filovirus - examples + features

A

Ebola

SSRNA (-) linear, enveloped

49
Q

Arenavirus - examples + features

A

LCMV
Lassa Fever encephalitis

SSRNA (-) circular, 2 seg, enveloped

50
Q

Bunyavirus - examples + features

A

California encephalitis
Sandfly/Rift Valley Fever
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever
Hantavirus

SSRNA (-) circular, 3 seg, enveloped

51
Q

Delta virus - examples + features

A

HDV

SSRNA (-) circular, enveloped

52
Q

Rotavirus - clinical feature +

A

Reovirus, DSRNA linear,10- 12 seg, ø envelope

pediatrics gastroenteritis - esp during winter time in day-care centers
Destruction w. atrophy of villi -> incr. Na/K loss -> Right Out The Anus

53
Q

Poliovirus - vaccines

A

PicoRNAvirus, SSRNA (+) linear, ø envelope

“Salk - killed
Sabin - live attenuated”

54
Q

Echovirus - clinical features

A

PicoRNAvirus, SSRNA (+) linear, ø envelope

aseptic meningitis (incr. lymphocytes, decr. PMN, normal glucose)

55
Q

Rhinovirus - clinical features

A

PicoRNAvirus, SSRNA (+) linear, ø envelope

common cold, >100 serotypes

ACID LABILE (destroyed by stomach acid and therefore does not infect the GI tract unlike the other picoRNAs)

56
Q

Coxsackie virus - clinical features

A

PicoRNAvirus, SSRNA (+) linear, ø envelope

aseptic meningitis, herpangina (mouth blisters, fever)

HFMD (vesicular rash on palms and soles, oral mucosa), myocarditis, pericarditis

57
Q

Norovirus - clinical features

A

Calcivirus, SSRNA (+) linear, ø envelope

viral gasteroenteritis

58
Q

Yellow fever - clinical features

A

Flavivirus SSRNA (+) linear, enveloped

arbovirus transmitted via Aedes mosquito
reservoir: monkey or humans; transmitted via Aedes mosquito

sx: high fever, BLACK VOMIT, jaundice

59
Q

Dengue - features

A

Flavivirus SSRNA (+) linear, enveloped

60
Q

St. Louis Encephalitis (SLE) - features

A

Flavivirus SSRNA (+) linear, enveloped

61
Q

West Nile - features

A

Flavivirus SSRNA (+) linear, enveloped

62
Q

Rubella - clinical features in neonates, children,

A

Togavirus SSRNA (+) linear, enveloped

Congenital: ToRCHHes - blueberry muffin appearance (extramedullary hematopoiesis)

Children:

  • “German Measles” - macular rash - starts on the face and spreads centrifugally downwards (ie only on trunk; not on limbs) fades after 3 days
  • fever
  • POST-AURICULAR ADENOPATHY (occipital, posterior cervical)
  • arthralgias
  • (-) koplik spots
  • does NOT appear ill
63
Q

Eastern Equine Encephalitis - features

A

Toga virus SSRNA (+) linear, enveloped

64
Q

Western Equine Encephalitis - features

A

Toga virus SSRNA (+) linear, enveloped

65
Q

Corona virus - clinical features

A

common cold, SARS

SSRNA (+) linear, enveloped

66
Q

Influenza - clinical features

A

Orthomyxovirus SSRNA (-) linear, 8 seg, enveloped

HA (entry), NA (release)

genetic drift due to minor bp changes
genetic shift due to Hfr reassortment

∆s mucociliary function -> incr. risk for superimposed bacterial infections

67
Q

vaccines for influenza

A

Killed (IM) or Live, attenuated (IN) vaccines

Oseltamivir and Zanamivir - both blocks NA to decrease release of progeny

68
Q

role of surface F protein in paramyxoviruses

A

surface F (fusion) protein - causes respiratory epithelial cells to fuse and form multi-nucleated cells

69
Q

Parainfluenza - clinical features

A

Paramyxovirus SS RNA (-) linear, surface F protein, enveloped

croup “seal-like barking”

70
Q

RSV - clinical features; treatment (2)?

A

Paramyxovirus SSRNA (-) linear, surface F protein, enveloped

bronchiolitis and pneumonia in infants

Ribavirin - guanosine analog
Palivizumab (mAb F protein) prevents pneumonia in preemies”

71
Q

Measles - clinical features; treatment?

A

Paramyxovirus SSRNA (-) linear, surface F protein, enveloped

“3C’s: Cough, Coryza (rhinitis), Conjunctivitis

macular-papular erythematous rash begins on face and migrates downwards to feet (includes limbs)
(+) koplik spots (bright red spots w. blue-white center on buccal mucosa that precedes rash by 1-2d)
very ill

Possible sequelae: SSPE (subacute sclerosing panencephalitis), encephalitis, giant cell pneumonia “

Vit A - prevent severe exfoliative dermatitis in malnourished children

72
Q

Mumps - clinical features

A

Paramyxovirus SSRNA (-) linear, surface F protein, enveloped

Body parts = pom-POMS: Parotitis, Orchitis, aspetic Meningitis, Sterility

73
Q

How does German measles and measles differ?

A

“German Measles”/Rubella

  • macular rash - starts on the face and spreads centrifugally downwards (ie only on trunk; not on limbs) fades after 3 days
  • (-) koplik spots
  • does NOT appear ill
  • POST-AURICULAR ADENOPATHY (occipital, posterior cervical)
  • arthralgias
  • fever

Measles

  • macular-papular erythematous rash begins on face and migrates downwards to feet (includes limbs)
  • (+) koplik spots (bright red spots w. blue-white center on buccal mucosa that precedes rash by 1-2d)
  • very ill
74
Q

Rabies - clinical features + treatment?

A

Rhabdovirus SSRNA (-) linear, bullet shaped virus, enveloped

common in bat, raccoon, skunk (US), dogs (worldwide)

travels to CNS via retrograde migration up nerve axons; forms Negri bodies in purkinje cells of cerebellum and hippocampus

long incubation pd. (wks-mo) before onset of sx (fever, malaise, extreme agitation, photophobia, hydrophobia, paralysis, coma -> death)

trmt: clean wound + vaccination + rabies Ig

75
Q

Ebola - clinical features

A

Filovirus SS RNA (-) linear, enveloped

Marburg hemorrhagic fever - fatal

76
Q

LCMV lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus - features

A

Arenavirus SSRNA (-) circular, 2 seg, enveloped

77
Q

Lassa Fever encephalitis - features

A

Arenavirus SSRNA (-) circular, 2 seg, enveloped

spread via mice

78
Q

California encephalitis

A

Bunyavirus SSRNA (-) circular, 3 seg, enveloped

79
Q

Sandfly/Rift Valley Fever

A

Bunyavirus SSRNA (-) circular, 3 seg, enveloped

80
Q

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever

A

Bunyavirus SS RNA (-) circular, 3 seg, enveloped

81
Q

Hantavirus

A

Bunyavirus SSRNA (-) circular, 3 seg, enveloped

hemorrhagic fever, pneumonia

82
Q

HAV - features

A

PicoRNAvirus

SS (+) RNA linear icosahedral, ø enveloped

83
Q

HBV - features

A

HepaDNAvirus

dsDNA (circular, incomplete), enveloped

84
Q

HCV- features

A

Flavivirus

SS (+) RNA linear icosahedral, enveloped

85
Q

HDV- features

A

Delta virus

SS (-) RNA, circular, enveloped

86
Q

HEV- features

A

Calcivirus

SS (+) RNA linear icosahedral, ø enveloped

87
Q

HAV

  • transmission
  • clinical features (Incubation pd, Carrier state, HCC risk)
  • clinical picture
A

Transmission: F/O

clinical features (Incubation pd, Carrier state, HCC risk): short, ø, ø

Clinical picture: Asymptomatic (usually), Acute hepatitis, Alone

remember that it is a PicoRNAvirus
SS (+) RNA linear icosahedral, ø enveloped

88
Q

HBV

  • transmission
  • clinical features (Incubation pd, Carrier state, HCC risk)
  • clinical picture
A

transmissioN: parenteral, sexual, maternal/fetal

Incubation pd, Carrier state, HCC risk: long, yes, yes

DNA polymerase also has RT activity (polymerase completes the partial dsDNA -> host RNA-polymerase transcribe mRNA from it -> viral RT reverse transcribes viral RNA to DNA -> new viral particles forms and can integrate into host genome and act as an oncogene

remember that it is a HepaDNAvirus
dsDNA (circular, incomplete), enveloped

89
Q

order at which antigens /antibodies appear in HBV?

A

SECES: SE = antigens; CES = antibodies

90
Q

histological features of HBV?

A

acute hx: ballooning degeneration of hepatocyte and lymphocytic infiltrate

chronic hx: ground glass hepatocytes

91
Q

HCV

  • transmission
  • clinical features (Incubation pd, Carrier state, HCC risk)
  • clinical picture
A

Transmission: IVDU, post transfusion

Incubation pd, Carrier state, HCC risk: long, yes, yes

Features: Chronic, Cirrhosis, Carcinoma, Carrier

remember that it is a Flavivirus, SS (+) RNA linear icosahedral, enveloped

92
Q

HDV

  • transmission
  • clinical features (Incubation pd, Carrier state, HCC risk)
  • clinical picture
A

Transmission: Parenteral, sexual, maternal/fetal transmission

Incubation pd, Carrier state, HCC risk: short/long, yes, yes

features: defective virus - requires HBV coinfection (long) or superinfection (short, but bad prognosis)

remember that it is a Delta virus, SS (-) RNA, circular, enveloped

93
Q

HEV

  • transmission
  • clinical features (Incubation pd, Carrier state, HCC risk)
  • clinical picture
A

transmission: F/O

Incubation pd, Carrier state, HCC risk: short, ø, ø

Features - high mortality in pregnant women
Enteric, Expectant, Epidemics (waterborne)

remember that it is a Calcivirus, SS (+) RNA linear icosahedral, ø enveloped

94
Q

rule of thumb about non-enveloped viruses?

A

ø envelope = ø destruction by gut

95
Q

cowdry type A inclusions

A

HSV1 - oral

96
Q

Downey cells

A

HSV4 - EBV

97
Q

Owl eye inclusions

A

HSV5 - CMV

98
Q

Koilocytes

99
Q

Negri bodies

A

Rhabdovirus - rabies

100
Q

DNA viruses - all dsDNA except

A

parvovirus, which is ssDNA

101
Q

DNA viruses - all linear except

A

papilloma, polyoma (circular, supercoiled), and hepadna- (circular, incomplete)

102
Q

DNA viruses - all non-enveloped except

A

Herpes-, Hepadna-, which are enveloped

103
Q

RNA viruses - all ss except

A

Reoviridae (rotavirus)

104
Q

RNA viruses - all enveloped except

A

calici
hepe
Reo
picorna

(remember CHiRP on a PERCH is an easy target b/c it’s not enveloped)

105
Q

RNA viruses - all linaer except

A

bunya, arena, delta, which are circular

“It’s not BAD to be well-ROUNDED”

106
Q

RNA viruses - only multi-segmented ones

A

Reo, orthomyxo, arena, and bunya

BOAR are complicated creatures

107
Q

RNA viruses (+) sense only

A

(+) stranded: HIPpy RETRO TOGA party with FLAVored CORONA and CALIfornia PICkles, and real (+) vibes

Hepevirus
RetroRNA
Togavirus
Flavivirus
Coronavirus
Calcivirus
PicoRNAvirus
108
Q

RNA viruses (-) sense only

A

(-) stranded: Always Bring Polymerase Or Fail Replication

Arenavirus
Bunya virus
Paramyxovirus
Orthomyxovirus
Filovirus
Rhabdovirus

0. Step Ia (28 decks)

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