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0. Step Ia > FA - Classic Labs/Findings > Flashcards

FA - Classic Labs/Findings Flashcards

1
Q

Anticentromere antibodies

A

Scleroderma (CREST)

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2
Q

Antidesmoglein (epithelial) antibodies

A

Pemphigus vulgaris (blistering)

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3
Q

Anti–glomerular basement membrane antibodies

A

Goodpasture syndrome (glomerulonephritis and hemoptysis)

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4
Q

Antihistone antibodies

A

Drug-induced SLE (hydralazine, INH, phenytoin, procainamide)

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5
Q

Anti-IgG antibodies

A

Rheumatoid arthritis (systemic inflammation, joint pannus, boutonnière deformity)

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6
Q

Antimitochondrial antibodies (AMAs)

A

1° biliary cirrhosis (female, cholestasis, portal hypertension)

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7
Q

Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCAs)

A

Microscopic polyangiitis and Churg-Strauss syndrome (MPO-ANCA/p-ANCA)

granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener; PR3-ANCA/c-ANCA)

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8
Q

Antinuclear antibodies (ANAs: anti-Smith and anti-dsDNA)

A

SLE (type III hypersensitivity)

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9
Q

Antiplatelet antibodies

A

Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura

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10
Q

Anti-topoisomerase antibodies

A

Diffuse systemic scleroderma

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11
Q

Anti-transglutaminase/anti-gliadin/anti-endomysial antibodies

A

Celiac disease (diarrhea, distention, weight loss)

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12
Q

“Apple core” lesion on abdominal x-ray

A

Colorectal cancer (usually left-sided)

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13
Q

Azurophilic peroxidase

A

Auer rods (AML, especially the promyelocytic [M3] type)

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14
Q

Bacitracin response

A

Sensitive: Streptococcus pyogenes (group A)

Resistant: Streptococcus agalactiae (group B)

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15
Q

“Bamboo spine” on x-ray

A

Ankylosing spondylitis (chronic inflammatory arthritis: HLA-B27)

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16
Q

Basophilic nuclear remnants in RBCs

A

Howell-Jolly bodies (due to splenectomy or nonfunctional spleen)

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17
Q

Basophilic stippling of RBCs

A

Lead poisoning or sideroblastic anemia

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18
Q

Bloody tap on LP

A

Subarachnoid hemorrhage

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19
Q

“Boot-shaped” heart on x-ray

A

Tetralogy of Fallot, RVH

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20
Q

Branching gram-positive rods with yellow sulfur granules

A

Actinomyces israelii

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21
Q

Bronchogenic apical lung tumor on imaging

A

Pancoast tumor (can compress sympathetic ganglion and cause Horner syndrome)

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22
Q

“Brown” tumor of bone

A

Hyperparathyroidism or osteitis fibrosa cystica (deposited hemosiderin from hemorrhage gives brown color)

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23
Q

Cardiomegaly with apical atrophy

A

Chagas disease (Trypanosoma cruzi)

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24
Q

Cellular crescents in Bowman capsule

A

Rapidly progressive crescentic glomerulonephritis

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25
Q

“Chocolate cyst” of ovary

A

Endometriosis (frequently involves both ovaries)

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26
Q

Circular grouping of dark tumor cells surrounding pale neurofibrils

A

Homer-Wright rosettes (neuroblastoma, medulloblastoma, retinoblastoma)

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27
Q

Colonies of mucoid Pseudomonas in lungs

A

Cystic fibrosis (autosomal recessive mutation in CFTR gene -> fat-soluble vitamin deficiency and mucous plugs)

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28
Q

decr. AFP in amniotic fluid/maternal serum

A

Down syndrome or other chromosomal abnormality

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29
Q

Degeneration of dorsal column nerves

A

Tabes dorsalis (3° syphilis), subacute combined degeneration (dorsal columns and lateral corticospinal tracts affected)

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30
Q

Depigmentation of neurons in substantia nigra

A

Parkinson disease (basal ganglia disorder: rigidity, resting tremor, bradykinesia)

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31
Q

Desquamated epithelium casts in sputum

A

Curschmann spirals (bronchial asthma; can result in whorled mucous plugs)

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32
Q

Disarrayed granulosa cells in eosinophilic fluid

A

Call-Exner bodies (granulosa-theca cell tumor of the ovary)

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33
Q

Dysplastic squamous cervical cells with nuclear enlargement and hyperchromasia

A

Koilocytes (HPV: predisposes to cervical cancer)

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34
Q

Enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusion bodies

A

“Owl eye” appearance of CMV

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35
Q

Enlarged thyroid cells with ground-glass nuclei

A

“Orphan Annie” eyes nuclei (papillary carcinoma of the thyroid)

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36
Q

Eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion in liver cell

A

Mallory body (alcoholic liver disease)

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37
Q

Eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion in nerve cell

A

Lewy body (Parkinson disease)

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38
Q

Eosinophilic globule in liver

A

Councilman body (toxic or viral hepatitis, often yellow fever)

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39
Q

Eosinophilic inclusion bodies in cytoplasm of hippocampal and cerebellar nerve cells

A

Negri bodies of rabies

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40
Q

Extracellular amyloid deposition in gray matter of brain

A

Senile plaques (Alzheimer disease)

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41
Q

Giant B cells with bilobed nuclei with prominent inclusions (“owl’s eye”)

A

Reed-Sternberg cells (Hodgkin lymphoma)

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42
Q

Glomerulus-like structure surrounding vessel in germ cells

A

Schiller-Duval bodies (yolk sac tumor)

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43
Q

“Hair on end” (crew-cut) appearance on x-ray

A

β-thalassemia

sickle cell anemia (marrow expansion)

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44
Q

hCG elevated

A 
Choriocarcinoma
hydatidiform mole (occurs with and without embryo, and multiple pregnancy)
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45
Q

Heart nodules (granulomatous)

A

Aschoff bodies (granuloma w/ giant cells, associated with rheumatic fever)

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46
Q

Heterophile antibodies

A

Infectious mononucleosis (EBV)

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47
Q

Hexagonal, double-pointed, needle-like crystals in bronchial secretions

A

Bronchial asthma (Charcot-Leyden crystals: eosinophilic granules)

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48
Q

High level of D-dimers

A

DVT, PE, DIC

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49
Q

Hilar lymphadenopathy, peripheral granulomatous lesion in middle or lower lung lobes (can calcify)

A

Ghon complex (1° TB: Mycobacterium bacilli)

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50
Q

“Honeycomb lung” on x-ray or CT

A

Interstitial pulmonary fibrosis

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51
Q

Hypercoagulability (leading to migrating DVTs and vasculitis)

A

Trousseau syndrome (adenocarcinoma of pancreas or lung)

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52
Q

Hypersegmented neutrophils

A

Megaloblastic anemia (B12 deficiency: neurologic symptoms; folate deficiency: no neurologic symptoms)

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53
Q

Hypertension, hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis

A

Conn syndrome

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54
Q

Hypochromic, microcytic anemia

A

Iron deficiency anemia, lead poisoning, thalassemia (fetal hemoglobin sometimes present)

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55
Q

Increased AFP in amniotic fluid/maternal serum

A

Dating error
Anencephaly
Spina bifida (neural tube defects)

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56
Q

Increased uric acid levels

A

Gout, Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, tumor lysis syndrome, loop and thiazide diuretics

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57
Q

Intranuclear eosinophilic droplet-like bodies

A

Cowdry type A bodies (HSV or CMV)

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58
Q

Iron-containing nodules in alveolar septum

A

Ferruginous bodies (asbestosis: incr. chance of mesothelioma)

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59
Q

Keratin pearls on a skin biopsy

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

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60
Q

Large lysosomal vesicles in phagocytes, immunodeficiency

A

Chédiak-Higashi disease (congenital failure of phagolysosome formation)

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61
Q

“Lead pipe” appearance of colon on barium enema x-ray

A

Ulcerative colitis (loss of haustra)

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62
Q

Linear appearance of IgG deposition on glomerular basement membrane

A

Goodpasture syndrome

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63
Q

Low serum ceruloplasmin

A

Wilson disease (hepatolenticular degeneration)

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64
Q

“Lumpy bumpy” appearance of glomeruli on immunofluorescence

A

Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (immune complex

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65
Q

Lytic (“hole punched”) bone lesions on x-ray

A

Multiple myeloma

66
Q

Mammary gland (“blue domed”) cyst

A

Fibrocystic change of the breast

67
Q

Monoclonal antibody spike

A

Multiple myeloma (usually IgG or IgA)

Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance
(MGUS consequence of aging)

Waldenström (M protein = IgM) macroglobulinemia

Primary amyloidosis

68
Q

Mucin-filled cell with peripheral nucleus

A

“Signet ring” (gastric carcinoma)

69
Q

Narrowing of bowel lumen on barium x-ray

A

“String sign” (Crohn disease)

70
Q

Necrotizing vasculitis (lungs) and necrotizing glomerulonephritis

A

Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener; PR3-ANCA/c-ANCA) and Goodpasture syndrome (anti–basement
membrane antibodies)

71
Q

Needle-shaped, negatively birefringent crystals

A

Gout (monosodium urate crystals)

72
Q

Nodular hyaline deposits in glomeruli

A

Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodules (diabetic nephropathy)

73
Q

Novobiocin response

A

Sensitive: Staphylococcus epidermidis; resistant: Staphylococcus saprophyticus

74
Q

hemolysis, uremia, and thrombocytopenia

A

EHEC triad

75
Q

“Nutmeg” appearance of liver

A

Chronic passive congestion of liver due to right heart failure

76
Q

Elementary body vs reticulate body

A

chlamydia

elementary = extracellular, “enfectious”, enters cells via endocytosis

reticulate body = “replicative state”

77
Q

Optochin response

A

Sensitive: Streptococcus pneumoniae

resistant: viridans streptococci

78
Q

Periosteum raised from bone, creating triangular area

A

Codman triangle on x-ray (osteosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma, pyogenic osteomyelitis)

79
Q

Podocyte fusion or “effacement” on electron microscopy

A

Minimal change disease (child with nephrotic syndrome)

80
Q

Polished, “ivory-like” appearance of bone at cartilage erosion

A

Eburnation (osteoarthritis resulting in bony sclerosis)

81
Q

Protein aggregates in neurons from hyperphosphorylation of tau protein

A

Neurofibrillary tangles (Alzheimer disease)

Pick bodies (Pick disease)

82
Q

Psammoma bodies

A 
MPMP
Meningiomas
Papillary thyroid carcinoma
Mesothelioma
Papillary serous carcinoma of the endometrium and ovary
83
Q

Pseudopalisading tumor cells on brain biopsy

A

Glioblastoma multiforme

84
Q

RBC casts in urine

A

Acute glomerulonephritis

85
Q

Rectangular, crystal-like, cytoplasmic inclusions in Leydig cells

A

Reinke crystals (Leydig cell tumor)

86
Q

Renal epithelial casts in urine

A

Acute toxic/viral renal injury

87
Q

Rhomboid crystals, positively birefringent

A

Pseudogout (calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystals)

88
Q

Rib notching

A

Coarctation of the aorta

89
Q

Ring-enhancing brain lesion in AIDS

A

Toxoplasma gondii, CNS lymphoma

90
Q

Sheets of medium-sized lymphoid cells with scattered pale, tingible body–laden macrophages (“starry sky” histology)

A

Burkitt lymphoma (t[8:14] c-myc activation, associated with EBV; “black sky” made up of malignant cells)

91
Q

Silver-staining spherical aggregation of tau proteins in neurons

A

Pick bodies (Pick disease: progressive dementia, changes in personality)

92
Q

“Soap bubble” in femur or tibia on x-ray

A

Giant cell tumor of bone (generally benign)

93
Q

“Spikes” on basement membrane, “dome-like” subepithelial deposits

A

Membranous glomerulonephritis (may progress to nephrotic syndrome)

94
Q

Stacks of RBCs

A

Rouleaux formation (high ESR, multiple myeloma)

95
Q

Stippled vaginal epithelial cells

A

“Clue cells” (Gardnerella vaginalis)

96
Q

Tennis racket”-shaped cytoplasmic organelles (EM) in Langerhans cells

A

Birbeck granules (Langerhans cell histiocytosis or histiocytosis X: eosinophilic granuloma)

97
Q

Thrombi made of white/red layers

A

Lines of Zahn (arterial thrombus, layers of platelets/RBCs)

98
Q

“Thumb sign” on lateral x-ray

A

Epiglottitis (Haemophilus influenzae)

99
Q

Thyroid-like appearance of kidney

A

Chronic bacterial pyelonephritis

100
Q

“Tram-track” appearance of capillary loops of glomerular basement membranes on light microscopy

A

Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis

101
Q

Triglyceride accumulation in liver cell vacuoles

A

Fatty liver disease (alcoholic or metabolic syndrome)

102
Q

“Waxy” casts with very low urine flow

A

Chronic end-stage renal disease

103
Q

WBC casts in urine

A

Acute pyelonephritis

104
Q

WBCs that look “smudged”

A

CLL (almost always B cell)

105
Q

“Wire loop” glomerular capillary appearance on light microscopy

A

Lupus nephropathy

106
Q

Yellowish CSF

A

Xanthochromia (e.g., due to subarachnoid hemorrhage)

107
Q

CEA

A

colon

108
Q

CA19

A

pancreatic cancer - 19 is when andrew s. started drinking

109
Q

CA125

A

ovarian cancer

110
Q

calcitonin

A

MTC

111
Q

PTHrP

A

lung SCC - squamous

112
Q

lung small cell paraneoplastic factors

A

ACTH, ADH, Lambert Eaton Syndrome

113
Q

koilocytes

A

HPV

114
Q

guarineri bodies

A

small pox

115
Q

negri

A

rabies

116
Q

synctia

A

measles

117
Q

owls eyes

A

cmv (reed sternberg also have similar looking things)

118
Q

schuffner dots in RBC

A

plasmodium vivax or ovale

119
Q

Downey Cells

A

EBV

120
Q

Holly Jewell

A

hyposplenia or asplenia (basophiilic nuclear remnants in RBC; normally removed by splenic macrophages)

121
Q

Heinz bodies

A

G6PD

122
Q

Coffee-bean nuclei

A

brenner tumor

123
Q

ovarian neoplasm with spindle shaped fibroblasts

A

fibroma

124
Q

ovarian neoplasm with Call-Exner bodies

A

Granulosa cell tumor

125
Q

ovarian neoplasm with fried egg appearance

A

dysgerminoma; tumor marker hCG, LDH

126
Q

ovarian neoplasm with Psammoma bodies

A

Serous Cystadenocarcinoma

127
Q

ovarian neoplasm with increased hCG and LDH

A

dysgerminoma

128
Q

ovarian neoplasm with Schiller-Duval bodies with increased AFP

A

Yolk Sac tumor

129
Q

Signet cells in ovaries

A

Krukenberg tumor - GI metz

130
Q

microcalcifications on mammography

A

ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) - malignant breast tumor

131
Q

orderly row of cells in breast biopsy

A

invasive lobular “indian file”

132
Q

testicular germ cell tumor with fried egg appearance (large cells w/ watery cytoplasm), increased ALP

A

seminoma

133
Q

testicular germ cell tumor with schiller-duvall bodies (primitive glomeruli)

A

yolk sac tumor

134
Q

testicular germ cell tumor with increased hCG

A

choriocarcinoma

135
Q

large cytoplasmic vacuoles with reticulate bodies in epithelial cells

A

chlamydia trachomatis

136
Q

test for 1˚ syphilis

A

dark-field microscopy of chancre biopsy

137
Q

test for 2˚ syphilis

A

VDRL FIRST, then confirmed with FTA-ABS

138
Q

test for 3˚ syphilis

A

FTA-ABS or microhemagglutination test

dont use VDRL in this stage because it reverts to negative

139
Q

testicular tumor with sheets of undifferentiated cells with focal glandular differentiation

A

embryonal carcinoma

140
Q

budding yeast cells and pseudohyphae at 25˚, but short germinating non-septate true hyphae (germ tubes) at body T

A

candida albicans

141
Q

type of uterine tumor with well demarcated borders and a whorled pattern on the cut surface

A

smooth muscle tumor (leiomyomas) that develop from the smooth muscle cells of the myometrium

142
Q

Aschoff bodies + Anitschkow cells

A

both associated w/ rheumatic fever

143
Q

cardiac histology shows echogenic massess w/ bizzarre, markedly enlarged myocytes

A

rhabdomyomas - frequent cardiac tumor in children <1yo

144
Q

cardiac histology shows scattered mucopolysaccharide stroma w/ abnormal blood vessels and hemorrhage

A

myxoma - tend to produce IL6, which causes fever + weight loss

145
Q

acanthocyte (spurr cell)

A 
liver disease (OH)
aß-lipoprotenemia (state of cholesterol dysregulation)
146
Q

basophilic stippling

A

ACD
alcohol abuse
Lead poisioning
Thalassemia

147
Q

Bite cell

A

G6PD

148
Q

elliptocyte

A

hereditary elliptocytosis

149
Q

macroovalocyte

A 
megaloblastic anemia (also hypersegmented PMNs)
marrow failure
150
Q

ringed sideroblast

A

SIderoblastic anemia

151
Q

Schistocytes

A

DIC
TTP/HUS
traumatic hemolysis (mechanical heart valves)

152
Q

spherocyte

A

hereditary spherocytosis

153
Q

teardrop cell

A

myelofibrosis

154
Q

target cell

A

HbC disease
Asplenia
Liver disease
thalssemia

155
Q

HLA A3

A

hemochromatosis

156
Q

HLA B27

A

Anklyosing spondylitis
psoriatic arthritis
Arthritis of IBD
Reactive Arthritis

157
Q

HLA DQ2/DQ8

A

Celiac disease

158
Q

HLA DR2

A

MS
SLE
Goodpasture
Hay fever

159
Q

HLA DR3

A

DM Type I
SLE
Graves

160
Q

HLA DR4

A

RA

DM Type I

161
Q

HLA DR5

A 
Pernicious Anemia (∆B12)
Hashimotos thyroidtis
162
Q

HLA subtype associated with Diabetes Type I

A

HLA-DR3/4

0. Step Ia (28 decks)

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