micro - viruses Flashcards
(214 cards)
1
Q
exchange of genes b/w 2 chromosomes by crossing over within regions of significant base sequence homology
A
recombination
2
Q
viruses w/ segmented genomes exchange segments - high freq recomb
A
reassortment
3
Q
cause of worldwide influenza pandemics
A
reassortment
4
Q
2 viruses infect cell –> 1 has mutated nonfunctional protein so the second virus makes a functional protein that serves both viruses
A
complementation
5
Q
2 viruses infect cell –> share coat proteins but still 2 distinct genetic material
A
phenotypic mixing
6
Q
vaccine that induced humoral and cell mediated immunity
A
live attenuated
7
Q
what type of immunity does killed/inactivated vaccine induce
A
humoral immunity
8
Q
which vaccines dont req a booster
A
live attentuated
9
Q
live attenuated vaccines
A
LIVE! nSYCnS MMRI - small pox, yellow fever, chicken pox (VZV), sabin’s polio virus, measles, mumps, rubella, influenza (intranasal)
10
Q
live attenuated vaccine that can be given to HIV-positive patients who do not show signs of immunodeficiency
A
MMR - measles, mumps, rubella
11
Q
killed vaccines
A
RIP Always - rabies, influenza (injected), salK polio, HAV
12
Q
recombinant vaccines
A
HBV, HPV (6,11,16,18)
13
Q
the only DNA virus that is ssDNA
A
parvovirus - part of a virus
14
Q
the only DNA viruses that are not linear
A
papilloma, polyoma, and hepadnavirus (circular)
15
Q
the only RNA virus that is dsRNA
A
reoviridae
16
Q
positive stranded RNA viruses
A
i went to a retro toga party where I drank flavored corona and ate hippy california pickles
retrovirus, togavirus, flavivirus, coronavirus, hepevirus, calicivirus, picornavirus
17
Q
structure of naked virus
A
icosahedral capsid and nucleic acid
18
Q
infectious naked viruses
A
purified nucleic acid of most dsDNA and positive stranded ssRNA = infectious
19
Q
noninfectious naked viruses
A
negative strand ssrNA and dsRNA - req. polymerases contains in complete virion
20
Q
virus ploidy
A
all viruses are haploid (1 copy DNA or RNA)
21
Q
the only virus that is diploid
A
retrovirus (2 identical ssRNA)
22
Q
where do DNA viruses replicate
A
nucleus
23
Q
the only DNA virus that does not replicate in the nucleus
A
poxvirus
24
Q
where do RNA viruses replicate
A
cytoplasm
25
the only RNA viruses that do not replicate in the cytoplasm
influenza virus and retrovirus
26
naked viruses
PAPP smears and CPR to hippys - papillomavirus, adenmoc virus, parvovirus, polyomavirus, calcivirus, picornovirus, reovirus, and hepevirus
27
where do enveloped viruses acquire their envopes
plasma membranes when they exit from the cell
28
which viruses acquire their envelopes from nuclear membranes
herpesviruses
29
naked RNA viruses
CPR (calcivirus, picornovirus, reovirus) and hepevirus
30
naked DNA viruses
PAPP - papillomavirus, adenmoc virus, parvovirus, polyomavirus
31
DNA viruses
HHAPPPPy - hepadna, herpes, adeno, pox, parvo, papilloma, polyoma
32
all DNA viruses aree...
double stranded, linear, icosahedral, replicate in nucleus
33
herpes viruses
dsDNA, linear, enveloped
34
HSV1 transmission
resp secretions and saliva
35
HSV1 diseases
gingivostomatitis, keratoconjunctivitis, temporal lobe encephalitis, herpes labialis
36
most common cause of sporadic encephalitis in the US
HSV1
37
where does HSV1 remain latent
trigeminal ganglion
38
HSV2 route of transmission
sexual contact, perianal
39
HSV2 diseases
herpes genitalis, neonatal herpes
40
where does HSV2 remain latent
sacral ganglion
41
VZV transmission
resp secretions
42
VZV disease
varicella zoster (chicken pox/shingles), encephalitis, pneumonia
43
where does VZV remain
dorsal root or trigeminal ganglion
44
EBV transmission
resp secretions and saliva
45
EBV diseases
infectious mono, burkitts/hodgkins lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma
46
where does EBV remain latent
B cells
47
CMV transmission
congential, trasnfusion, sex, saliva, urine, transplant
48
CMV disease
congenital infection, mono (negative monospot), pneumonia, retinitis
49
owls eye inclusions
CMV
50
where does CMV remain latent
mononuclear cells
51
mono with negative monospot
CMV
52
mono with positive monospot
EBV
53
highly associated with transplants
CMV
54
HHV-6
roseola - high fevers for several days that can cause seizures --> diffuse macular rash
55
HHV-8
kaposi's sarcoma (HIV patients) via sexual contact
56
test of choice for HSV
PCR
57
tzanck test
detects multinucleated giant cells (HSV-1,2 and VZV)
58
intranuclear cowdry A inclusions
HSV
59
EBV sx
fever, hepatosplenomegaly, pharyngitis, and lymphadenopathy (posterior cervical nodes)
60
EBV peripheral blood smear
atypical lymphocytes = reactive cytotoxic T cells (hugging of RBC)
61
EBV test
positive monospot test - heterophile antibodies
| also associated with hodgkins and endemic burkitts lymphoma, and nasopharyngeal carcinoma
62
kissing disease
EBV
63
hepadnavirus
dsDNA, enveloped, partial circular
HBV - acute/chronic hepatitis
vaccine - HBV surface antigen
has reverse transcriptase
64
adenovirus
dsDNA linear
febrile pharyngitis - sore throat w/ acute hemoorhagic cystitis
pneumonia
conjunctivitis - pink eye
65
enveloped DNA viruses
herpes, hepadnovirus and poxvirus
66
parvovirus characteristics
SS and linear (smallest)
67
B19 virus
parvovirus
68
B19 virus sx
aplastic crises in sickle cell disease, SLAPPED CHEEKS rash in kids (erythema infectiosum)
RBC destruction in fetus --> hydrops fetalis + death
pure RBC aplasia and RA-like sx in adults
69
papillomavirus
dsDNA + circular
HPV - warts (1,2,6,11), CIN
cervical cancer (16,18)
vaccine available
70
cervical cancer
HPV 16 + 18
71
polyomavirus
dsDNA + circular
JC virus - progressive multiple leukoencephalopthy (PML) in HIV *junky cerebrum
BK - transplant pts --> kidney *bad kidney
72
poxvirus
dsDNA + linear, enveloped (largest)
small pox - germ warfare
vaccinia - cowpox (milkmaids blisters)
73
molluscum contagiosum
poxvirus
| flesh-colored dome lesions with central dimple
74
negative stranded RNA viruses
always bring polymerase or fail replications - arenaviruses, bunyavirus, paramyxovirus, orthomyxomvius, filovirus, rhabdovirus
75
segmented viruses
only RNA - BOAR --> bunyavirus, orthomyxovirus, arenavirus, reovirus
76
picornaviruses
PERCH - poliovirus, echovirus, rhinovirus, coxcackievirus, HAV
viral meningitis excpept rihno and hav
enteroviruses (fecal-oral) except rhino
77
non-enveloped RNA viruses
reovirus, picornavirus, hepevirus, calicivirus
78
circular RNA viruses
arenavirus, bunyaivurs, delta virus
79
cause of common cold
rhinovirus
80
rhinovirus property
acid labile - destroyed by stomach acid (does not infect GI tract)
81
yellow fever virus transmission
aedes mosquitoes w/ monkey/human reservoir
82
yellow fever sx
high fever, black vomit, and jaundice *blank and yellowwww
83
yellow fever is what type of virus
flavivirus
84
rhinovirus is what type of virus
picornavirus
85
most impt global cause of infantile gastroenteritis
rotavirus
86
what type of virus is rotavirus
reovirus (dsRNA)
87
majory cause of acute diarrhea in US during winter in day-care centers/kindergarden
rotovirus = right out the anus
| CDC recommends routine vaccinations of all infants
88
rotavirus MOA
villous destruction w/ atrophy --> decreased asborption of sodium and loss of K+
89
influenza virus is what type of virus
orthomyxovirus
| enveloped, negative ssRNA with 8-segment genome
90
influenza antigens
hemagglutinin - viral entry
| neuraminidase - progeny virion release
91
what is patient as risk for with influenza virus
fatal bacterial superinfection
92
major mode of protection vs influenza
killed viral vaccine
93
h flu vaccine in kids
live attentuated vaccine intranasally - temp sensitive mutant replicates in the nose but not in the lung
94
pandemics
genetic shift - more deadly (ohhhh shiffffft!)
95
epidemics
genetic drift
96
genetic shift
reassortment of viral genome - high freq recombination
| EX: human flu A virus recombines w/ swine flu A virus
97
genetic drift
minor changes based on random mutation
98
rubella virus is what type of virus
togavirus
99
rubella
german 3day measles
| fever, postauricular adenopathy, lymphadenopathy, arthralgias
100
rubella rash
starts at head and mvoes down
101
rubella congenital disease
torches infection
102
paramyxoviruses
children diseases --> parainfluenza (croup), mumps, measles
103
paramyxovirus MOA
surface F (fusion) protein - resp epithelial cells ot fuse and form multinucleated cells
104
resp tract infection in infants
RSV
105
seal-like barking cough
croup
106
palivizumab
monoclonal antibody against F protein
107
prevents pneumonia caused by RSV infection in premature infants
palivizumab
108
measles is what type of virus
paramyxovirus
109
measles characteristics
koplik spots and descending maculopapular rash
RASH = LAST AND PRESENTS HEAD TO TOE
3 c's = cough, coryza, conjunctivits
110
possible measles sequale
SSPE (years later), encephalitis, and giant cell pneumonia (immunosuppressed)
111
what type of virus is mumps virus
paramyxovirus
112
mumps sx
POM-poms = parotitis, orchitis, aseptic meningitis
| ***can cause sterility after puberty
113
bullet-shaped virus
rabies virus
114
negri bodies
rabies - cytoplasmicinclusions in neurons infected w/ rabies virus
115
where are negri bodies found
purkinje cells of cerebellum
116
rabies sx
long incubation period -->fever/malaise --> agitation, photophobia, hydrophobia --> paralysis, coma --> death
117
rabies post exposure tx
wound cleansing and vaccination with or without rabies immune globulin
118
how does rabies travel
retrograde fashion up nerve axons --> CNS
119
where do people get rabies from in US
bat, raccoon and skunk bites
120
the only DNA hepatitis virus
HBV
121
signs and symptoms of all hepatitis viruses
fever, jaundice, elevated ALT and AST
122
HAV
asx, acute, alone (no carriers)
123
what type of virus is HAV
RNA picornavirus
124
HAV transmission and incubation
fecal-oral, short (weeks)
125
what type of virus is HBV
DNA hepadnavirus
126
HBV transmission and incubation
parenteral, sexual, maternal-fetal
| long (months)
127
hepatitis viruses that have carriers
B, C, D
128
HBV
HCC risk - integrates into host genome and acts as oncogene
129
hepatitis viruses that have a risk for HCC
B, C, D
130
what type of virus is HCV
RNA flavivirus
131
HCV transmission and incubation
primarily blood, IVDU, post-transfusion
| long
132
HCV associations
chronic, cirrhosis, carcinoma, carrier
| HCC risk- from chronic inflammation
133
what type of virus is HDV
RNA delta virus
134
HDV transmission and incubation
parental, sexual, maternal-fecal
superinfection (chronic HBV --> HDV) = short
co-infection (acute HBV + HDV) = long
135
HDV
dependent on HBV
| superinfection decreases prognosis
136
what type of virus is HEV
RNA hepevirus
137
HEV transmission and incubation
fecal-oral (waterborne epidemics)
| short
138
HEV
high morality in pregnant women
| enteric, expectant mothers, epidemic
139
the fecal-oral hepatitis viruses
HAV + HEV
140
HBV MOA
virus uses its own DNA-dependent DNA polymerase --> full viral dsDNA --> host RNA polymerase --> mRNA --> viral proteins
141
hep virus that requires HBV
HDV
142
hep virus associated w mortality in preggers
HEV
143
AST > ALT
alcoholic hepatitis
144
ALT > AST
viral hepatitis
145
HAV - active
anti-HAV IgM
146
HAV - prior infection or vaccinated
anti-HAV IgG
147
protection vs HAV
anti-HAV IgG
148
HBV infection if you currently have it - acute or chronic (except in window period)
HBsAg
149
positive in window period of HBV
anti-HBc IgM and anti-HBe
150
acute/recent infection HBV
anti-HBc IgM
151
chronic/prior infection HBV
anti-HBc IgG
152
high transmissability HBV
HBeAg
153
low transmissability HBV
anti-HBe
154
immunity to HBV
anti-HBs
| present in recovery or immunized
155
HBV recovery, what is positive
anti-HBs, anti-HBe, anti-HBc IgG
156
HBV immunization, what is positive
anti-HBs only
157
HIV envelope proteins and how they are acquired
gp120 + gp 41 - acquired through budding from host cell plasma membrane
158
diploid genome with 2 molecules of RNA
HIV
159
what are the 3 structural genes of HIV
env, gag, and pol
160
what does env code for
envelope proteins = gp 120 and gp41
161
how is env formed
cleavage of gp160 --> envelope proteins
162
gp 120
docking glycoprotein - attachment to host CD4+ T cell
163
gp 41
transmembrane glycoprotein - fusion and entry
164
what does gag code for
p24 - capsid protein
165
what does pol code for
reverse transcriptase, aspartate protease + integrase
166
what does reverse transcriptase do
RNA --> dsDNA - integrates into host genome
167
what does HIV virus bind
CD4 on T cells and coreceptors CCR5 - early + CXCR4 - late
| macrophages - CCR5 + CD4
168
homozygous CCR5 mutation
immunity
169
heterozygous CC45 mutation
slower course
170
HIV screening and confirmatory
ELISA (sens- rule out) --> western blot (spec - rule in)
171
HIV PCR/viral load
amount of viral RNA in plasma
high viral load = poor prognosis
use viral load to monitor drug therapy effects
172
AIDS diagnosis
< 200 CD4+ cells (norm = 500-1500)
| HIV positive with AIDS-defining condition (pneumocystis pneumonia/PCP) or CD4/CD8 < 1.5
173
elisa/western blot tests
look for antibodies to viral proteins
falsely negative in first 1-2 months of HIV
falsey positive initially in babies born to infected mothers (anti-gp120 crosses placenta)
174
HIV CD4 and RNA counts
decreasing CD4 and increasing HIV RNA copies
175
immunocompromise
<400 CD4
176
AIDS defining illness
< 200 CD4+
177
four stages of HIV infection
Flu-like (acute) --> feeling fine (latent) --> falling count --> final crises
178
what happens during latent phase of HIV
virus replicates in LN
179
HIV positive adults common diseases
CD4 count decreases - reactivate past infections, dissemination of bact infections and fungal infections + NHL
180
histoplasma capsulatum in immunocompetent hosts
pulmonary sx
181
histoplasma capsulatum in HIV
low-grade fevers, cough, hepatosplenomegaly, tongue ulcers
182
histoplasma capsulatum dx
oval yeast cells within mo, CD4 < 100
183
oval yeast cells within macrophages
histoplasma capsulatum
184
fluffy white cottage-cheese lesions bug
candida albicans (thrush)
185
candida albicans dx
pseudohyphae
oral CD4 < 400
esophageal CD4 < 100
186
superficial vascular proliferation bug
bartonella henselae (bacillary angiomatosis)
187
batonella henselae dx
biopsy - neutrophilic inflammation
188
chronic watery diarrhea bug
cryptosporidium spp
189
cryptosporidium dx
acid fast cysts in stool CD4 < 200
190
JC virus reactivation (PML)
encephalopathy
191
JC virus dx
reactivation of latent virus --> demyelination
| CD4 < 200
192
toxoplasma gondii
abscesses
193
toxoplasma gondii dx
ring-enhancing lesions on imaging
| CD4 < 100
194
cryptococcus neoformans
meningitis
195
cryptococcus neoformans dx
india ink stain - yeast with narrow-based budding and large capsule, CD4 < 50
196
CMV
retinitis
197
CMV dx
cotton-wool spots on funduscopic exam and may occur w/ esophagitis
CD4 < 50
198
dementia is directly associated with...
HIV
199
HHV-8
kaposi's sarcoma
| superficial neoplastic proliferation of vasculature
200
biopsy of HHV-8
lymphocytic inflammation
201
hairy leukoplakia
EBV - lateral tongue
202
where does NHL occur
oropharynx (waldeyers ring)
| make be associated with EBV
203
HPV in AIDS pts
squamous cell carcinoma - in anus (MSM) or cervix (female)
204
CMV in HIV
interstitial pneumonia
205
CMV biopsy
cells with intranuclear inclusion bodies = owl's eye
206
aspergillus fumigatus
invasive aspergillus
207
dx aspergillus fumigatus
pleuritic pain, hemoptysis, infiltrates on imaging
208
pneumocystis jirovecii
pneumonia
| CD4 < 200
209
mycobacterium avium-intracellular
tuberculosis-like disease
| CD4 < 50
210
prion disease
PrPc --> PrPsc (beta-pleated) - transmissible
211
prion disease MOA
accumulation of PrPsc --> spongiform encephalopathy, dementia, ataxia, cell death
212
Creutzfeld-jakob disease
rapidly progressive dementia
| sporadic prion disease
213
gerstmann-straussler-scheinker syndrome
inherited prion disease
214
kuru
acquired prion disease
