endocrine

Question 1

normal remnant of thyrosglossal duct

Answer 1

foramen cecum

Question 2

most common site of ectopic thyroid tissue

Answer 2

tongue

Question 3

anterior midline neck mass that moves with swallowing

Answer 3

thyroglossal duct cyst

Question 4

lateral neck mass

Answer 4

persistent cervical sinus –> branchial cleft cyst

Question 5

fetal adrenal gland outer zone

Answer 5

adult - dormant during early fetal life –> begins to secret cortisol late in gestation

Question 6

fetal cortisol secretion is controlled by what?

Answer 6

fetal pituitary and placenta –> ACTH and CRH

Question 7

what is responsible for fetal lung maturation and surfactant production

Answer 7

cortisol

Question 8

what is adrenal cortex derived from

Answer 8

mesoderm

Question 9

what is adrenal medulla derived from

Answer 9

neural crest

Question 10

most common tumor of adrenal medulla in adults

Answer 10

pheochromocytoma

Question 11

most common tumor of adrenal medulla in children

Answer 11

neuroblastoma

Question 12

which adrenal medulla tumor causes episodic hypertension

Answer 12

pheochromocytoma

Question 13

chromaffin cells

Answer 13

adrenal medulla

Question 14

neurohypophysis

Answer 14

post pit

Question 15

adenohypophysis

Answer 15

ant pit

Question 16

what is secreted by post pit

Answer 16

ADH and oxytocin (made in hypothal)

Question 17

what is secreted by ant pit

Answer 17

PT FLAG - prolactin, TSH, FSH, LH, ACTH, GnRH

MSH - melanotropin

Question 18

what is post pit derived from

Answer 18

neuroectoderm

Question 19

what is ant pit derived from

Answer 19

oral ectoderm (rathkes pouch)

Question 20

ant pit alpha subunit

Answer 20

TSH, LH, FSH, hCG

Question 21

ant pic beta subunit

Answer 21

determines hormone specificity

Question 22

acidophils

Answer 22

prolactin, GH

Question 23

alpha cells

Answer 23

glucagon - peripheral

Question 24

beta cells

Answer 24

insulin- central

Question 25

delta cells

Answer 25

somatostatin - interspread

Question 26

what is the major regulator of insulin release

Answer 26

glucose

Question 27

insulin release mechanism

Answer 27

glucose –> ATP –> CLOSE K+ channels + depolarize beta cell membrane –> open v-gated Ca+ channels

Question 28

what ultimately stimulates insulin secretion

Answer 28

calcium influx

Question 29

insuline MOA

Answer 29

moves glucose into the cells

Question 30

does insulin cross the placenta?

Answer 30

no

Question 31

insuline-independent glucose uptake

Answer 31

BRICK L - brain, RBC, intestine, cornea, kidney, liver

Question 32

GLUT 1

Answer 32

RBC and brain

Question 33

GLUT 2

Answer 33

bidirectional –> b-islet cell, liver, kidney, SI

Question 34

insulin dependent transporter

Answer 34

GLUT 4

Question 35

where is GLUT 4 located

Answer 35

adipose tissue and skeletal muscle

Question 36

anabolic insulin effects

Answer 36

increase glucose transport in skel muscle and adipose tissue
increase glycogen and triglyceride synth/storage
increase Na+ retention in kidneys
increase protein synth in muscle
incrase cellular K+ and aa uptake
decrease glucagon release

Question 37

what increases insulin secretion

Answer 37

hyperglycemia, GH and B2 agonists

Question 38

what decreases insulin secretion

Answer 38

hypoglycemia, somatostatin, and alpha-2 agonists

Question 39

insulin dependent organs

Answer 39

resting skel muscle and adipose tissue - depend on insuline to increase glucose uptake by GLUT-4

Question 40

brain metabolism

Answer 40

normal - glucose (GLUT-1)

starvation - ketone bodies

Question 41

RBC metabolism

Answer 41

always depend on glucose (GLUT-1) bc no mitochondria for aerobic metabolism

Question 42

glucagon source

Answer 42

alpha cells of pancreas

Question 43

glucagon function

Answer 43

catabolic
glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis
lipolysis and ketone production

Question 44

glucagon regulation

Answer 44

secreted in response to hypoglycemia

inhibited - insulin, hyperglycemia, somatostatin