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FA - Microbiology > Micro - Virology (Specifics of RNA Viruses) > Flashcards

Micro - Virology (Specifics of RNA Viruses) Flashcards

Pg. 159-162 Sections include: Picornavirus Rhinovirus Yellow fever virus Rotavirus Influenza virus Rubella virus Paramyxoviruses Measles virus Mumps virus Rabies virus

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1
Q

What viruses are included in the Picornavirus group?

A

(1) Poliovirus (2) Echovirus (3) Rhinovirus (4) Coxsackievirus (5) HAV; Think: “PERCH on a “peak” (pico)”

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2
Q

How are functional viral proteins made by Picornaviruses?

A

RNA is translated into 1 large polypeptide that is cleaved by proteases into functional viral proteins

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3
Q

What is the main condition than can be caused by Picornavirus? What 2 Picornaviruses do NOT cause this?

A

Can cause aseptic (viral) meningitis; Except Rhinovirus and HAV

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4
Q

What is the major way by which Picornaviruses are spread, and what kind of viruses can they be called on that basis? Which Picornavirus is the exception to this spread/name?

A

All are enteroviruses (fecal-oral spread), except Rhinovirus

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5
Q

What is Picornavirus’ size like, and what kind of genome does it have?

A

Small; RNA: Think: “picoRNAvirus = small RNA virus”

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6
Q

To what group of viruses does Rhinovirus belong? Does it have an envelope? What is its genome?

A

A Picornavirus. Nonenveloped RNA virus.

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7
Q

What condition/disease does Rhinovirus cause?

A

Cause of common cold; Think: “Rhino has(/causes) a runny nose”

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8
Q

Approximately how many serologic types are there of Rhinovirus?

A

> 100 serologic types

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9
Q

What is an important limitation of Rhinovirus? What implication/consequence does this have?

A

Acid labile - destroyed by stomach acid; therefore, does not infect GI tract (unlike other picornaviruses)

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10
Q

To what group of viruses does Yellow fever virus belong?

A

A flavivirus (also an arbovirus)

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11
Q

How is Yellow fever virus transmitted? What is its reservoir?

A

Transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes (i.e., it is an arbovirus); Virus has a monkey or human reservoir.

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12
Q

What are the symptoms associated with Yellow fever virus?

A

High fever, black vomitus, and jaundice; Think: “Flavi = yellow, jaundice… also, Yellow fever virus gives two of the symptoms”

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13
Q

What is most significant to remember about Rotavirus?

A

The most important global cause of infantile gastroenteritis

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14
Q

To what virus group does Rotavirus belong? What are ways to describe its genome?

A

Reovirus; Segmented dsRNA virus

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15
Q

Of what is Rotavirus a major cause, and especially in what settings?

A

Major cause of acute diarrhea in the US during winter, especially in day-care center, kindergartens

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16
Q

What is the mechanism/effect of Rotavirus infection?

A

Villous destruction with atrophy leads to decreased absorption of Na+ and loss of K+

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17
Q

What is the CDC recommendation with regard to Rotavirus?

A

CDC recommends routine vaccination of all infants

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18
Q

Again, what condition does Rotavirus cause?

A

Acute diarrhea; Think: “ROTAvirus = Right Out The Anus”

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19
Q

To what virus group do Influenza viruses belong?

A

Orthomyxoviruses

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20
Q

Describe the genome of Influenza viruses. More specifically… Are they enveloped? Are they single or double stranded RNA or DNA? Is their genome segmented?

A

Enveloped, negative single-stranded RNA viruses with 8-segment genome

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21
Q

What kinds of antigens do Influenza viruses contain, and what are the roles played by those antigens?

A

(1) Hemagglutinin - promotes viral entry (2) Neuraminidase - promotes progeny viron release

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22
Q

For what do Influenza infections put patients at risk?

A

Patients at risk for fatal bacterial superinfection

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23
Q

What kind of changes are associated with Influenza viruses?

A

Rapid genetic changes

24
Q

What is important to know about the most frequently used mode of Influenza protection/vaccination? More specifically, what kind is it and when/how is it made?

A

Killed viral vaccine is most frequently used; Reformulated vaccine (“the flu shot”) containing the viral strains most likely to appear during the flu season

25
Q

What kind of mutant is contained in the alternative Influenza vaccine? Where in the body does it replicate? How is it administered?

A

Live, attenuated vaccine (temperature-sensitive mutant), that replicates in the nose but not in the lung, administered intranasally

26
Q

What do genetic shift/antigenic shifts versus Genetic drift cause?

A

(1) Genetic shift/Antigenic shifts - Cause pandemics (2) Genetic drift - Cause epidemics

27
Q

What is the mechanism behind Genetic shift/Antigenic shifts? What is an example of this?

A

Reassortment of viral genome; segments undergo high frequency recombination, such as when human flu A virus recombines with swine flu A virus

28
Q

What is the mechanism behind Genetic drift?

A

Minor (antigenic drift) changes based on random mutation

29
Q

What is the difference between Genetic shift and Genetic drift?

A

(1) Genetic shift = Causes pandemics. Reassortment of viral genome; Segments undergo high-frequency recombination (2) Genetic drift = Causes epidemic. Minor (antigenic drift) changes based on random mutation; Think: “Sudden Shift is more deadly than graDual Drift”

30
Q

To what group of viruses does Rubella virus belong?

A

A togavirus

31
Q

What condition/disease does Rubella virus cause? What is an old name for this condition/disease?

A

Causes Rubella, once known as German (3-day) measles

32
Q

What symptoms are associated with Rubella?

A

Fever, postauricular adenopathy, lymphadenopathy, arthralgias, fine truncal rash that starts at head and moves down

33
Q

What is the range of severity for Rubella, and in what contexts?

A

Causes mild disease in children but serious congenital disease (a ToRCHeS infection)

34
Q

In what patient population do Paramyxoviruses cause disease?

A

Paramyxoviruses cause disease in children

35
Q

What conditions/disease do viruses in the Paramyxoviruses group cause?

A

(1) Parainfluenza (croup: seal-like barking cough) (2) Mumps (3) Measles (4) RSV, which causes respiratory tract infection (bronchiolitis, pneumonia) in infants

36
Q

What kind of virus is RSV? What condition/disease does it cause, and in what patient population(s)?

A

Paramyxoviruses; Causes respiratory tract infection (bronchiolitis, pneumonia) in infants

37
Q

What protein do all Paramyxoviruses contain, and what role does this protein play?

A

All contain surface F (fusion) protein, which causes respiratory epithelial cells to fuse and form multinucleated cells

38
Q

What is Palivizumab, and what role does it play?

A

Monoclonal antibody against F protein, prevents pneumonia caused by RSV infection in premature infants

39
Q

What is the name of the monoclonal antibody against F protein, and what role does it play?

A

Palivizumab; Prevents pneumonia caused by RSV infection in premature infants

40
Q

What kind of virus causes Measles?

A

Measles virus = a Paramyxovirus that causes measles

41
Q

What are the characteristic clinical findings of Measles?

A

(1) Koplik spots (red spots with blue-white center on buccal mucosa) and (2) Descending maculopapular rash are characteristic

42
Q

Again, what are the 2 characteristic clinical findings of Measles? What are 3 other possible sequelae of Measles and the associated contexts in which they occur?

A

(1) Koplik spots (red spots with blue-white center on buccal mucosa) and (2) Descending maculopapular rash are characteristic; (1) SSPE (subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, occurring years later) (2) Encephalitis (1:2000) (3) Giant cell pneumonia (rarely, in immunosuppressed)

43
Q

What Measles finding presents last, and how is it characterized?

A

Rash presents last and spreads from head to toe, includes hands and feet (vs. truncal rash in rubella)

44
Q

How does the rash seen in Measles differ from the rash seen in Rubella?

A

Includes hands and feet (vs. truncal rash in rubella)

45
Q

What condition should you be careful not to confuse with Measles? What virus causes this condition?

A

Do not confuse with Roseola (caused by HHV-6)

46
Q

What are the “3 C’s of measles”?

A

(1) Cough (2) Coryza (3) Conjuctivitis; Think: “Koplik spots as 4th ‘C’”

47
Q

What kind of virus is the Mumps virus?

A

A paramyxovirus

48
Q

What are the 4 major symptoms/signs/conditions associated with Mumps virus?

A

(1) Parotitis (swollen neck and parotid glands) (2) Orchitis (inflammation of testes) (3) aseptic Meningitis. (4) Can cause sterility (especially after puberty); Think: “Mumps makes your parotid glands and testes as big as POM-poms”

49
Q

What kind of morphology does Rabies virus have?

A

Bullet-shaped virus

50
Q

What histological finding is characteristic of Rabies virus infection? Where is this commonly found?

A

Negri bodies are characteristic cytoplasmic inclusions in neurons infected by rabies virus; Commonly found in Purkinje cells of cerebellum

51
Q

What is important to know about the time course of Rabies virus infection?

A

Rabies has long incubation period (weeks to months) before symptom onset

52
Q

What is the postexposure treatment for Rabies?

A

Postexposure treatment is wound cleansing and vaccination with or without rabies immune globulin

53
Q

Where does the Rabies virus travel to in the body, and how?

A

Travels to the CNS by migrating in a retrograde fashion up nerve axons

54
Q

What is the progression of disease following Rabies infection?

A

Progression of disease: fever, malaise –> agitation, photophobia, hydrophobia –> paralysis, coma –> death

55
Q

What are the sources of Rabies in the US? Which are more common?

A

More commonly from bat, raccoon, and skunk bites than from dog bites in the US

FA - Microbiology (43 decks)

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