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FA - Microbiology > Micro - Clinical Bacteriology (Gram - Rods & Comma-Shaped) > Flashcards

Micro - Clinical Bacteriology (Gram - Rods & Comma-Shaped) Flashcards

Pg. 135-137 Sections include: Legionella pneumophila Pseudomonas aeruginosa E. coli Klebsiella Salmonella vs. Shigella Campylobacter jejuni Vibrio cholerae Yersinia enterocolitica Helicobacter pylori

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1
Q

What are the main 2 conditions caused by Legionella pneumophila? What are the signs/symptoms associated with each condition?

A

(1) Legionnaires’ disease = severe pneumonia, fever, GI, and CNS symptoms (2) Pontiac fever = mild flu-like syndrome

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2
Q

What bacteria causes Legionnaires’ disease? What are the symptoms of Legionnaires’ disease?

A

Legionella pneumophila; Severe pneumonia, fever, GI, and CNS symptoms

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3
Q

What bacteria causes Pontiac fever? What are the symptoms of Pontiac fever?

A

Legionella pneumophila; Mild flu-like syndrome

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4
Q

What kind of bacteria is Legionella pneumophila?

A

Gram-negative rod

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5
Q

What is important to know about the staining of Legionella pneumophila?

A

Gram stains poorly (negative) - use silver stain

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6
Q

On what type of media does Legionella pneumophila grow?

A

Grow on charcoal yeast extract culture with iron and cysteine

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7
Q

How is Legionella pneumophila detected clinically?

A

Presence of antigen in urine

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8
Q

How is Legionella pneumophila transmitted, and from where? How is it not transmitted?

A

Aerosol transmission from environmental water source habitat; No person-to-person transmission

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9
Q

What is the treatment for Legionella pneumophila?

A

Macrolide or quinolone

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10
Q

What lab finding (chem-7) is in patients with Legionella pneumophila?

A

Hyponatremia

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11
Q

With what kind of infections is Pseudomonas aeruginosa associated?

A

Wound and burn infections

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12
Q

What 7 conditions does Pseudomonas aeruginosa cause?

A

(1) Pneumonia (espcially in cystic fibrosis) (2) Sepsis (black lesions on skin) (3) External otitis (swimmer’s ears) (4) UTI (5) Drug and DiabetesOsteomyelitis… plus hot tub folliculitis; (6) Malignant otitis externa in diabetics. (7) Ecthyma gangrenosum—rapidly progressive, necrotic cutaneous lesions caused by Pseudomonas bacteremia. Think: “PSEUDOmonas (plus just remember hot tub folliculitis)”

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13
Q

What kind of bacteria are Pseudomonas aeruginosa? Think in terms of both metabolic and gram-stain classifications.

A

Aerobic, non-lactose fermenting, oxidase positive, gram-negative rod

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14
Q

What kind of pigment and odor do Pseudomonas aeruginosa make?

A

Pyocyanin (blue-green) pigment; grape-like odor

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15
Q

What condition(s) can Pseudomonas aeruginosa cause in diabetics?

A

Diabetic osteomyelitis & malignant otitis externa

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16
Q

What is often a source of Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

A

Water

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17
Q

What toxins do Pseudomonas aeruginosa make, and what are their effects?

A

(1) Endotoxin (fever, shock) (2) Exotoxin A (inactivates EF-2)

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18
Q

How is Pseudomonas aeruginosa treated?

A

Beta-lactam (e.g., piperacillin, ticarcillin, cefepime, imipenem, meropenem) +/- aminoglycoside. Ciprofloxacin if UTI.

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19
Q

What effect does Pseudomonas aeruginosa commonly have on cystic fibrosis patients, and with what is this effect associated?

A

Chronic pneumonia, associated with biofilm

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20
Q

What are the E. coli virulence factors? With what conditions/diseases is each associated?

A

(1) Fimbriae - cystitis and pyelonephritis (2) K capsule - pneumonia, neonatal meningitis (3) LPS endotoxin - septic shock

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21
Q

What are the strains of E. coli?

A

(1) EIEC (Enteroinvasive) (2) ETEC (Enterotoxigenic) (3) EPEC (Enteropathogenic) (4) EHEC (Enterohemorrhagic)

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22
Q

What is the mechanism of EIEC? What is its presentation?

A

Microbe invades intestinal mucosa & causes necrosis & inflammation; Clinical manifestations similar to Shigella; Invasive, dysentery; Think: “I is for Invasive”

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23
Q

To what other bacteria does EIEC present similarly?

A

Shigella

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24
Q

What is the toxin/mechanism of ETEC? What is its presentation?

A

Labile toxin/stable toxin. No inflammation or invasion; Traveler’s diarrhea (watery); Think: “T is for Traveler’s diarrhea”

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25
Q

What is the toxin/mechanism of EPEC? What is its presentation?

A

No toxin produced. Adheres to apical surface, flattens villi, prevents absorption; Diarrhea usually in children (Pediatrics); “Think: P is for Pediatrics”

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26
Q

What is the toxin/mechanism of EHEC? What is its presentation?

A

Shiga-like toxin cause hemolytic-uremic syndrome (triad of anemia, thrombocytopenia, and acute renal failure); Microthrombi form on endothelium damaged by toxin => mechanical hemolysis (schistocytes formed) and decreased renal blood flow; microthrombi consume platelets => thrombocytopenia. Dysentery (toxin alone causes necrosis and inflammation); Think: “H is for Hemolytic-uremic syndrome”

27
Q

What distinguishes EHEC from other E. Coli?

A

Does not ferment sorbitol

28
Q

What syndrome is caused by EHEC? With what symptoms is it associated?

A

Hemolytic-uremic syndrome; Triad of anemia, thrombocytopenia, & acute renal failure

29
Q

What is the most common serotype of EHEC?

A

O157:H7

30
Q

Where is Klebsiella normally found?

A

Intestinal flora

31
Q

How do Klebsiella colonies appear, and why?

A

Very mucoid colonies caused by abundant polysaccharide capsule

32
Q

What is a clinically relevant sign of Klebsiella?

A

Red “currant jelly” sputum

33
Q

What major disease does Klebisella cause, in what populations, and under what circumstances?

A

Causes lobar pneumonia in alcoholics and diabetics when aspirated; Think: “4 A’s: (1) Aspiration pneumonia (2) Abscess in lungs and liver (3) Alcoholics (4) di-A-betics”

34
Q

Besides lobar pneumonia in alcoholics and diabetics, what other category of disease/condition is associated with Klebsiella?

A

Also cause of nosocomial UTIs

35
Q

Compare/Contrast Salmonella and Shigella in terms of motility.

A

SALMONELLA - have flagella; SHIGELLA - no flagella; Think: “SALMONella swim”

36
Q

What is the method of dissemination (once inside the body) for Salmonella versus Shigella?

A

SALMONELLA - can disseminate hematogenously; SHIGELLA - cell to cell transmission, no hematogenous spread

37
Q

What is the reservoir for Salmonella versus Shigella?

A

SALMONELLA - have many animal reservoirs ; SHIGELLA - only reservoirs are humans and primates

38
Q

Do Salmonella and/or Shigella produce hydrogen sulfide?

A

SALMONELLA - Produce hydrogen sulfide; SHIGELLA - NOT produce hydrogen sulfide

39
Q

What effects do antibiotics have on Salmonella versus Shigella?

A

SALMONELLA - Antibiotics may prolong fecal excretion of organism; SHIGELLA - Antibiotics shorten the duration of fecal excretion of organism

40
Q

What is the response caused by Salmonella versus Shigella upon affecting the human body?

A

SALMONELLA - Invades intestinal mucosa & causes a monocytic response; SHIGELLA - Invades intestinal mucosa & causes PMN infiltration

41
Q

Compare/Contrast the possibility/likelihood of Salmonella versus Shigella causing blood diarrhea.

A

SALMONELLA - can cause bloody diarrhea; SHIGELLA - OFTEN causes bloody diarrhea

42
Q

Do Salmonella and/or Shigella ferment lactose?

A

Neither ferments lactose

43
Q

What causes typhoid fever? What characterizes it?

A

Salmonella typhi; Rose spots on abdomen, fever, headache, and diarrhea

44
Q

In what reservoir is Salmonella typhi found?

A

Only in humans

45
Q

What is important to know about the potential for latency/dormancy in Salmonella typhi infections?

A

Can remain in gallbladder and cause a carrier state

46
Q

Of what condition is Camplyobacter jejuni a major cause, and in what population?

A

Major cause of bloody diarrhea, especially in children

47
Q

How is Campylobacter jejuni transmitted?

A

Fecal-oral transmission through foods such as poultry, meat, unpasteurized milk.

48
Q

What are important things to know about Campylobacter jejuni in order to classify/identify it?

A

Gram-negative, comma or S-shaped, oxidase positive, grows at 42C

49
Q

To what conditions is Campylobacter jejuni a common antecedent?

A

(1) Guillian-Barre syndrome (2) Reactive arthritis

50
Q

What are important things to know about Vibrio cholerae in order to classify/identify it?

A

Gram-negative, comma shaped, oxidase positive, grows in alkaline media

51
Q

In general, where is Vibrio cholerae endemic?

A

Developing countries

52
Q

What major symptom does Vibrio cholerae produce, and how?

A

Produces profuse rise-water diarrhea, via Toxin that permanently activates Gs, increasing cAMP

53
Q

What is the necessary response to Vibrio cholerae infection?

A

Prompt oral rehydration is necessary

54
Q

How is Yersinia entercolitica usually transmitted?

A

Usually transmitted from pet feces (e.g., puppies), contaminated milk, or pork

55
Q

What condition does Yersinia enterocolitica cause? What other condition(s) does this condition mimic?

A

Causes mesenteric adenitis, that can mimic Crohn’s or appendicitis

56
Q

What condition(s) does Helicobacter pylori cause?

A

Helicobacter pylori - causes gastritis and peptic ulcers (especially duodenal)

57
Q

For what 3 condition(s) is Helicobacter pylori a risk factor?

A

(1) Peptic ulcer (2) Gastric adenocarcinoma (3) Gastric Lymphoma

58
Q

What are the gram stain, morphology, and metabolic characteristics of Helicobacter pylori? Which of these is most clinically relevant, and why?

A

Curved gram-negative rod that is catalase, oxidase, and urease (+) (can use urea breath test or fecal antigen test for diagnosis)

59
Q

What kind of environment does Helicobacter pylori create?

A

Creates alkaline environment

60
Q

What is the most common initial treatment for Helicobacter pylori?

A

Triple therapy: (1) Proton pump inhibitor (2) Clarithromycin (3) Amoxicillin or Metronidazole

61
Q

What bacteria causes ecthyma gangrenosum? What characterizes it? In what patient population is it seen?

A

Ecthyma gangrenosum—rapidly progressive, necrotic cutaneous lesions caused by Pseudomonas bacteremia.

62
Q

What is another name for EHEC bacteria?

A

Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) = Also called STEC (Shiga toxin-producing E. coli)

63
Q

How is H. pylori diagnosed?

A

Can use urea breath test or fecal antigen test for diagnosis

FA - Microbiology (43 decks)

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