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FA - Microbiology > Micro - Parasitology (Protozoa) > Flashcards

Micro - Parasitology (Protozoa) Flashcards

Pg. 147-150 Sections include: Protozoa-GI Infections Protozoa-CNS infections Protozoa-Hematologic Infections Protozoa-Others

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1
Q

Which 3 protozoa cause GI infections? How is each transmitted?

A

(1) Giardia lamblia - Cysts in water (2) Entamoeba histolytica - Cysts in water (3) Cryptosporidium - Oocytes in water

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2
Q

What disease does Giardia lamblia cause? How does it present, and in patients with what kind of exposures?

A

Giardiasis: bloating, flatulence, foul-smelling, fatty diarrhea (often seen in campers/hikers); Think: “FAT-rich GHIRARDELLI chocolates for FATTY stools of GIARDIA”

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3
Q

How is Giardiasis diagnosed?

A

Trophozoites or cysts in stool

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4
Q

What organism causes Giardiasis? What is its treatment?

A

Giardia lamblia; Metronidazole

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5
Q

What disease does Entamoeba histolytica cause? How does it present?

A

Amebiasis: bloody diarrhea (dysentery), liver abscess (“anchovy paste” exudate), RUQ pain (histology shows flask-shaped ulcer if submucosal abscess of colon ruptures)

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6
Q

How is Amebiasis diagnosed?

A

Serology and/or trophozoites (with RBCs in the cytoplasm) or cysts (with multiple nuclei) in stool

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7
Q

What organism causes Amebiasis? What is its treatment?

A

Entamoeba histolytica; Metronidazole, Iodoquinol for asymptomatic cyst passers

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8
Q

What condition/disease(s) does Cryptosporidium cause, and in what patient population(s)?

A

Severe diarrhea in AIDS; Mild disease (watery diarrhea) in nonimmunocompromised

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9
Q

How is Cryptosporidium infection diagnosed?

A

Cysts on acid-fast stain

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10
Q

How is Cryptosporidium prevented? How is Cryptosporidium treated, and in what patient population(s)?

A

Prevention (by filtering city water supplies); Nitazoxanide in immunocompetent hosts

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11
Q

Which protozoa cause CNS infections?

A

(1) Toxoplasma gondii (2) Naegleria fowleri (3) Trypanosoma brucei, T. gambiense, T. rhodesiense

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12
Q

What major sign/symptom does Toxoplasma gondii cause in HIV patients?

A

Brain abscess in HIV (seen as ring-enhancing brain lesions on CT/MRI)

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13
Q

What are the signs/symptoms associated with congenital toxoplasmosis?

A

“Classic triad” of chorioretinitis, hydrocephalus, and intracranial calcifications

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14
Q

How is Toxoplasma gondii transmitted? What is an important implication of T. gondii transmission?

A

Cysts in meat or oocytes in cat feces; Crosses placenta (pregnant women should avoid cats)

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15
Q

How is Toxoplasma gondii diagnosed?

A

Serology, biopsy

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16
Q

How is Toxoplasma gondii treated?

A

Sulfadiazine + Pyrimethamine

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17
Q

What condition/disease does Naegleria fowleri cause?

A

Rapidly fatal meningoencephalitis

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18
Q

How is Naegleria fowleri transmitted?

A

Swimming in freshwater lakes; Enters cribriform plate; Think: “NALGENE bottle filled with FRESHWATER containing NAEGLERIA”;

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19
Q

How is Naegleria fowleri diagnosed?

A

Amoebas in spinal cord

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20
Q

What is a possible treatment for Naegleria fowleri?

A

Amphotericin has been effective for a few survivors

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21
Q

What disease does Trypanosoma brucei/T. gambiense/T. rhodesiense cause? What are its associated symptoms?

A

African sleeping sickness: enlarged lymph nodes, recurring fever (due to antigenic variation), somnolence, coma

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22
Q

How is Trypanosoma brucei/T. gambiense/T. rhodesiense transmitted?

A

Tsetse fly, a painful bite

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23
Q

What protozoa causes African sleeping sickness?

A

Trypanosoma brucei, T. gambiense, T. rhodesiense;

24
Q

How is Trypanosoma brucei, T. gambiense, and T. rhodesiense diagnosed?

A

Blood smear

25
Q

What is the treatment for Trypanosoma brucei, T. gambiense, and T. rhodesiense?

A

Suramin for blood-borne disease or Melarsoprol for CNS penetration; Think: “it SURe is nice to go to sleep, MELAtonin helps with sleep”

26
Q

What disease does Plasmodium cause? What are its general symptoms?

A

Malaria; Fever, headache, anemia, splenomegaly

27
Q

What are the different species of Plasmodium that can cause different kinds of malaria?

A

(1) P. vivax/ovale (2) P. falciparum (3) P. malariae

28
Q

What characterizes malaria due to P. vivax/ovale?

A

48-hr cycle (tertian; includes fever on first day and third day, thus fevers are actually 48 hr apart); Dormant form (hypnozoite) in liver

29
Q

What characterizes malaria due to P. falciparum?

A

Severe; Irregular fever patterns; Parasitized RBCs occlude capillaries in brain (cerebral malaria), kidneys, lungs

30
Q

What characterizes malaria due to P. malariae?

A

72-hr cycle (quartan)

31
Q

What protozoa causes Malaria? How is it transmitted?

A

Plasmodium (P. vivax/ovale, P. facliparum, P. malariae); Mosquito (Anopheles)

32
Q

How is Malaria diagnosed?

A

Blood smear, trophozoite ring form, RBC schizont with merozoites

33
Q

How is Malaria treated, and why? More specifically, explain treatment protocols in the following contexts: (1) First line therapy (2) If resistant to first line therapy (3) If life threatening (3) Vivax/Ovale.

A

Begin with chloroquine, which blocks Plasmodium heme polymerase; If resistance, use mefloquine or Atovaquone/Proguanil; If life-threatening, use intravenous quinidine (test for G6PD deficiency); Vivax/ovale - Add primaquine for hypnozoite (test for G6PD deficiency)

34
Q

Which protozoa cause hematologic infections?

A

(1) Plasmodium (P. vivax/ovale, P. falciparum, P. malariae) (2) Babesia

35
Q

What disease does Babesia cause? What are its symptoms?

A

Babesiosis: Fever and hemolytic anemia

36
Q

Where is Babesiosis predominately found? What increases risk of severe disease?

A

Predominately in northeastern United States; Asplenia increases risk of severe disease

37
Q

How is Babesia transmitted? What other pathogen has this same mode of transmission, and what disease does it cause? What is an important implication behind this commonality?

A

Ixodes tick; Same as Borrelia burgdorferi of Lyme disease, may often coinfect humans

38
Q

How is Babesiosis diagnosed?

A

Blood smear, ring form, “Maltese cross”; PCR

39
Q

What is the treatment for Babesiosis?

A

Atovaquone + Azithromycin

40
Q

Which protozoa cause visceral infections that are NOT considered GI, CNS, or hematologic infections?

A

(1) Trypanosoma cruzi (2) Leishmania donovani

41
Q

Which protozoa causes STDs?

A

Trichomonas vaginalis

42
Q

What disease/condition does Trypanosoma cruzi cause? What are its associated symptoms?

A

Chagas’ disease: Dilated cardiomyopathy, megacolon, megaesophagus

43
Q

What pathogen causes Chagas’ disease? Where is it predominately found? How is it transmitted?

A

Trypanosoma cruzi; Predominately in South America; Reduviid bug (“kissing bug”), a painless bite (much like a kiss)

44
Q

Again, what pathogen causes Chagas’ disease? How is it diagnosed?

A

Blood smear

45
Q

Again, what disease/condition does Trypanosoma cruzi cause? What is its treatment?

A

Chagas’ disease; Benznidazole or Nifurtimox

46
Q

What condition/disease does Leishmania donovani cause? What are its associated symptoms?

A

Visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar): Spiking fevers, hepatosplenomegaly, pancytopenia

47
Q

What pathogen causes visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar)? How is it transmitted?

A

Leishmania donovani; Sandfly

48
Q

Again, what condition/disease does Leishmania donovani cause? How is it diagnosed?

A

Macrophages containing amastigotes

49
Q

What is another name for visceral leishmaniasis? What pathogen causes it? How is it treated?

A

Kala-azar; Leishmania donovani; Amphotericin B, Sodium stibogluconate

50
Q

What condition/disease does Trichomonas vaginalis cause? What are its associated symptoms?

A

Vaginitis: Foul-smelling, greenish discharge; Itching and burning

51
Q

What other pathogen should you be careful not to confuse with Trichomonas vaginalis? How is this other pathogen characterized, and what disease/condition does it cause?

A

Gardnerella vaginalis, a gram-variable bacterium that associated with bacterial vaginosis

52
Q

How is Trichomonas vaginalis transmitted? What is important to remember about its transmission?

A

Sexual (cannot exist outside human because it cannot form cysts)

53
Q

Again, what condition/disease does Trichomonas vaginalis cause? How is it diagnosed?

A

Vaginitis; Trophozoites (motile) on wet mount; “Strawberry cervix”

54
Q

What protozoa causes vaginitis? What is the treatment protocol for this condition?

A

Trichomonas vaginalis; Metronidazole for patient and partner (prophylaxis)

55
Q

What are the 2 subspecies of Trypanosoma brucei?

A

Two subspecies: (1) Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense (2) Trypanosoma brucei gambiense

FA - Microbiology (43 decks)

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