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micro and A+P > micro lecture test 2 6-9 and 15 > Flashcards

micro lecture test 2 6-9 and 15 Flashcards

1
Q

Discussion question:

Bacterial growth requirements
A

Essential nutrients: microbes cannot make; must get

from their environment EX: CN PHOS

Growth factors: special nutrients required by some

bacteria. EX: Haemophilus influenzae has a

growth factor called heme, which is required to

make ATP.

Moisture: Biofilm-a mass of moisture and microbes

on a solid surface. EX: An E. coli biofilm on a

catheter. EX: Streptococcus mutans creating

a biofilm on our teeth (plaque).

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2
Q

What is the fate of a bacterium that winds up

in our blood?

A

It has osmotic balance and it is fine.

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3
Q

What is the fate of a bacterium that winds up

in pure drinking water (100% water)?

A

It will take in extra water (osmosis) but

probably not explode.

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4
Q

What is the fate of a bacterium that winds up

on meat being preserved with a 90% NaCl solution?

A

It will lose water quickly (osmosis) and die.

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5
Q

Bacteria and pH: 6.5-7.5

A

This is the pH “safe range” for bacteria.

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6
Q

Bacteria and pH: 7.4

A

This is physiologic pH: the pH of our blood

and tissue fluid.

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7
Q

Bacteria and pH: 1.5-3.0

A

This is the pH range of stomach acid.

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8
Q

Helicobacter pylori: causes

A

It causes most stomach ulcers and can

cause stomach cancer.

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9
Q

Helicobacter pylori: urease

A

Helicobacter pylori makes the most urease

enzyme of any bacterium.

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10
Q

Helicobacter pylori: ammonia

A

Helicobacter pylori makes the most ammonia

of any bacterium.

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11
Q

Discussion question:

Bacterial metabolism

A

Heterotrophs: rely on other organisms to make the

organic compounds they need.

  EX:  E. coli (saprophytic)

Autotrophs: use CO(2) discarded by heterotrophs

to make their own organic compounds.

 EX:  Gleocapsa (photosynthetic)

Bacterial chromosome: bacteria tend to

have one circular chromosome with

about 6,000 genes.   1 gene =  1 protein

Bacteria use their genes to proteins for

 the plasma membrane, cell wall, and

 enzymes.
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12
Q

AMP

A

Binds to and activates amino acids so they can

be used to make a protein.

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13
Q

ADP

A

A precursor cells use to make ATP.

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14
Q

ATP

A

An energy carrier living cells must make to

stay alive.

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15
Q

Catabolic/Exergonic with example

A

Catabolic: a reaction where a cell breaks down

a large molecule into small molecules.

Exergonic: a cell reaction that releases energy.

Example of both terms: a process called

Aerobic Respiration.

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16
Q

Anabolic/Endergonic with example

A

Anabolic: a reaction where a cell hooks together

small molecules to make a large molecule.

Endergonic: a cell reaction that requires energy.

Example of both terms: a process called Photosynthesis.

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17
Q

Fermentation: how many ATPs produced?

A

If any cell does a process called Fermentation,

they gain only 2 ATPs per glucose broken down.

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18
Q

Glycolysis: main purpose

A

The initial breakdown of glucose.

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19
Q

Glycolysis: require oxygen/membrane?

A

Glycolysis does not require oxygen and

it does not require a membrane.

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20
Q

Glycolysis: Location

A

For all cells, Glycolysis takes place

somewhere in the cytoplasm.

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21
Q

Glycolysis: products (per glucose)

A

2 ATPs, 2 NADH, 2 pyruvic acid

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22
Q

Glycolysis in Fermentation: How are the

products used?

A

ATPs: used as energy to drive endergonic reactions

2 NADH and 2 pyruvic acid: used to make waste

products like lactic acid and ethanol

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23
Q

Aerobic Respiration: How many ATPs gained

per glucose in the overall process: Eukaryotic

cells vs. Prokaryotic cells

A

Eukaryotic: 36 ATPs

Prokaryotic: 38 ATPS

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24
Q

Glycolysis in Aerobic Respiration: How are

the products used?

A

2 ATPs: used as energy to drive endergonic reactions

2 NADH: go straight to the Electron transport step

to be used to make ATPs

2 Pyruvic acid: go straight to the Krebs cycle to be

broken down further to make things like ATP

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25
Krebs cycle: main purpose
To break down pyruvic acid and make things like ATP.
26
Krebs cycle: require oxygen/membrane?
The Krebs cycle does not require oxygen and it does not require a membrane.
27
Krebs cycle: Location Eukaryotic cells vs. Prokaryotic cells
Eukaryotic cells: in mitochondria, near the inner membrane Prokaryotic cells: near the plasma membrane
28
Krebs cycle: products (per glucose)
2 ATPs, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 6 CO2
29
Krebs cycle: How are the products used?
2 ATPs: used as energy to drive endergonic reactions 6 NADH: go straight to the Electron transport step to be used to make ATPs 2 FADH2: go straight to the Electron transport step to be used to make ATPs 6 CO2: go to our blood, then to our lungs, and then exhaled
30
Electron transport: main purpose
To use carriers called NADH and FADH2 to make ATPs.
31
Electron transport: require oxygen/membrane?
The Electron transport step does require oxygen and it does require a membrane.
32
Electron transport: Location Eukaryotic cells vs. Prokaryotic cells
Eukaryotic cells: in mitochondria, on the inner membrane. Prokaryotic cells: on the plasma membrane
33
Electron transport step: products (per glucose) Eukaryotic cells vs. Prokaryotic cells
Eukaryotic cells: 32 ATPs Prokaryotic cells: 34 ATPS
34
Electron transport step: How are the products used?
All of the ATPs are used as energy to drive endergonic reactions.
35
SLP (Substrate-Level Phosphorylation): require oxygen? require a membrane? used in what steps?
N/N GK Require oxygen: No Require a membrane: No Used in Glycolysis and the Krebs cycle
36
Chemiosmotic method: require oxygen? require a membrane? used in what steps?
Y/Y ET require oxygen: Yes require a membrane: Yes Used only in the Electron transport step.
37
Chemiosmotic diagram: electron energy used for?
The electron energy is used to do active transport and pump hydrogen ions (H+) out of the matrix.
38
Chemiosmotic diagram: energy from facilitated diffusion used for?
The energy from facilitated diffusion is used to drive the reaction to convert ADP into ATP.
39
Chemiosmotic diagram: why is oxygen required?
Oxygen is required to act as the final electron acceptor and recycle electrons into molecules of water.
40
Chemiosmotic diagram: why is a membrane required?
A membrane is required to create two spaces and make the hydrogen ions (H+) flow.
41
Fat digestion: why is oxygen required?
When a cell breaks down fat, it always winds up in the Electron transport step, which requires oxygen.
42
Miescher
Discovered a substance in the nucleus of cells that he named nuclein, which became known decades later as DNA.
43
Avery
Proved that DNA is the genetic material that passed on traits.
44
Watson & Crick
Figured out the exact structure of DNA.
45
Double helix
Each molecule of DNA is two strands twisted around each other.
46
Nucleotides
The tiny building blocks dow each strand of DNA. Each nucleotide contains a sugar (Deoxyribose), a phosphate group (PO4), and a base.
47
DNA: base pairing
In DNA, the bases pair up across the two strands as either A-T (Adenine-Thymine) or C-G (Cytosine-Guanine).
48
Deoxyribose: 1` carbon
What is always attached to the 1` carbon is the base.
49
Deoxyribose: 3` carbon
What is always attached to the 3` carbon is the phosphate group of the next nucleotide in line.
50
Deoxyribose: 5` carbon
What is always attached to the 5` carbon is the phosphate group of that particular nucleotide.
51
What is the average number of nucleotides in one molecule of human DNA?
139,000,000
52
What is the approximate number of genes in a human cell?
22,500
53
What is the average number of genes on one human chromosome?
489
54
What is the average number of nucleotides in one human gene?
54,000
55
Genes: pass on instructions
Genes pass on instructions by way of their base sequence. A cell reads the bases in groups of 3. Each group of 3 bases dictates an amino acid.
56
DNA vs. RNA: strands
DNA molecules are two strands twisted. RNA molecules are one strand.
57
DNA vs. RNA: sugar
DNA contains a sugar called deoxyribose. RNA contains a sugar called ribose.
58
DNA vs. RNA: bases
DNA contains a base called thymine and these base pairs: A-T C-G RNA contains a base called uracil instead of thymine and during certain cell processes RNA bases pair up as: A-U C-G
59
Conjugation: definition
The transfer of a plasmid from one bacterium to another.
60
Transformation: Griffith
Griffith used the R(L) + S(D) combination to discover a process called transformation in bacteria.
61
Transformation: Avery
Avery used the R(L) + S(D-DNA) combination to prove that DNA is the genetic material that passes on traits.
62
Discussion question: Phylogenetic tree, three Domains
Phylogenetic tree: a diagram that uses DNA sequencing to determine how close the relationship is between organisms. Three Domains: Bacteria: regular bacteria, mitochondria, chloroplasts Archaea: thermophiles, halophiles, methanogens Eukarya: protozoans, single-celled algae, fungi, plants, animals
63
Mechanical barriers: 2 examples
skin and mucous membranes
64
Chemical barriers: 2 examples
stomach acid and lysozyme
65
3 places we all have lysozyme
-some white blood cells -perspiration (sweat) -tears
66
Phagocytosis: 3 cells
-Neutrophils engulf bacteria only. -Macrophages engulf bacteria and viruses. -Eosinopils engulf antigen/antibody complexes.
67
Inflammation: 2 examples
-a stuffy nose -the area around a cut turns red
68
How do Complement proteins help phagocytosis?
By doing a process called opsonization.
69
How do Complement proteins help inflammation?
By stimulating mast cells and basophils in to action.
70
How do Complement proteins help the immune system?
By doing a process called cytolysis.
71
How do proteins called Kinins help phagocytosis?
By doing a process called opsonization.
72
How do proteins called Kinins help inflammation to occur?
By causing to happen both vasodilation and capillary leakage in the area around a cut.

micro and A+P (13 decks)

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