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micro and A+P > micro lecture test 2 6-9 and 15 > Flashcards

micro lecture test 2 6-9 and 15 Flashcards

1
Q

Discussion question:

Bacterial growth requirements
A

Essential nutrients: microbes cannot make; must get

from their environment EX: CN PHOS

Growth factors: special nutrients required by some

bacteria. EX: Haemophilus influenzae has a

growth factor called heme, which is required to

make ATP.

Moisture: Biofilm-a mass of moisture and microbes

on a solid surface. EX: An E. coli biofilm on a

catheter. EX: Streptococcus mutans creating

a biofilm on our teeth (plaque).

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2
Q

What is the fate of a bacterium that winds up

in our blood?

A

It has osmotic balance and it is fine.

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3
Q

What is the fate of a bacterium that winds up

in pure drinking water (100% water)?

A

It will take in extra water (osmosis) but

probably not explode.

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4
Q

What is the fate of a bacterium that winds up

on meat being preserved with a 90% NaCl solution?

A

It will lose water quickly (osmosis) and die.

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5
Q

Bacteria and pH: 6.5-7.5

A

This is the pH “safe range” for bacteria.

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6
Q

Bacteria and pH: 7.4

A

This is physiologic pH: the pH of our blood

and tissue fluid.

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7
Q

Bacteria and pH: 1.5-3.0

A

This is the pH range of stomach acid.

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8
Q

Helicobacter pylori: causes

A

It causes most stomach ulcers and can

cause stomach cancer.

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9
Q

Helicobacter pylori: urease

A

Helicobacter pylori makes the most urease

enzyme of any bacterium.

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10
Q

Helicobacter pylori: ammonia

A

Helicobacter pylori makes the most ammonia

of any bacterium.

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11
Q

Discussion question:

Bacterial metabolism

A

Heterotrophs: rely on other organisms to make the

organic compounds they need.

  EX:  E. coli (saprophytic)

Autotrophs: use CO(2) discarded by heterotrophs

to make their own organic compounds.

 EX:  Gleocapsa (photosynthetic)

Bacterial chromosome: bacteria tend to

have one circular chromosome with

about 6,000 genes.   1 gene =  1 protein

Bacteria use their genes to proteins for

 the plasma membrane, cell wall, and

 enzymes.
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12
Q

AMP

A

Binds to and activates amino acids so they can

be used to make a protein.

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13
Q

ADP

A

A precursor cells use to make ATP.

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14
Q

ATP

A

An energy carrier living cells must make to

stay alive.

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15
Q

Catabolic/Exergonic with example

A

Catabolic: a reaction where a cell breaks down

a large molecule into small molecules.

Exergonic: a cell reaction that releases energy.

Example of both terms: a process called

Aerobic Respiration.

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16
Q

Anabolic/Endergonic with example

A

Anabolic: a reaction where a cell hooks together

small molecules to make a large molecule.

Endergonic: a cell reaction that requires energy.

Example of both terms: a process called Photosynthesis.

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17
Q

Fermentation: how many ATPs produced?

A

If any cell does a process called Fermentation,

they gain only 2 ATPs per glucose broken down.

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18
Q

Glycolysis: main purpose

A

The initial breakdown of glucose.

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19
Q

Glycolysis: require oxygen/membrane?

A

Glycolysis does not require oxygen and

it does not require a membrane.

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20
Q

Glycolysis: Location

A

For all cells, Glycolysis takes place

somewhere in the cytoplasm.

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21
Q

Glycolysis: products (per glucose)

A

2 ATPs, 2 NADH, 2 pyruvic acid

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22
Q

Glycolysis in Fermentation: How are the

products used?

A

ATPs: used as energy to drive endergonic reactions

2 NADH and 2 pyruvic acid: used to make waste

products like lactic acid and ethanol

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23
Q

Aerobic Respiration: How many ATPs gained

per glucose in the overall process: Eukaryotic

cells vs. Prokaryotic cells

A

Eukaryotic: 36 ATPs

Prokaryotic: 38 ATPS

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24
Q

Glycolysis in Aerobic Respiration: How are

the products used?

A

2 ATPs: used as energy to drive endergonic reactions

2 NADH: go straight to the Electron transport step

to be used to make ATPs

2 Pyruvic acid: go straight to the Krebs cycle to be

broken down further to make things like ATP

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25
Q

Krebs cycle: main purpose

A

To break down pyruvic acid and make

things like ATP.

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26
Q

Krebs cycle: require oxygen/membrane?

A

The Krebs cycle does not require oxygen

and it does not require a membrane.

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27
Q

Krebs cycle: Location

Eukaryotic cells vs. Prokaryotic cells

A

Eukaryotic cells: in mitochondria, near the inner membrane

Prokaryotic cells: near the plasma membrane

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28
Q

Krebs cycle: products (per glucose)

A

2 ATPs, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 6 CO2

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29
Q

Krebs cycle: How are the products used?

A

2 ATPs: used as energy to drive endergonic reactions

6 NADH: go straight to the Electron transport step to

be used to make ATPs

2 FADH2: go straight to the Electron transport step to

be used to make ATPs

6 CO2: go to our blood, then to our lungs, and then

exhaled

30
Q

Electron transport: main purpose

A

To use carriers called NADH and FADH2 to

make ATPs.

31
Q

Electron transport: require oxygen/membrane?

A

The Electron transport step does require oxygen

and it does require a membrane.

32
Q

Electron transport: Location

Eukaryotic cells vs. Prokaryotic cells

A

Eukaryotic cells: in mitochondria, on the inner membrane.

Prokaryotic cells: on the plasma membrane

33
Q

Electron transport step: products (per glucose)

Eukaryotic cells vs. Prokaryotic cells

A

Eukaryotic cells: 32 ATPs

Prokaryotic cells: 34 ATPS

34
Q

Electron transport step: How are the products used?

A

All of the ATPs are used as energy to

drive endergonic reactions.

35
Q

SLP (Substrate-Level Phosphorylation):

require oxygen? require a membrane?

used in what steps?

A

N/N GK

Require oxygen: No Require a membrane: No

Used in Glycolysis and the Krebs cycle

36
Q

Chemiosmotic method: require oxygen?

require a membrane? used in what steps?

A

Y/Y ET

require oxygen: Yes require a membrane: Yes

Used only in the Electron transport step.

37
Q

Chemiosmotic diagram: electron energy

used for?

A

The electron energy is used to do active transport

and pump hydrogen ions (H+) out of the matrix.

38
Q

Chemiosmotic diagram: energy from

facilitated diffusion used for?

A

The energy from facilitated diffusion is used

to drive the reaction to convert ADP into ATP.

39
Q

Chemiosmotic diagram: why is oxygen required?

A

Oxygen is required to act as the final electron acceptor

and recycle electrons into molecules of water.

40
Q

Chemiosmotic diagram: why is a membrane required?

A

A membrane is required to create two spaces

and make the hydrogen ions (H+) flow.

41
Q

Fat digestion: why is oxygen required?

A

When a cell breaks down fat, it always winds

up in the Electron transport step, which

requires oxygen.

42
Q

Miescher

A

Discovered a substance in the nucleus of

cells that he named nuclein, which became

known decades later as DNA.

43
Q

Avery

A

Proved that DNA is the genetic material

that passed on traits.

44
Q

Watson & Crick

A

Figured out the exact structure of DNA.

45
Q

Double helix

A

Each molecule of DNA is two strands

twisted around each other.

46
Q

Nucleotides

A

The tiny building blocks dow each strand

of DNA. Each nucleotide contains a

sugar (Deoxyribose), a phosphate group

(PO4), and a base.

47
Q

DNA: base pairing

A

In DNA, the bases pair up across the two

strands as either A-T (Adenine-Thymine)

or C-G (Cytosine-Guanine).

48
Q

Deoxyribose: 1` carbon

A

What is always attached to the 1` carbon

is the base.

49
Q

Deoxyribose: 3` carbon

A

What is always attached to the 3` carbon

is the phosphate group of the next nucleotide

in line.

50
Q

Deoxyribose: 5` carbon

A

What is always attached to the 5` carbon

is the phosphate group of that particular nucleotide.

51
Q

What is the average number of nucleotides in

one molecule of human DNA?

A

139,000,000

52
Q

What is the approximate number of

genes in a human cell?

A

22,500

53
Q

What is the average number of genes

on one human chromosome?

A

489

54
Q

What is the average number of nucleotides

in one human gene?

A

54,000

55
Q

Genes: pass on instructions

A

Genes pass on instructions by way of their

base sequence. A cell reads the bases in

groups of 3. Each group of 3 bases dictates

an amino acid.

56
Q

DNA vs. RNA: strands

A

DNA molecules are two strands twisted.

RNA molecules are one strand.

57
Q

DNA vs. RNA: sugar

A

DNA contains a sugar called deoxyribose.

RNA contains a sugar called ribose.

58
Q

DNA vs. RNA: bases

A

DNA contains a base called thymine and these

base pairs:   A-T   C-G

RNA contains a base called uracil instead of

thymine and during certain cell processes

RNA bases pair up as:     A-U     C-G
59
Q

Conjugation: definition

A

The transfer of a plasmid from one bacterium

to another.

60
Q

Transformation: Griffith

A

Griffith used the R(L) + S(D) combination

to discover a process called transformation

in bacteria.

61
Q

Transformation: Avery

A

Avery used the R(L) + S(D-DNA)

combination to prove that DNA is

the genetic material that passes

on traits.

62
Q

Discussion question:

Phylogenetic tree, three Domains

A

Phylogenetic tree: a diagram that uses DNA

sequencing to determine how close the

relationship is between organisms.

Three Domains:

Bacteria: regular bacteria, mitochondria,

chloroplasts

Archaea: thermophiles, halophiles,

methanogens

Eukarya: protozoans, single-celled

algae, fungi, plants, animals
63
Q

Mechanical barriers: 2 examples

A

skin and mucous membranes

64
Q

Chemical barriers: 2 examples

A

stomach acid and lysozyme

65
Q

3 places we all have lysozyme

A

-some white blood cells

-perspiration (sweat)

-tears

66
Q

Phagocytosis: 3 cells

A

-Neutrophils engulf bacteria only.

-Macrophages engulf bacteria and viruses.

-Eosinopils engulf antigen/antibody complexes.

67
Q

Inflammation: 2 examples

A

-a stuffy nose

-the area around a cut turns red

68
Q

How do Complement proteins help phagocytosis?

A

By doing a process called opsonization.

69
Q

How do Complement proteins help inflammation?

A

By stimulating mast cells and basophils in to action.

70
Q

How do Complement proteins help the immune system?

A

By doing a process called cytolysis.

71
Q

How do proteins called Kinins help phagocytosis?

A

By doing a process called opsonization.

72
Q

How do proteins called Kinins help

inflammation to occur?

A

By causing to happen both vasodilation and

capillary leakage in the area around a cut.

micro and A+P (13 decks)

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