A + P lecture exam (1 and 2) Flashcards
is the scientific discipline that investigates the body’s structure
Anatomy
is the scientific study of the chemistry & physics of the structures of the body and how they work together to support life (FUNCTION)
Physiology
there are 5 characteristics (or funtions) of life
organization, metabolism, responsiveness, movement, development
Atom Level
Compound/Molecule Level
Macromolecule
Organelle Level
Cell Level
Tissue Level
Organ Level Organ System Level
Organism Level
levels of organization
General Function:
Provides protection
Regulates temperature
Prevents water loss
Helps produce vitamin D
Contains sensory receptors (pain, touch, ect)
Organs Associated:
Skin
Hair
Nails
Sweat Glands
Oil Glands
Integumentary Organ System
General Function:
Provides protection & support
Allows body movements
Produces blood cells
Stores minerals and fat
Organs Associated:
Bones
Cartilages
Ligaments
Joints
skeletal organ system
General Function:
Produces body movements
Maintains posture
Produces body heat
Organs Associated:
Muscles
Tendons
muscular organ system
General Function:
Removes foreign substances
from blood and lymph
Combats disease
Maintains tissue fluid balance
Absorbs fats from digestive tract
Organs Associated:
Thymus
Lymphatic vessels
Lymph nodes
Spleen
Tonsils
Bone Marrow
lymphatic and immune
General Function:
Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and air
Regulates blood pH
Organs Associated:
Lungs
Trachea
Respiratory passages
respiratory
General Function:
Performs the mechanical and chemical processes of digestion & absorption of nutrients
Eliminates waste
Organs Associated:
Mouth
Esophagus
Stomach
Intestines: Large & Small
Gall Bladder
Liver
digestive
General Function:
Major regulatory system that detects sensation, interprets information, and communicates with cells through electrical signals
Maintains homeostasis
Organs Associated:
Brain
Spinal cord
Nerves
Sensory receptors
nervous
General Function:
Secretes hormones
Regulates bodily processes through chemical messengers (aka: hormones)
Organs Associated:
Pituitary Gland
Thyroid Gland
Pancreas
Adrenal Gland
Testes
Ovaries
endocrine
General Function:
Transports nutrients, waste products, gases, & hormones throughout the body
Plays a role in the immune response
Plays a role in the regulation of body temperature
Organs Associated:
Heart
Blood vessels
Blood
cardiovascular
General Function:
Removes waste products from the blood
Regulates blood pH, ion balance, & water balance
Organs Associated:
Kidneys
Urinary bladder
urinary
Female Reproductive System
General Function:
Produces sex hormones and gametes
Supports embryo/fetus until birth
Organs Associated:
Ovaries
Uterus
Vagina
reproductive
Male Reproductive System
General Function:
Produces sex hormones and gametes
Delivers gametes to female
Organs Associated:
Testes
Epididymis
Penis
reproductive
requirements for human life
oxygen nutrients temperature pressure
person standing erect face forward upper limbs hanging to the sides palms of hands facing forward
correct anatomical position
supine
facing up
prone
face down
ipsilateral
on same side of body
contralateral
on the opposite side
sagittal
divides body or organ into left and right halves
midsagittal
divides the body into equal left and right halves
parasagittal
unequal parts
coronal
divides body or organ into front and back sections
cranial spinal cavity
dorsal cavity
ventral
cavities of the trunk broke up by the diaphragm
heart thymus trachea esophagus lungs
pericardial and plural
membrane that lines the walls of
the body cavity (pariet- – refers to a cavity wall)
Parietal Layer
membrane that covers the organs
(viscera)
Visceral Layer
between the parietal and
visceral layers that is filled with fluid
Serous Space
Produced by Serous Membranes
Reduces friction between cavity walls
Serous Fluid
anything that has mass and takes up space
matter
is composed of the same kind of atoms
elements
an atom has two main parts
electron cloud and nucleus
C HOPKINS CaFe Mg
most abundant elements found in the human body
4 elements that make up over 96 percent of the human body
oxygen carbon hydrogen nitrogen
the atomic mass is the Sum of
protons and neutrons
electron is _____charged
negatively
protons are_____charged
positively
you minus for neutrons!!!!
you minus for neutrons
valence electrons
electron on the outer ring
Atoms are ELECTRICALLY NEUTRAL
They have the same number of p+ & e-
charged particles
ions
are different types or varieties of atoms
isotopes
are groups of atoms chemically bonded together
compounds or molecules
molecular compounds
Held together by Covalent Bonds
ionic compound
held together by ionic bonds
ionic bonds are ___ compared to covalent bonds
weak
covalent bonds are formed by ______ of electrons
sharing
are substances that break apart into ions in solutions
electrolytes
are substances that do not break apart into ions in solution
non- electrolytes
are good conductors of electricity
electrolytes
are poor conductors of electricity
non- electrolytes
a type of chemical bond that is formed when electrons are shared equally between 2 atoms
non- polar covalent molecules
molecules that have a uneven distribution of electrons
polar covalent molecules
The accumulation of electrons on ONE SIDE OF THE MOLECULE causes that side to be slightly more NEGATIVE while the other side of the molecule is slightly more POSITIVE
polar molecules
very weak bond than both a covalent bond and an ionic bond
hydrogen bond
holds compounds together
hydrogen bonds
transfer of electrons to form ionic compounds
ionic bonds
sharing of electrons to form molecular compounds
covalent bonds
bonds that hold compounds together
hydrogen bonds
the element or compounds that enter into a reaction
reactants
are the element or compounds that are formed as a result of a chemical reaction
products
means yeild, produces or forms
Arrow
speeds up all chemical reaction
enzyme
a mixture of two or more substances
solution
little if any hydrogen ions lots of hydroxide ions
bases
lots of hydrogen ions very little if any hydroxide ions
acids
inorganic compounds
doesnt contain carbon non living
organic compounds
contains carbon living or dead
carbohydrates lipids proteins and nucleic acids
macromolecules
a large molecule or macromolecule composed of many repeated subunits
polymer
a molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer
monomer
3 main kinds of carbohydrates
monosaccharides disaccharides polysaccharides
saturated fatty acids unsaturated fatty acids triglycerides phospholipids
lipids
the monomer of a protien is an
amino acid
a special classification of protien
enzymes (all end in ase)
monomer of nucleic acids are
nucleotides
what are nucleotides made up of
sugar phosphate nitrogen containing base
DNA and RNA
two types of nucleic acids
