A + P lecture exam (1 and 2) Flashcards by Ashley Jones

is the scientific discipline that investigates the body’s structure

Anatomy

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is the scientific study of the chemistry & physics of the structures of the body and how they work together to support life (FUNCTION)

Physiology

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there are 5 characteristics (or funtions) of life

organization, metabolism, responsiveness, movement, development

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Atom Level
Compound/Molecule Level
Macromolecule
Organelle Level
Cell Level
Tissue Level
Organ Level Organ System Level
Organism Level

levels of organization

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General Function:
Provides protection
Regulates temperature
Prevents water loss
Helps produce vitamin D
Contains sensory receptors (pain, touch, ect)
Organs Associated:
Skin
Hair
Nails
Sweat Glands
Oil Glands

Integumentary Organ System

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General Function:
Provides protection & support
Allows body movements
Produces blood cells
Stores minerals and fat
Organs Associated:
Bones
Cartilages
Ligaments
Joints

skeletal organ system

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General Function:
Produces body movements
Maintains posture
Produces body heat
Organs Associated:
Muscles
Tendons

muscular organ system

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General Function:
Removes foreign substances
from blood and lymph
Combats disease
Maintains tissue fluid balance
Absorbs fats from digestive tract
Organs Associated:
Thymus
Lymphatic vessels
Lymph nodes
Spleen
Tonsils
Bone Marrow

lymphatic and immune

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General Function:
Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and air
Regulates blood pH
Organs Associated:
Lungs
Trachea
Respiratory passages

respiratory

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General Function:
Performs the mechanical and chemical processes of digestion & absorption of nutrients
Eliminates waste
Organs Associated:
Mouth
Esophagus
Stomach
Intestines: Large & Small
Gall Bladder
Liver

digestive

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General Function:
Major regulatory system that detects sensation, interprets information, and communicates with cells through electrical signals
Maintains homeostasis
Organs Associated:
Brain
Spinal cord
Nerves
Sensory receptors

nervous

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General Function:
Secretes hormones
Regulates bodily processes through chemical messengers (aka: hormones)

Organs Associated:
Pituitary Gland
Thyroid Gland
Pancreas
Adrenal Gland
Testes
Ovaries

endocrine

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General Function:
Transports nutrients, waste products, gases, & hormones throughout the body
Plays a role in the immune response
Plays a role in the regulation of body temperature
Organs Associated:
Heart
Blood vessels
Blood

cardiovascular

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General Function:
Removes waste products from the blood
Regulates blood pH, ion balance, & water balance

Organs Associated:
Kidneys
Urinary bladder

urinary

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Female Reproductive System
General Function:
Produces sex hormones and gametes
Supports embryo/fetus until birth

Organs Associated:
Ovaries
Uterus
Vagina

reproductive

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Male Reproductive System

General Function:
Produces sex hormones and gametes
Delivers gametes to female

Organs Associated:
Testes
Epididymis
Penis

reproductive

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requirements for human life

oxygen nutrients temperature pressure

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person standing erect face forward upper limbs hanging to the sides palms of hands facing forward

correct anatomical position

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supine

facing up

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prone

face down

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ipsilateral

on same side of body

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contralateral

on the opposite side

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sagittal

divides body or organ into left and right halves

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midsagittal

divides the body into equal left and right halves

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parasagittal

unequal parts

coronal

divides body or organ into front and back sections

cranial spinal cavity

dorsal cavity

ventral

cavities of the trunk broke up by the diaphragm

heart thymus trachea esophagus lungs

pericardial and plural

membrane that lines the walls of the body cavity (pariet- – refers to a cavity wall)

Parietal Layer

membrane that covers the organs (viscera)

Visceral Layer

between the parietal and visceral layers that is filled with fluid

Serous Space

Produced by Serous Membranes Reduces friction between cavity walls

Serous Fluid

anything that has mass and takes up space

matter

is composed of the same kind of atoms

elements

an atom has two main parts

electron cloud and nucleus

C HOPKINS CaFe Mg

most abundant elements found in the human body

4 elements that make up over 96 percent of the human body

oxygen carbon hydrogen nitrogen

the atomic mass is the Sum of

protons and neutrons

electron is _____charged

negatively

protons are_____charged

positively

you minus for neutrons!!!!

you minus for neutrons

valence electrons

electron on the outer ring

Atoms are ELECTRICALLY NEUTRAL

They have the same number of p+ & e-

charged particles

ions

are different types or varieties of atoms

isotopes

are groups of atoms chemically bonded together

compounds or molecules

molecular compounds

Held together by Covalent Bonds

ionic compound

held together by ionic bonds

ionic bonds are ___ compared to covalent bonds

weak

covalent bonds are formed by ______ of electrons

sharing

are substances that break apart into ions in solutions

electrolytes

are substances that do not break apart into ions in solution

non- electrolytes

are good conductors of electricity

electrolytes

are poor conductors of electricity

non- electrolytes

a type of chemical bond that is formed when electrons are shared equally between 2 atoms

non- polar covalent molecules

molecules that have a uneven distribution of electrons

polar covalent molecules

The accumulation of electrons on ONE SIDE OF THE MOLECULE causes that side to be slightly more NEGATIVE while the other side of the molecule is slightly more POSITIVE

polar molecules

very weak bond than both a covalent bond and an ionic bond

hydrogen bond

holds compounds together

hydrogen bonds

transfer of electrons to form ionic compounds

ionic bonds

sharing of electrons to form molecular compounds

covalent bonds

bonds that hold compounds together

hydrogen bonds

the element or compounds that enter into a reaction

reactants

are the element or compounds that are formed as a result of a chemical reaction

products

means yeild, produces or forms

Arrow

speeds up all chemical reaction

enzyme

a mixture of two or more substances

solution

little if any hydrogen ions lots of hydroxide ions

bases

lots of hydrogen ions very little if any hydroxide ions

acids

inorganic compounds

doesnt contain carbon non living

organic compounds

contains carbon living or dead

carbohydrates lipids proteins and nucleic acids

macromolecules

a large molecule or macromolecule composed of many repeated subunits

polymer

a molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer

monomer

3 main kinds of carbohydrates

monosaccharides disaccharides polysaccharides

saturated fatty acids unsaturated fatty acids triglycerides phospholipids

lipids

the monomer of a protien is an

amino acid

a special classification of protien

enzymes (all end in ase)

monomer of nucleic acids are

nucleotides

what are nucleotides made up of

sugar phosphate nitrogen containing base

DNA and RNA

two types of nucleic acids