micro LAB 1 (1-3) Flashcards
The prefix kilo means:
1,000 (one thousand)
The prefix centi means:
.01 (a hundredth)
The prefix milli means:
.001 (a thousandth)
The prefix micro means:
.000001 (a millionth)
The prefix nano means:
.000000001 (a billionth)
1 mL = ___________L
.001L
1 mg = _________ g
.001g
1 ug = ______________ g
.000001g
How many grams in a pound?
about 454
1 cm = _________m
.01m
1 mm = ___________ m
.001m
1 um = _______________m
.000001m
How many centimeters (cm) in an inch?
2.54
What is the size range (diameter) for bacteria?
.3-1.0 um
What is the size range (diameter) for viruses?
.02-.3 um
What is the speed of light?
186,000 miles/second
What unit is used to measure the wavelength
of light?
nanometers (nm)
The ocular magnifies
10x
The ______ focuses light rays to illuminate the specimen
Function: condenser
controls the amount of light reaching the specimen.
Function: iris diaphragm
improves the resolving power,
Function: violet filter
Magnification by itself: scanning objective
4X
Magnification by itself: low power objective
10X
Magnification by itself: high power objective
40X
Magnification by itself: oil objective
100X
Total magnification: scanning objective
40X
Total magnification: low power objective
100X
Total magnification: high power objective
400X
Total magnification: oil objective
1,000X
The image is both upside down and backwards
compared to the specimen.
Inversion: definition
Always move the slide in the exact opposite direction
you want the image to move.
Inversion: rule
As the magnification increases, the
field of view size decreases.
Field of view size: definition
Before you change to a higher power, you must center the image.
Field of view size: rule
How well two adjacent points can be seen as
separate in a microscope.
Resolving power: definition
What two things do we use to improve
the resolving power of our microscopes?
violet filter and oil
In microscopes, the _____________ the wavelength,
the better the resolving power
lower
What wavelength of light do we use for the slides
on our microscopes?
400 nm (violet light)
What is the resolving power of our microscopes?
.2 um
What does the resolving power calculation
actually mean?
It is the minimum distance two images must be
apart to be seen as separate.
On our microscopes, two bacteria are .1 um apart.
What will we see?
They look like one big bacterium because they appear
muddled together.
On our microscopes, two bacteria are .2 um apart.
What will we see?
Two separate bacteria like we are supposed to.
On our microscopes, two bacteria are .3 um apart.
What will we see?
Two separate bacteria like we are supposed to.
Darkfield microscope: how is it used
To see live microorganisms really well.
Phase-contrast micoscope: how is it used
To see live microorganisms really well.
Transmission electron microscope: 2 main uses
1) to study internal cell structures like mitochondria
2) to study viruses
Scanning electron microscope: how is it used
To study external cell structures like cilia and flagella.
Paramecium: Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic?
Eukaryotic
Paramecium: Kingdom
Kingdom Protista
Paramecium: Group
Protozoans
Paramecium: reproduce
An asexual process called binary fission
Paramecium: move
cilia
Paramecium: get food
by way of their oral groove
Kingdom, Group, Genus, Reproduce
Kingdom: Protista
Group: Protozoans
Genus: Paramecium
Reproduce: an asexual process called binary fission
Candida albicans: Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic?
Eukaryotic
Candida albicans: Kingdom
Kingdom: Fungi
Candida albicans: reproduces
by an asexual process called budding
Candida albicans: pseudohyphae
Pseudohyphae have no known function but only
one yeast produces pseudohyphae, and that
is Candida albicans.
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Coccus: a pair of cells
Coccus: a chain of cells
Streptococcus
Coccus: a cluster of cells
Staphylococcus
Coccus: % motility of the group
0%
Kingdom, Group, % motility of the group,
Scientific name
Kingdom: Monera Group: Coccus
% motility of the group: 0%
Scientific name: Staphylococcus epidermidis
Kingdom, Group, % motility of the group,
Scientific name
Kingdom: Monera Group: Coccus
% motility of the group: 0%
Scientific name: Streptococcus pyogenes
Bacillus: individual cells
E. coli
Bacillus: a chain of cells
Bacillus cereus
Bacillus: % motility of the group
50%
Kingdom, Group, % motility of the group,
Scientific name
Kingdom: Monera Group: Bacillus
% motility of the group: 50%
Scientific name: Bacillus cereus
Spiral: 1 arrangement
individual cells
Spiral: % motility of the group
100%
Sub-group Spirillum: motility, example
Motility: flagella
Example: Spirillum volutans
Sub-group spirochetes: motility, example
Motility: axial filament
Example: Borrelia burgdorferi
Kingdom, Group, Sub-group, Motility,
Scientific name
Kingdom: Monera Group: Spiral
Sub-Group: Spirillum Motility: flagella
Scientific name: Spirillum volutans
Kingdom, Group, Sub-group, Motility,
Scientific name
Kingdom: Monera Group: Spiral
Sub-group: Spirochetes Motility: axial filament
Scientific name: Borrelia burgdorferi
Endospores: function
To survive harsh conditions.
Endospores can survive which harsh conditions?
Boiling water, no nutrients for years,
the home canning process
Which 2 genus of bacteria produce endospores?
Bacillus and Clostridium
Vegetative cell: definition
The entire bacterium which tends to
contain an endospore.
Germination: definition
An endospore use DNA instructions and enzymes
to turn back into a vegetative cell.
Can endospores secrete toxin?
no
Can vegetative cells secrete toxin?
Yes
The cold temperature of the refrigerator prevents
what two processes from happening?
Binary fission and the germination of endospores.
What is the advantage of reheating
leftovers really well?
Reheating leftovers really well destroys all of
the toxin that causes food poisoning symptoms.
