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micro and A+P > chapter 16-18 micro lecture > Flashcards

chapter 16-18 micro lecture Flashcards

1
Q

Active immunity: definition

A

The person is immune because they have been

exposed to the actual antigen.

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2
Q

Natural active immunity: example

A

A person had an actual case of measles and

now they cannot get measles again.

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3
Q

Artificial active immunity: example

A

A person is immune to measles because

they took a vaccine called MMR.

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4
Q

Passive immunity: definition

A

A person is immune because they have received

a lot of antibodies to fight a certain pathogen.

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5
Q

Natural passive immunity: 2 examples

A

1) A baby receive IgG antibodies from mother

 before they are born.

2) A baby receive IgA antibodies from mother

 in breastmilk.
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6
Q

Artificial passive immunity: example

A

A person receives an RIG shot for rabies.

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7
Q

Immune system: made of

A

Lymphocytes and antibodies by the millions.

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8
Q

Immune system: specific

A

Each lymphocyte and each antibody in the

immune system can fit to and fight one pathogen.

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9
Q

Immune system: memory

A

The immune system produces millions of

memory cells that usually last forever and give

us long-term immunity.

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10
Q

B cells: produced where, mature where

A

Lymphocytes called B cells are produced

in our bone marrow and they mature in

our bone marrow.

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11
Q

T cells: produced where, mature where

A

Lymphocytes called T cells are produced in

our bone marrow and they mature in our

thymus gland.

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12
Q

Epitopes: definition

A

Surface proteins on antigens that can

stimulate the immune system to respond.

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13
Q

Antibody subunit: describe the overall structure

A

Four polypeptide chains hooked together

by disulfide bonds.

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14
Q

How many different shapes are possible

for the V regions of an antibody subunit?

A

about 100,000,000

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15
Q

How many different shapes are possible for

the C region of an antibody subunit?

A

5

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16
Q

Role: IgG antibodies

A

The only antibodies that can cross the placenta

to a baby’s system; by far the most common

antibodies to fight the infection.

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17
Q

Role: IgA antibodies

A

Found in body secretions like breastmilk,

saliva, and mucous.

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18
Q

Role: IgM antibodies

A

The “first response” antibodies;

also the blood typing alloantibodies

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19
Q

Role: IgE antibodies

A

Attack parasites; very involved in

allergic reactions

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20
Q

Role: IgD antibodies

A

Help us to make more antibodies.

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21
Q

Discussion question:

the two parts of the immune system

A

Antibody-mediated:

-involves B cells and T cells

-To fight the current infection, it makes

millions of antibodies.

-To give us long-term immunity, it

 millions of memory B cells.

Cell-mediated:

-involves T cells only

-To fight the current infection, it makes

  millions of active cytotoxic T cells

-To give us long-term immunity, it

  makes millions of memory T cells
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22
Q

Allergy: definition

A

The production of IgE antibodies or

T cells for a substance that is normally harmless.

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23
Q

Anaphylaxis: definition

A

An actual allergic reaction, with symptoms.

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24
Q

Localized Anaphylaxis: definition

A

A reaction that results from ingesting or

inhaling something that you are allergic to.

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25
Systemic Anaphylaxis: definition
A reaction that results from something you are allergic to winding up in your blood.
26
Localized Anaphylaxis: Pollen--Which antibodies are involved?
IgE
27
Localized Anaphylaxis: Pollen--which cells are involved?
The mast cells in the lining of the nasal cavity.
28
Localized Anaphylaxis: Pollen--how many antibodies per mast cell
about 500,000
29
Localized Anaphylaxis: Pollen--3 effects of histamine
1) excess mucous production 2) vasodilation 3) itching
30
Systemic Anaphylaxis: bee sting--which antibodies are involved?
IgE
31
Systemic Anaphylaxis: bee sting--which cells are involved?
Basophils in the blood.
32
Systemic Anaphylaxis: bee sting--how many antibodies per basophil?
about 500,000
33
Systemic Anaphylaxis: bee sting--2 effects of histamine.
1) make peripheral arteries dilate (anaphylactic shock) 2) make the smooth muscle around the bronchi contract
34
Discussion question: Vaccines
Four types: Toxoid Entire pathogens--messed up Epitopes only Nucleic acid Vaccines stimulate the production of antibodies, memory B cells, and memory T cells. Antibodies tend to last a few years. Memory B cells and Memory T cells usually last the rest of our life.
35
Vaccine: inactivated pathogen
So messed up it cannot reproduce at all.
36
Vaccines: inactivated bacterium
dead
37
Vaccines: inactivated virus
So messed up by a chemical it cannot infect cells and reproduce at all.
38
Vaccines: attenuated pathogen
Messed up, but can reproduce slowly.
39
Vaccines: attenuated bacterium
Messed up by a chemical, alive, can do binary fission slowly, cannot secrete toxin.
40
Vaccines: attenuated virus
A mutated virus that can infect cells and reproduce, but not nearly as much or as fast as usual.
41
Discussion question: Virulence factors
Adhesins: surface proteins on bacteria that can bind to receptors on our cells. Enzymes: A bacterium called Staphylococcus aureus releases an enzyme called coagulase, which causes a protective blood clot to form around the bacteria. Proteins: Some bacteria can bind to a receptor on our cell and inject proteins into our cell. The proteins change our cell's DNA, causing apoptosis (cell death) to occur
42
Exotoxins: describe
Exotoxins are liquid waste products made by some G+ bacteria and they are made of protein.
43
Exotoxins: Cytotoxins: 2 examples
Corynebacterium diphtheriae gives off a cytotoxin that prevents our cells from making protein. Streptococcus pyogenes gives off a cytotoxin that damages blood capillaries (scarlet fever).
44
Exotoxins: Neurotoxins: 2 examples
Clostridium botulinum gives off a neurotoxin that blocks the first nerve impulse to muscle. Clostridium tetani gives off a neutotoxin that blocks the second nerve impulse to muscle.
45
Exotoxins: Enterotoxins: 2 examples
Vibrio cholerae gives off an enterotoxin that causes a watery and dehydrating diarrhea (cholera). Clostridium difficile gives off an enterotoxin that causes a bloody diarrhea with a very foul odor (colitis).
46
Endotoxins: describe
Endotoxins are a component of the cell wall for some G- bacteria and they are made of lipopolysaccharide.
47
Endotoxins: example
Salmonella typhi has an endotoxin as part of its cell wall.
48
Endotoxins: IL-1
The chemical called IL-1 tends to cause fever.
49
Endotoxins: TNF
The chemical called TNF tends to cause shock.
50
HIV/AIDS: 1959
1959 was the year the first documented case of AIDs occurred.
51
HIV/AIDS: 1981
1981 was the year the term AIDS was created to describe a new syndrome.
52
HIV/AIDS: 1983
1983 was the year the cause of AIDS was discovered and named HIV.
53
CD4
CD4 is a receptor that is designed to bind to a macrophage.
54
gp120
gp120 is a subunit of an HIV epitope that is a perfect fit for a CD4 receptor.
55
CXCR4
CXCR4 is a receptor designed to bind to chemicals called IL-1 and IL-2.
56
gp41
gp41 is a subunit of an HIV epitope that is a perfect fit for a CXCR4 receptor.
57
Reverse transriptase
This is an enzyme that takes RNA and makes DNA.
58
AZT, 3TC
AZT and 3TC are medications a patient can take that both block reverse transcriptase.
59
Protease
Protease is an enzyme that makes numerous HIV copies inside the cell.
60
ABT-538
ABT-538 is a medication a patient can take that blocks the enzyme protease.
61
HIV/AIDS criteria
If a patient is HIV positive and their helper T cell count is less than 200, they are HIV positive and they have full-blown AIDS. If a patient is HIV positive and their helper T cell count is greater than or equal to 200, they are just HIV positive (not AIDS).
62
Four body fluids that can transmit HIV
blood, semen, vaginal secretions, breastmilk
63
4 ways to get HIV in order of prevalence
1) unprotected sexual contact 2) the parenteral route 3) as a fetus or baby 4) by way of breastmilk

micro and A+P (13 decks)

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