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micro and A+P > chapter 16-18 micro lecture > Flashcards

chapter 16-18 micro lecture Flashcards

1
Q

Active immunity: definition

A

The person is immune because they have been

exposed to the actual antigen.

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2
Q

Natural active immunity: example

A

A person had an actual case of measles and

now they cannot get measles again.

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3
Q

Artificial active immunity: example

A

A person is immune to measles because

they took a vaccine called MMR.

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4
Q

Passive immunity: definition

A

A person is immune because they have received

a lot of antibodies to fight a certain pathogen.

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5
Q

Natural passive immunity: 2 examples

A

1) A baby receive IgG antibodies from mother

 before they are born.

2) A baby receive IgA antibodies from mother

 in breastmilk.
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6
Q

Artificial passive immunity: example

A

A person receives an RIG shot for rabies.

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7
Q

Immune system: made of

A

Lymphocytes and antibodies by the millions.

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8
Q

Immune system: specific

A

Each lymphocyte and each antibody in the

immune system can fit to and fight one pathogen.

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9
Q

Immune system: memory

A

The immune system produces millions of

memory cells that usually last forever and give

us long-term immunity.

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10
Q

B cells: produced where, mature where

A

Lymphocytes called B cells are produced

in our bone marrow and they mature in

our bone marrow.

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11
Q

T cells: produced where, mature where

A

Lymphocytes called T cells are produced in

our bone marrow and they mature in our

thymus gland.

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12
Q

Epitopes: definition

A

Surface proteins on antigens that can

stimulate the immune system to respond.

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13
Q

Antibody subunit: describe the overall structure

A

Four polypeptide chains hooked together

by disulfide bonds.

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14
Q

How many different shapes are possible

for the V regions of an antibody subunit?

A

about 100,000,000

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15
Q

How many different shapes are possible for

the C region of an antibody subunit?

A

5

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16
Q

Role: IgG antibodies

A

The only antibodies that can cross the placenta

to a baby’s system; by far the most common

antibodies to fight the infection.

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17
Q

Role: IgA antibodies

A

Found in body secretions like breastmilk,

saliva, and mucous.

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18
Q

Role: IgM antibodies

A

The “first response” antibodies;

also the blood typing alloantibodies

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19
Q

Role: IgE antibodies

A

Attack parasites; very involved in

allergic reactions

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20
Q

Role: IgD antibodies

A

Help us to make more antibodies.

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21
Q

Discussion question:

the two parts of the immune system

A

Antibody-mediated:

-involves B cells and T cells

-To fight the current infection, it makes

millions of antibodies.

-To give us long-term immunity, it

 millions of memory B cells.

Cell-mediated:

-involves T cells only

-To fight the current infection, it makes

  millions of active cytotoxic T cells

-To give us long-term immunity, it

  makes millions of memory T cells
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22
Q

Allergy: definition

A

The production of IgE antibodies or

T cells for a substance that is normally harmless.

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23
Q

Anaphylaxis: definition

A

An actual allergic reaction, with symptoms.

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24
Q

Localized Anaphylaxis: definition

A

A reaction that results from ingesting or

inhaling something that you are allergic to.

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25
Q

Systemic Anaphylaxis: definition

A

A reaction that results from something you

are allergic to winding up in your blood.

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26
Q

Localized Anaphylaxis: Pollen–Which

antibodies are involved?

A

IgE

27
Q

Localized Anaphylaxis: Pollen–which

cells are involved?

A

The mast cells in the lining of the nasal cavity.

28
Q

Localized Anaphylaxis: Pollen–how many

antibodies per mast cell

A

about 500,000

29
Q

Localized Anaphylaxis: Pollen–3 effects

of histamine

A

1) excess mucous production

2) vasodilation

3) itching

30
Q

Systemic Anaphylaxis: bee sting–which

antibodies are involved?

A

IgE

31
Q

Systemic Anaphylaxis: bee sting–which

cells are involved?

A

Basophils in the blood.

32
Q

Systemic Anaphylaxis: bee sting–how

many antibodies per basophil?

A

about 500,000

33
Q

Systemic Anaphylaxis: bee sting–2 effects

of histamine.

A

1) make peripheral arteries dilate (anaphylactic shock)

2) make the smooth muscle around the bronchi contract

34
Q

Discussion question:

 Vaccines
A

Four types:

Toxoid

Entire pathogens--messed up

Epitopes only

Nucleic acid

Vaccines stimulate the production of

antibodies, memory B cells, and

memory T cells. Antibodies tend

to last a few years. Memory B

cells and Memory T cells usually

last the rest of our life.

35
Q

Vaccine: inactivated pathogen

A

So messed up it cannot reproduce at all.

36
Q

Vaccines: inactivated bacterium

A

dead

37
Q

Vaccines: inactivated virus

A

So messed up by a chemical it cannot infect

cells and reproduce at all.

38
Q

Vaccines: attenuated pathogen

A

Messed up, but can reproduce slowly.

39
Q

Vaccines: attenuated bacterium

A

Messed up by a chemical, alive, can do binary

fission slowly, cannot secrete toxin.

40
Q

Vaccines: attenuated virus

A

A mutated virus that can infect cells and reproduce,

but not nearly as much or as fast as usual.

41
Q

Discussion question:

Virulence factors

A

Adhesins: surface proteins on bacteria

that can bind to receptors on our cells.

Enzymes: A bacterium called

Staphylococcus aureus releases an

enzyme called coagulase, which causes

a protective blood clot to form around the

bacteria.

Proteins: Some bacteria can bind to

a receptor on our cell and inject

proteins into our cell. The proteins

change our cell’s DNA, causing

apoptosis (cell death) to occur

42
Q

Exotoxins: describe

A

Exotoxins are liquid waste products made by some

G+ bacteria and they are made of protein.

43
Q

Exotoxins:

Cytotoxins: 2 examples

A

Corynebacterium diphtheriae gives off a cytotoxin that

prevents our cells from making protein.

Streptococcus pyogenes gives off a cytotoxin that

damages blood capillaries (scarlet fever).

44
Q

Exotoxins:

Neurotoxins: 2 examples

A

Clostridium botulinum gives off a neurotoxin that

blocks the first nerve impulse to muscle.

Clostridium tetani gives off a neutotoxin that

blocks the second nerve impulse to muscle.

45
Q

Exotoxins:

Enterotoxins: 2 examples

A

Vibrio cholerae gives off an enterotoxin that causes

a watery and dehydrating diarrhea (cholera).

Clostridium difficile gives off an enterotoxin that

causes a bloody diarrhea with a very foul

odor (colitis).

46
Q

Endotoxins: describe

A

Endotoxins are a component of the cell wall for

some G- bacteria and they are made of

lipopolysaccharide.

47
Q

Endotoxins: example

A

Salmonella typhi has an endotoxin as part

of its cell wall.

48
Q

Endotoxins: IL-1

A

The chemical called IL-1 tends to cause fever.

49
Q

Endotoxins: TNF

A

The chemical called TNF tends to cause shock.

50
Q

HIV/AIDS: 1959

A

1959 was the year the first documented case

of AIDs occurred.

51
Q

HIV/AIDS: 1981

A

1981 was the year the term AIDS was created

to describe a new syndrome.

52
Q

HIV/AIDS: 1983

A

1983 was the year the cause of AIDS

was discovered and named HIV.

53
Q

CD4

A

CD4 is a receptor that is designed to

bind to a macrophage.

54
Q

gp120

A

gp120 is a subunit of an HIV epitope that

is a perfect fit for a CD4 receptor.

55
Q

CXCR4

A

CXCR4 is a receptor designed to bind to

chemicals called IL-1 and IL-2.

56
Q

gp41

A

gp41 is a subunit of an HIV epitope that

is a perfect fit for a CXCR4 receptor.

57
Q

Reverse transriptase

A

This is an enzyme that takes

RNA and makes DNA.

58
Q

AZT, 3TC

A

AZT and 3TC are medications a patient can take

that both block reverse transcriptase.

59
Q

Protease

A

Protease is an enzyme that makes

numerous HIV copies inside the cell.

60
Q

ABT-538

A

ABT-538 is a medication a patient can take

that blocks the enzyme protease.

61
Q

HIV/AIDS criteria

A

If a patient is HIV positive and their helper T cell

count is less than 200, they are HIV positive and

they have full-blown AIDS.

If a patient is HIV positive and their helper T cell

count is greater than or equal to 200, they are

just HIV positive (not AIDS).

62
Q

Four body fluids that can transmit HIV

A

blood, semen, vaginal secretions, breastmilk

63
Q

4 ways to get HIV in order of prevalence

A

1) unprotected sexual contact

2) the parenteral route

3) as a fetus or baby

4) by way of breastmilk

micro and A+P (13 decks)

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