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spring 2024 > micro exam 2 > Flashcards

micro exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

bacterial transformation

A

uptake of naked dna by cell and incorporation of dna into genome

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2
Q

S strain injected vs R strain

A

S– pathogenic (killed mice); R transformed to living S

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3
Q

F plasmid

A

conjugative plasmid; transfer copies of themself during conjugation

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4
Q

HGT (horizontal gene transfer)

A

genes transferred between species thru cell contact

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5
Q

DNA transferred to recipient

A

exogenote

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6
Q

genome of recipient

A

endogenote

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7
Q

recipient cell is partially diploid due to transfer

A

merozygote

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8
Q

Auxotroph

A

requirement for nutritional source in complete medium

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9
Q

Phototroph

A

growth in minimal medium

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10
Q

E colie genetic cross

A

two strains with different nutritional requirements
on minimal medium
1/10^7 colonies obtained

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11
Q

F factor

A

F+ x F-
usually : F+ strain have extra chromosomal DNA element carrying genes for sex pilus and plasmid transfer

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12
Q

F factor conjugation

A

pilus between F+ and F- and then retracts
F+ == Type IV secretion apparatus
rolling circle mechanism transferred to f-

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13
Q

F+ and F- mating

A

cope of F factor transferred but does not get integrated into chromosome

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14
Q

Hfr donor strains (high frequency of recombinants)

A

F- not converted to F+ but high efficiency
Donor is Hfr strain; mating: conjugation
have F strain in choromosome

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15
Q

Hfr conjugation

A

transfer function (tra) still functions

transferred to F- cell
–direction depends on orientation of F factor
–takes 100min
– interrupted enables mapping
–F factor last to be transferred that why its rarely converted to F+

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16
Q

Time of entry depends on

A

genetic distance

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17
Q

Hfr mapping

A

based on transfer rate and interruption

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18
Q

F’

A

loop out causes this creation
when F factor leaves host incorrectly (reversed)
some of F factor left in host
takes chromosomal genes with it
can be a merozygote

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19
Q

Transduction

A

type of HGT
mediated by viruses

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20
Q

Prophage

A

insert genome into bacterial genome
lysogenic
some bacterial genes can be incorporate by errors

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21
Q

Antony van Leewenhoek

A

-dutch draper
Discovered:
bacteria
sperm cells
blood cells
protists

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22
Q

Chromalveolata supergroup has:

A

Alveolata
Stramenopila

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23
Q

Alveolata has:

A

dinoglagellatas
ciliophora (ciliates)
apicomlexa (aplicoplexans)

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24
Q

Cilia

A

-9 outer tubules (1 completes, 1 incomplete)
-2 complete core tubules
-dynein arms (walks In the - direction)

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25
Ameoboze super group:
Eumycotozoa
26
Eumycotozoa has
Myxogastria Dictyostelia
27
Dictyosteium discoideum
"slime molds" --model organism feeds on bacteria and yeast uni and multi cellular depending on nutrients
28
cAMP
cycloic adenosine monophosphate
29
Archaeplastida
Chloroplastida
30
Chloroplastida
green algae fresh/salt water, soils
31
RuBisCO
Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase most abundant protein on earth catalyzes addition of CO2 to ribulose 1,5 bisphosphate (CO2 fixation)
32
fungi
molds and yeasts molds: filamentous hyphae-- mycelium (mass of hyphae secrete exoenzymes to digest insoluble matter, absorb solubilized nutrients sexual and asexual
33
mycology
study of fungi
34
mycotoxicity
study of fungal toxins
35
mycoses
disease by fungi
36
saprophytes
decompose dead organisms
37
mycorrhizae
associated with plant roots
38
lichens
associated with algae or cyanobacteria
39
fungi importance
-decomposers -industrial fermentations (food and beverages, steroids and drugs) -research -detrimental impact -- diseases
40
yeasts
unicellular fungi asexually by budding sexually by spores
41
filamentous molds (2)
hyphae and mycelium
42
hyphae
filaments of a mold coenocytic (many nuclei in cell) septae to isolate compartments if ruptured
43
dimorphism
fungi can change from mold (Y) to yeast yeast in host and filamentous outside
44
fungi nutrition and metabolism
saprophytes chemoorganoheterotrophs aerobic (some facultative anaerobes) ==obligate anaerobic fungi in rumen of cattle
45
fungi reproduction
asexual:: - yeast: division by fission or budding - filamentous fungi: extension of hyphae (spore production but asexual) sexual :: =union of nuclei by sexual spores (zygospore, ascospores, or basidiospores)
46
uredinomycetes and ustilaginomycetes
plant pathogens causing rust and smuts (ure can be in humans as well)
47
Lambda phage
genome -- 48000 bp packed as linear DNA replicated as circular hexagon head and one straight tail phage entry through spike
48
virulence vs lysogeny for lambda
v: replication, synthesis, assembly & lysis l: For lambda, DNA is inserted into att sites on the bacterial chromosome. DNA is then replicated as the bacteria replicates
49
establistment of lysogenic vs lytic cycle
high cll/clll levels : lysogenic low levels cll/clll and high Cro levels: lytic
50
cll/clll cause transcription of
Pi and Pre and cI inhibit Pr and Pl
51
maintenance of lysogenic
cI inhibits Pr and Pl but activates Prm
52
what is the cII protein for
(protected from degradation by cIII) activates expression of cI and genes required for integration
53
what is Cro protein for?
activates the expression of genes required for replication, assembly and lysis and represses cI
54
general dna packaging
prohead --> motor --> package motor complete with dsDNA in and ATP used --> scaffold proteins discarded --> packaging motor head discarded --> mature virion
55
pi dna packaging has
terminase complex + cos site --> translocation --> cos Binding --> terminal cos cleavage
56
In holin what protein helps control the time of lysis
P35
57
CRISPR stands for
clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats
58
CRISPR is and does
Short RNA-based defense systems in bacteria and archaea * Provide immunity against viruses, plasmids or other mobile genetic elements
59
CRISPR three phases
Adaptation, crRNA Biogenesis, Invader Silencing
60
CRISPR loci features:
* Leader AT-rich, not conserved * Repeat – 23 – 50 nt, number of repeats is variable * Spacer – share sequence identity to fragments of plasmids or phages * cas genes – CRISPR associated genes
61
phage titering
The number of phages in a given solution is determined using “plaque forming units” (PFU)
62
icosahedron
symmetry virus one way is 5, 3, and 2 fold
63
double stranded DNA
herpesviridae, poxviridae
64
single stranded dna
Phage M13
65
double stranded rna:
reoviridae
66
(+) stranded rna
retroviridae, picornaviridae… coronavirus
67
(-) stranded
filoviridae, rhabdoviridae
68
viral lifecyle
attachment (adsorption) entry synthesis assembly release
69
entry types
fusion (spike binds to receptor on host) endocytosis
70
HSV 1 vs HSV 2 -- herpes
1: cold sores 2: genital
71
HSV exit
The virus assembles at the inner nuclear membrane (INM) * Buds through INM and fuses with the outer nuclear membrane (ONM) – Releases a naked capsid into the cytoplasm * The naked capsid buds into the Golgi where it is modified * The modified, enveloped virus exits the cell when the Golgi vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane (exocytosis).
72
HIV (+) strand RNA statistics
1.12 people in US infected 30-40K new infections every year
73
what does HIV infect
CD4+ cells which express on cell surface of `immune cells
74
gag –
in hiv genome encodes gag polyprotein * Gag broken down to: Matrix, Capsid, Nucleocapsid
75
pol -
in hiv genome encodes Pol polyprotein * Pol broken down to: Reverse Transcriptase, Integrase & Protease
76
env –
in HIV genome – encodes gp160 polyprotein * Gp160 broken down to gp120 and gp41 by protease
77
retrovirus
Rna virus that is replicated in a cell using reverse transcriptase -RNA dependent DNA polymerase -RNase H activites which degrades RNA-DNA duplexes in cytoplasm
78
HIV integration
dsDNA HIV is bound by integrase translocated into nucleus integrate viral genome into hosts
79
HIV transcription
RNA transcribed into nucleus to create the +RNA genome for viral packaging and smaller transcripts for proteins
80
HAART
highly active anti-retroviral therapy
81
what is HAART?
drug cocktail?: entry: enfuvirtide reverse transcriptase: tenovir (NRTI) or efavirenz (NNRTI) integrase: raltegravie protease: darunavir
82
Influenza virus
disease prevalence: 10-20% incdince ~36 per 100
83
Neuraminidase
digests sialic acids present on the outside of cells This is what Tamiflu binds to and inhibits
84
Hemagglutinin
binds to sialic acids on host cells

spring 2024 (11 decks)

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