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spring 2024 > micro exam 2 > Flashcards

micro exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

bacterial transformation

A

uptake of naked dna by cell and incorporation of dna into genome

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2
Q

S strain injected vs R strain

A

S– pathogenic (killed mice); R transformed to living S

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3
Q

F plasmid

A

conjugative plasmid; transfer copies of themself during conjugation

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4
Q

HGT (horizontal gene transfer)

A

genes transferred between species thru cell contact

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5
Q

DNA transferred to recipient

A

exogenote

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6
Q

genome of recipient

A

endogenote

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7
Q

recipient cell is partially diploid due to transfer

A

merozygote

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8
Q

Auxotroph

A

requirement for nutritional source in complete medium

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9
Q

Phototroph

A

growth in minimal medium

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10
Q

E colie genetic cross

A

two strains with different nutritional requirements
on minimal medium
1/10^7 colonies obtained

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11
Q

F factor

A

F+ x F-
usually : F+ strain have extra chromosomal DNA element carrying genes for sex pilus and plasmid transfer

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12
Q

F factor conjugation

A

pilus between F+ and F- and then retracts
F+ == Type IV secretion apparatus
rolling circle mechanism transferred to f-

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13
Q

F+ and F- mating

A

cope of F factor transferred but does not get integrated into chromosome

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14
Q

Hfr donor strains (high frequency of recombinants)

A

F- not converted to F+ but high efficiency
Donor is Hfr strain; mating: conjugation
have F strain in choromosome

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15
Q

Hfr conjugation

A

transfer function (tra) still functions

transferred to F- cell
–direction depends on orientation of F factor
–takes 100min
– interrupted enables mapping
–F factor last to be transferred that why its rarely converted to F+

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16
Q

Time of entry depends on

A

genetic distance

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17
Q

Hfr mapping

A

based on transfer rate and interruption

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18
Q

F’

A

loop out causes this creation
when F factor leaves host incorrectly (reversed)
some of F factor left in host
takes chromosomal genes with it
can be a merozygote

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19
Q

Transduction

A

type of HGT
mediated by viruses

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20
Q

Prophage

A

insert genome into bacterial genome
lysogenic
some bacterial genes can be incorporate by errors

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21
Q

Antony van Leewenhoek

A

-dutch draper
Discovered:
bacteria
sperm cells
blood cells
protists

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22
Q

Chromalveolata supergroup has:

A

Alveolata
Stramenopila

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23
Q

Alveolata has:

A

dinoglagellatas
ciliophora (ciliates)
apicomlexa (aplicoplexans)

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24
Q

Cilia

A

-9 outer tubules (1 completes, 1 incomplete)
-2 complete core tubules
-dynein arms (walks In the - direction)

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25
Q

Ameoboze super group:

A

Eumycotozoa

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26
Q

Eumycotozoa has

A

Myxogastria
Dictyostelia

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27
Q

Dictyosteium discoideum

A

“slime molds”
–model organism
feeds on bacteria and yeast
uni and multi cellular depending on nutrients

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28
Q

cAMP

A

cycloic adenosine monophosphate

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29
Q

Archaeplastida

A

Chloroplastida

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30
Q

Chloroplastida

A

green algae
fresh/salt water, soils

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31
Q

RuBisCO

A

Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase
most abundant protein on earth
catalyzes addition of CO2 to ribulose 1,5 bisphosphate (CO2 fixation)

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32
Q

fungi

A

molds and yeasts
molds: filamentous hyphae– mycelium (mass of hyphae
secrete exoenzymes to digest insoluble matter, absorb solubilized nutrients
sexual and asexual

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33
Q

mycology

A

study of fungi

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34
Q

mycotoxicity

A

study of fungal toxins

35
Q

mycoses

A

disease by fungi

36
Q

saprophytes

A

decompose dead organisms

37
Q

mycorrhizae

A

associated with plant roots

38
Q

lichens

A

associated with algae or cyanobacteria

39
Q

fungi importance

A

-decomposers
-industrial fermentations (food and beverages, steroids and drugs)
-research
-detrimental impact – diseases

40
Q

yeasts

A

unicellular fungi
asexually by budding
sexually by spores

41
Q

filamentous molds (2)

A

hyphae and mycelium

42
Q

hyphae

A

filaments of a mold
coenocytic (many nuclei in cell)
septae to isolate compartments if ruptured

43
Q

dimorphism

A

fungi can change from mold (Y) to yeast
yeast in host and filamentous outside

44
Q

fungi nutrition and metabolism

A

saprophytes
chemoorganoheterotrophs
aerobic (some facultative anaerobes)
==obligate anaerobic fungi in rumen of cattle

45
Q

fungi reproduction

A

asexual::
- yeast: division by fission or budding
- filamentous fungi: extension of hyphae (spore production but asexual)
sexual ::
=union of nuclei by sexual spores (zygospore, ascospores, or basidiospores)

46
Q

uredinomycetes and ustilaginomycetes

A

plant pathogens causing rust and smuts
(ure can be in humans as well)

47
Q

Lambda phage

A

genome – 48000 bp
packed as linear DNA replicated as circular
hexagon head and one straight tail
phage entry through spike

48
Q

virulence vs lysogeny for lambda

A

v: replication, synthesis, assembly &
lysis
l: For lambda, DNA is inserted into att
sites on the bacterial chromosome. DNA is
then replicated as the bacteria replicates

49
Q

establistment of lysogenic vs lytic cycle

A

high cll/clll levels : lysogenic
low levels cll/clll and high Cro levels: lytic

50
Q

cll/clll cause transcription of

A

Pi and Pre and cI inhibit Pr and Pl

51
Q

maintenance of lysogenic

A

cI inhibits Pr and Pl but activates Prm

52
Q

what is the cII protein for

A

(protected from
degradation by cIII)
activates expression
of cI and genes
required for
integration

53
Q

what is Cro protein for?

A

activates the
expression of genes
required for
replication,
assembly and lysis
and represses cI

54
Q

general dna packaging

A

prohead –> motor –> package motor complete with dsDNA in and ATP used –> scaffold proteins discarded –> packaging motor head discarded –> mature virion

55
Q

pi dna packaging has

A

terminase complex + cos site –> translocation –> cos Binding –> terminal cos cleavage

56
Q

In holin what protein helps control the time of lysis

A

P35

57
Q

CRISPR stands for

A

clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats

58
Q

CRISPR is and does

A

Short RNA-based defense systems in bacteria
and archaea
* Provide immunity against viruses, plasmids or
other mobile genetic elements

59
Q

CRISPR three phases

A

Adaptation, crRNA Biogenesis,
Invader Silencing

60
Q

CRISPR loci features:

A
  • Leader AT-rich, not conserved
  • Repeat – 23 – 50 nt, number of repeats is variable
  • Spacer – share sequence identity to fragments of plasmids or
    phages
  • cas genes – CRISPR associated genes
61
Q

phage titering

A

The number of phages in a given solution is
determined using “plaque forming units” (PFU)

62
Q

icosahedron

A

symmetry virus
one way is 5, 3, and 2 fold

63
Q

double stranded DNA

A

herpesviridae,
poxviridae

64
Q

single stranded dna

A

Phage M13

65
Q

double stranded rna:

A

reoviridae

66
Q

(+) stranded rna

A

retroviridae, picornaviridae…
coronavirus

67
Q

(-) stranded

A

filoviridae, rhabdoviridae

68
Q

viral lifecyle

A

attachment (adsorption)
entry
synthesis
assembly
release

69
Q

entry types

A

fusion (spike binds to receptor on host)
endocytosis

70
Q

HSV 1 vs HSV 2 – herpes

A

1: cold sores
2: genital

71
Q

HSV exit

A

The virus assembles at the inner nuclear
membrane (INM)
* Buds through INM and fuses with the outer
nuclear membrane (ONM)
– Releases a naked capsid into the cytoplasm
* The naked capsid buds into the Golgi where it is
modified
* The modified, enveloped virus exits the cell when
the Golgi vesicle fuses with the plasma
membrane (exocytosis).

72
Q

HIV (+) strand RNA statistics

A

1.12 people in US infected
30-40K new infections every year

73
Q

what does HIV infect

A

CD4+ cells which express on cell surface of `immune cells

74
Q

gag –

A

in hiv genome
encodes gag polyprotein
* Gag broken down to: Matrix, Capsid, Nucleocapsid

75
Q

pol -

A

in hiv genome
encodes Pol polyprotein
* Pol broken down to: Reverse Transcriptase, Integrase & Protease

76
Q

env –

A

in HIV genome
– encodes gp160 polyprotein
* Gp160 broken down to gp120 and gp41 by protease

77
Q

retrovirus

A

Rna virus that is replicated in a cell using reverse transcriptase
-RNA dependent DNA polymerase
-RNase H activites which degrades RNA-DNA duplexes
in cytoplasm

78
Q

HIV integration

A

dsDNA HIV is bound by integrase
translocated into nucleus
integrate viral genome into hosts

79
Q

HIV transcription

A

RNA transcribed into nucleus to create the +RNA genome for viral packaging and smaller transcripts for proteins

80
Q

HAART

A

highly active anti-retroviral therapy

81
Q

what is HAART?

A

drug cocktail?:
entry: enfuvirtide
reverse transcriptase: tenovir (NRTI) or efavirenz (NNRTI)
integrase: raltegravie
protease: darunavir

82
Q

Influenza virus

A

disease
prevalence: 10-20%
incdince ~36 per 100

83
Q

Neuraminidase

A

digests sialic acids present on the outside of cells
This is what Tamiflu binds to and inhibits

84
Q

Hemagglutinin

A

binds to sialic acids on host
cells

spring 2024 (11 decks)

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