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spring 2024 > Micro exam 1 > Flashcards

Micro exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Mycoplasma

A

smallest, simplest organism

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2
Q

Taxonomy is based on (2)

A

morphological and molecular relatedness

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3
Q

Organism are named by

A

Genus (italic and capitalized) and species ( only italicized)

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4
Q

Three groups of taxonomy

A

classification, nomenclature, and identification

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5
Q

Taxonomy order acronym:

A

Dear King Philip Came Over For Good Soup
Domain Kingdome Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

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6
Q

Cell Wall compositions for each domain

A

Bacteria: Murein with muramic acid
Archaea: no muramic acid
Eukar: no muramic acid

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7
Q

Sequence alighnemnt

A

adds gaps to establish positional homology – line up nucleotides match between different organisms adds gap where needed to better fit

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8
Q

bootstrapping

A

can deal with uncertainty; indicates percentage of time a node is supported by data

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9
Q

homoplasy

A

(convergent evolution) complicates tree construction when similar sequence positions result from recurrent mutation instead of inheritance

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10
Q

coccus

A

sphere

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11
Q

bacillus

A

rod or cylinder

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12
Q

coccobacillus

A

short round rod

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13
Q

vibrio

A

curved rod

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14
Q

spriillum

A

more rigid spiral shape

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15
Q

spirochete

A

more flexible spiral shape (flagella between out membrane and peptidoglycan layer)

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16
Q

mycelium

A

network of long multicellular filaments

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17
Q

pleomorphic

A

organisms that are variable i shape

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18
Q

diplococci

A

pairs

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19
Q

streptococci

A

chains

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20
Q

plasma membrane free flows:

A

O2, CO2, N2

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21
Q

plasms membrane blocked from free passage

A

large, charged molecules, H+, sugar, amino acids

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22
Q

peripheral protein

A

only on inner membrane

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23
Q

integral proteins

A

goes all the way through the membrane - not easily removed

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24
Q

Bacteria have no sterols– instead they have

A

hopanoids

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25
amphipathic and amphiphilic
both hydrophilic and phobic
26
archaeal membranes
monolayer; lipid branched chain, connected to glycerol by ether linkage not ester linkage
27
In the prokaryotic cytoskeleton
FtsZ, MreB, crescentin
28
FtsZ
equal to tubulin - for cell division, circular filament, scaffolding; septation Zring formation
29
inclusion bodies
granules of organic or inorganic material that are stockpiled
30
cyanophycin granules
large polypeptides about equal quantites of arginine and aspartic acid
31
carboxysomes
contain enzyme ribulose-1,5 bisphosphate carboxylase (rubisco) for CO2 fixation
32
gas vaculoles
found in cyanobacteria (aquatic), buoyancy, gas vesicles, permeable to gasses not water
33
magnetosomes
iron oxide or iron sulfate in organelle, cytoskeletal, magnetic sensing
34
Archaea cell walls
no peptidoglycan but have pseudopeptidoglycan instead
35
some bacterial have no cell walls such as
mycoplasma; sterols in membrane
36
primary stain
crystal violet
37
mordant
gram iodine
38
decolorizer
alcohol
39
secondary stain/counter
safranin
40
gram positive results
violet: peptidoglycan layer (murein)
41
gram negative -
peptidoglycan layer with outer membrane
42
periplasmic
space between membrane and cell wall and plasma and out membrane
43
peptidoglycan
contain N-acetyl glucosamine and N Acetylmuramic acid and several different amino acids - D-Glutamic acid - D alanine, DAP
44
Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) made of
Lipid A, Core polysaccharide, O side chain
45
LPS
protect form host defenses and environment, attach to surface, exotoxin
46
Layers of material outside to cell walls
capsule, slime layers
47
Capsules are
hard to remove
48
slime layers are
easy to remove
49
S-layers
layers of protein or glycoprotein, external to cell wall
50
flagella
extends to exterior; motile throug sensing chemotaxis
51
hook
connect filament to cell
52
basal body
anchors flagellum into cell wall
53
pili
similar called fimbriae
54
sec-dependent protein secretion
translocates proteins from cytoplasm across; or into plasma membrane
55
autotroph
use co2 as sole carbon source must obtain other energy
56
heterotrophs
use organic molecules as of organic or inorganic compounds
57
phototrophs
energy from light
58
chemotrophs
energy from oxidation of organic or inorganic compounds
59
lithotrophs
electrons from reduced inorganic molecules
60
organotrophs
electrons from organic molecule **diatoms require silicic acid
61
Nitrogen
N supplied in many ways ammonia, nitrate, nitrogen gas (fixation)
62
P supplied as
inorganic P
63
sulfur supplied through
assimilatory sulfate reduction
64
sugar phosphotransferase system
sugar phophorylated using phsophoenolpyhruvate
65
phosphoenolpyruvate
phosphate donor
66
iron uptake
ferric iron is insoluble: use siderophores to uptake; take Fe3+ and transported to cell
67
Growth factors needed:
-amino acids -purine and pyrimidines -vitamins - enzyme cofactors
68
Environmental factors affecting growth
Temperature Increase in cell number Increase in cell size
69
Psychrophile
(-15-15) degrees celcius
70
Psychrotroph
(20-30) degrees celcius
71
Mesophile
(25-45) degrees celecius
72
Thermophiles
(45-70) degrees celecius
73
hyperthermophiles
(70-110) degrees celecius
74
increase in cell size
coenocytic eukaryotes
75
prokaryote cell cycle (2 parts)
DNA replication and partition cytokinesis
76
Parts of circular chromosome
Origin Terminus Replisome MreB
77
Lag phase
replenishing spent materials, adapting to new medium or conditions
78
Exponential growth binary fission equation
Nt= N0 x 2^n n= (logNt - logN0) / log2
79
Exponential phase
log phase rate growth is constant
80
Balanced growth
during log phase exhibited
81
Unbalanced growth
cell components vary change in nutrients change in environment
82
change in nutrients
shift up - poor to rich food shift down - rich to poor food
83
stationary phase
total number of viable cells remain constant metabolically active cells stop reproducing OR reproductive rate = death rate
84
Why might it enter this stationary phase
nutrients limits limited oxygen toxic waste critical population density reached
85
Death phase
alive but dormant fraction of population suicide program

spring 2024 (11 decks)

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