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spring 2024 > Micro exam 1 > Flashcards

Micro exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Mycoplasma

A

smallest, simplest organism

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2
Q

Taxonomy is based on (2)

A

morphological and molecular relatedness

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3
Q

Organism are named by

A

Genus (italic and capitalized) and species ( only italicized)

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4
Q

Three groups of taxonomy

A

classification, nomenclature, and identification

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5
Q

Taxonomy order acronym:

A

Dear King Philip Came Over For Good Soup
Domain Kingdome Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

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6
Q

Cell Wall compositions for each domain

A

Bacteria: Murein with muramic acid
Archaea: no muramic acid
Eukar: no muramic acid

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7
Q

Sequence alighnemnt

A

adds gaps to establish positional homology – line up nucleotides match between different organisms adds gap where needed to better fit

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8
Q

bootstrapping

A

can deal with uncertainty; indicates percentage of time a node is supported by data

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9
Q

homoplasy

A

(convergent evolution) complicates tree construction when similar sequence positions result from recurrent mutation instead of inheritance

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10
Q

coccus

A

sphere

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11
Q

bacillus

A

rod or cylinder

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12
Q

coccobacillus

A

short round rod

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13
Q

vibrio

A

curved rod

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14
Q

spriillum

A

more rigid spiral shape

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15
Q

spirochete

A

more flexible spiral shape (flagella between out membrane and peptidoglycan layer)

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16
Q

mycelium

A

network of long multicellular filaments

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17
Q

pleomorphic

A

organisms that are variable i shape

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18
Q

diplococci

A

pairs

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19
Q

streptococci

A

chains

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20
Q

plasma membrane free flows:

A

O2, CO2, N2

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21
Q

plasms membrane blocked from free passage

A

large, charged molecules, H+, sugar, amino acids

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22
Q

peripheral protein

A

only on inner membrane

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23
Q

integral proteins

A

goes all the way through the membrane - not easily removed

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24
Q

Bacteria have no sterols– instead they have

A

hopanoids

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25
Q

amphipathic and amphiphilic

A

both hydrophilic and phobic

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26
Q

archaeal membranes

A

monolayer; lipid branched chain, connected to glycerol by ether linkage not ester linkage

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27
Q

In the prokaryotic cytoskeleton

A

FtsZ, MreB, crescentin

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28
Q

FtsZ

A

equal to tubulin - for cell division, circular filament, scaffolding; septation Zring formation

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29
Q

inclusion bodies

A

granules of organic or inorganic material that are stockpiled

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30
Q

cyanophycin granules

A

large polypeptides about equal quantites of arginine and aspartic acid

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31
Q

carboxysomes

A

contain enzyme ribulose-1,5 bisphosphate carboxylase (rubisco) for CO2 fixation

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32
Q

gas vaculoles

A

found in cyanobacteria (aquatic), buoyancy, gas vesicles, permeable to gasses not water

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33
Q

magnetosomes

A

iron oxide or iron sulfate in organelle, cytoskeletal, magnetic sensing

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34
Q

Archaea cell walls

A

no peptidoglycan but have pseudopeptidoglycan instead

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35
Q

some bacterial have no cell walls such as

A

mycoplasma; sterols in membrane

36
Q

primary stain

A

crystal violet

37
Q

mordant

A

gram iodine

38
Q

decolorizer

A

alcohol

39
Q

secondary stain/counter

A

safranin

40
Q

gram positive results

A

violet: peptidoglycan layer (murein)

41
Q

gram negative -

A

peptidoglycan layer with outer membrane

42
Q

periplasmic

A

space between membrane and cell wall and plasma and out membrane

43
Q

peptidoglycan

A

contain N-acetyl glucosamine and N Acetylmuramic acid and several different amino acids - D-Glutamic acid - D alanine, DAP

44
Q

Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) made of

A

Lipid A, Core polysaccharide, O side chain

45
Q

LPS

A

protect form host defenses and environment, attach to surface, exotoxin

46
Q

Layers of material outside to cell walls

A

capsule, slime layers

47
Q

Capsules are

A

hard to remove

48
Q

slime layers are

A

easy to remove

49
Q

S-layers

A

layers of protein or glycoprotein, external to cell wall

50
Q

flagella

A

extends to exterior; motile throug sensing chemotaxis

51
Q

hook

A

connect filament to cell

52
Q

basal body

A

anchors flagellum into cell wall

53
Q

pili

A

similar called fimbriae

54
Q

sec-dependent protein secretion

A

translocates proteins from cytoplasm across; or into plasma membrane

55
Q

autotroph

A

use co2 as sole carbon source must obtain other energy

56
Q

heterotrophs

A

use organic molecules as of organic or inorganic compounds

57
Q

phototrophs

A

energy from light

58
Q

chemotrophs

A

energy from oxidation of organic or inorganic compounds

59
Q

lithotrophs

A

electrons from reduced inorganic molecules

60
Q

organotrophs

A

electrons from organic molecule **diatoms require silicic acid

61
Q

Nitrogen

A

N supplied in many ways ammonia, nitrate, nitrogen gas (fixation)

62
Q

P supplied as

A

inorganic P

63
Q

sulfur supplied through

A

assimilatory sulfate reduction

64
Q

sugar phosphotransferase system

A

sugar phophorylated using phsophoenolpyhruvate

65
Q

phosphoenolpyruvate

A

phosphate donor

66
Q

iron uptake

A

ferric iron is insoluble: use siderophores to uptake; take Fe3+ and transported to cell

67
Q

Growth factors needed:

A

-amino acids
-purine and pyrimidines
-vitamins - enzyme cofactors

68
Q

Environmental factors affecting growth

A

Temperature
Increase in cell number
Increase in cell size

69
Q

Psychrophile

A

(-15-15) degrees celcius

70
Q

Psychrotroph

A

(20-30) degrees celcius

71
Q

Mesophile

A

(25-45) degrees celecius

72
Q

Thermophiles

A

(45-70) degrees celecius

73
Q

hyperthermophiles

A

(70-110) degrees celecius

74
Q

increase in cell size

A

coenocytic eukaryotes

75
Q

prokaryote cell cycle (2 parts)

A

DNA replication and partition
cytokinesis

76
Q

Parts of circular chromosome

A

Origin
Terminus
Replisome
MreB

77
Q

Lag phase

A

replenishing spent materials, adapting to new medium or conditions

78
Q

Exponential growth binary fission equation

A

Nt= N0 x 2^n
n= (logNt - logN0) / log2

79
Q

Exponential phase

A

log phase
rate growth is constant

80
Q

Balanced growth

A

during log phase exhibited

81
Q

Unbalanced growth

A

cell components vary
change in nutrients
change in environment

82
Q

change in nutrients

A

shift up - poor to rich food
shift down - rich to poor food

83
Q

stationary phase

A

total number of viable cells remain constant
metabolically active cells stop reproducing OR reproductive rate = death rate

84
Q

Why might it enter this stationary phase

A

nutrients limits
limited oxygen
toxic waste
critical population density reached

85
Q

Death phase

A

alive but dormant
fraction of population suicide program

spring 2024 (11 decks)

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