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spring 2024 > bich 2 exam 2 > Flashcards

bich 2 exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

draw the steps of gluceogenesis

A

glucose 6P –> glucose by glucose-6-phosphatase

fructose 1,6 bisphosphate –> fructose 6-phophate by fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase

pyruvate –> oxaloacetate –> phosphoenolpyruvate by pyruvate carboxylase and PEP carboxykinase

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2
Q

draw glycogen synthesis

A

answer on doc

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3
Q

draw glycogen catabolism

A

answer on doc

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4
Q

draw TCA cycle

A

answer on doc

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5
Q

draw oxaloacetate

A

answer on doc

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6
Q

draw citrate

A

answer on doc

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7
Q

draw isocitrate

A

answer on doc

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8
Q

draw alpha-ketoglutarate

A

answer on doc

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9
Q

draw succinyl-coA

A

answer on doc

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10
Q

draw succinate

A

answer on doc

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11
Q

draw fumarate

A

answer on doc

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12
Q

draw malate

A

answer on doc

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13
Q

draw pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction

A

answer on doc under TCA

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14
Q

What is the purpose of the glyoxylate cycle?

A

It short cuts the TCA cycle so no carbon is lost as CO2.
ANABOLIC AND CATABOLIC. Produces NADH and FADH2 to power electron transport
intermediate for biosynthesis

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15
Q

Glyoxylate pathway in plants:

A

occurs in glyoxysome
seeds oxidize fatty acids to acetylCoA and its used to glyoxylate pathways to support growth

glyoxylate shunt cannot use photosynthesis yet

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16
Q

draw the glyoxylate pathway

A

isocitrate –> glyoxylate + succinate… glyoxylate –> malate (proceeds through TCA)

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17
Q

what molecules can go in and out of the mitochondria?

A

pyruvate, citrate, malate

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18
Q

what cannot go in and out of the mitochondria?

A

Acetyl CoA and oxaloacetate

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19
Q

What are anaplerotic reactions?

A

reactions that fill up or replenish TCA intermediates

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20
Q

TCA cycle is regulated by what?

A

NAD+/NADH, Acetyl CoA, ADP/ATP

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21
Q

Committed step of TCA cycle:

A

pyruvate dehydrogenase

22
Q

Pyruvate dehydrogenase regulators

A

increase: NAD+, CoA
decrease: acetyl-CoA, NADH, ATP

23
Q

hexokinase I regulation

A

in brain tissue
inhibited by glucose 6P
expressed in most tissues other than liver dimer

24
Q

glucokinase regulation and purpose

A

induced by insulin.. need a high level of glucose for it to be active

soaks of excess glucose into liver for other pathways

25
Q

glucokinase vs glucose6-phophatase

A

Glucose 6-P works in the opposite direction of glucokinase.
Not inhibited by G6P

26
Q

how are enzymes of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis would be regulated under a given
set of conditions in a cell?

A
27
Q

what are the key regulated enzymes that partition glucose6-P between all the pathways?

A

Glycogen phosphorylase
Glycogen Sythase
Glucose 6P phosphatase
phosphofructokinase
Glucose 6P dehydrogenase

28
Q

Allosteric regulation of glycogen synthase

A

Allosteric activater: G6P
inhibitor: cAMP depending phosphorylation

29
Q

Allosteric regulation of glycogen phosphorylase

A

Allosterically Activated by AMP
Allosterically Inhibited By ATP, G6P

30
Q

Draw Hormonal regulation for glucagon of glycogen synthase and glycogen phosphorylase via
phosphorylation

A

see doc

31
Q

Be able to describe why and how concentrations of NAD+/NAD, acetyl-CoA/CoA, and ADP/ATP
regulate the TCA cycle, based on the energy or biosynthetic needs of a cell.

A
32
Q

isocitrate dehydrogenase regulation and why

A

Activators: ADP
Inhibitors: NADH, ATP

When activated citrate goes through TCA cycle when low ADP and high ATP goes to cytosol

Step before isocitrate converts to alpha-ketoglutarate in the mitochondria and cannot be converted back. Before that it can be converted back to citrate and moved into the cytosol to make fatty acids, and steroids.

33
Q

E equation for half reactions

A

E = Eo + (RT/nF) ln(ox/red)

34
Q

How is E related to G

A

G= -nFE

35
Q

What does E stand for

A

standard reduction potential… tendency of chemical species to be reduced

36
Q

What direction will a reaction go if E is negative?

A

If G is negative, E is positive so spontaneous is positive E

37
Q

Recognized FAD, TPP, CoA, Lipoic Acid, Biotin

A

on doc

38
Q

How is FAD used?

A

It is used for regulation and can pick up two protons

39
Q

Phosphofructosekinase in glycolysis is regulated by:

A

inhibited by ATP, citrate
activated by AMP, fructose 2,6-bisphospahte

40
Q

Fructose1,6-bisphosphate phosphatase regulation gluconeogenesis

A

Activated by citrate
Inhibited by AMP, fructose 2,6bP

41
Q

pyruvate kinase regulation

A

Inhibited by ATP and alanine
makes PEP available for gluconeogenesis

42
Q

Where all is G6P used?

A

glycogen, gluconeogenesis, glycolysis, pentose phosphate

43
Q

Glucose 6-P dehydrogenase (pentose phosphate shunt) regulation

A

inhibited by NADPH, fatty acyl-CoA

44
Q

Purposes of Pentose Phosphate Shunte

A

Generates NADPH for biosynthesis
In cytosol
Generate ribose 5-P which builds nucleic acids

Products feed into glycolysis/ gluconeogenesis to convert glucose into pyruvate

45
Q

What reactions are anaplerotic?

A

Pyruvate carboxylase and Malic Enzyme

46
Q

Pyruvate carboxylase regulation

A

activated by acetyl CoA

47
Q

alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase regulation

A

Activated by AMP
Inhibited by NADH and succinyl CoA

48
Q

Draw succinyl CoA synthase reaction

A

on doc

49
Q

draw pyruvate carboxylase

A

in spiral notebook

50
Q

Draw Hormonal regulation for insulin of glycogen synthase and glycogen phosphorylase via
phosphorylation

A

on doc

51
Q

Look at transketolase reaction

A

on paper

52
Q

Look at transaldolase reaction

A

on paper

spring 2024 (11 decks)

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