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spring 2024 > HORT exam 1 > Flashcards

HORT exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Plant Breeding Impacts:

A

Genetic Diversity, Yield, and Nutrition

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2
Q

Camerarius

A

1694, Germany, sex in plants and pollen necessary for fertilization

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3
Q

Koelreuter

A

1760-66, Germany hybridization
sterility of tobacco
characteristics by parents pollen and ovules
pass down and make new combinations
AxB or BxA
Extra vigor in F1
Role of insects and wind

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4
Q

Thomas Knight

A

President of Society of London
used hybridization for practical crop improvement

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5
Q

Shirreff

A

1857, Scotland use Progeny test
evaluate genotype by offspring performance

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6
Q

Mendel

A

1865-66, Austria
Book: Experiments in Plant Hybridization
Father of Genetics
Laws of Inheritance
refound 1900

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7
Q

Strasburger

A

1875-88, germany, describes chromosomes, establishes constancy of chromosome number in plant species; shows reduction - division of chromosomes (mesosis)

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8
Q

Johansen

A

1903, Denmark
Pure Line Theory

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9
Q

Schull

A

1909
inbreeding depression in corn
heterosis: vigor of f1 over parents
hybrid corn replace open pollen corn

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10
Q

McClintock (1950)

A

genes could move on chromosome
Nobel prize for Transposable Elements (1983)

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11
Q

3 ways to enhance biomass:

A

Improved Seasonal Adaptations

Tolerance to Adverse Environmental Factors (drought, heat, herbicides etc.)

Resistance to Pests (disease insects weeds)

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12
Q

3 Types of Parititon

A

Vegetative-Reproductive Compensation
Reproductive-Vegetative Compensation
Vegetative-Vegetative Compensation

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13
Q

Vegetative-Vegetative Compensation

A

occurs with Potato and with the Root Crops (only really want roots)

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14
Q

Reproductive-Vegetative Compensation

A

flowering and seed fertility are suppressed because they are not used. Example: Cabbage, onion etc. Sometimes causes issues with seed production.

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15
Q

Vegetative-Reproductive Compensation

A

when product is flower, fruit seed. Plant only grown enough to support reproductive growth and growth of the wanted part.

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16
Q

4 quality characters

A

Organoleptic: taste, smell, texture, color
Chemical: sugar content of grapes or protein in beans
Mechanical: length, strength, fineness of cotton fibers
Biological: effect of animal feed on animal growth

17
Q

2 objectives of plants breeding

A

Yield and Quality

18
Q

Johansen’s Pure Line Theory:

A

Heterogeneous population (many genotypes), variation for a given characteristic is due to both genotype and environment

If a single plant is self-fertilized for several generations, its progeny will constitute a ‘pure line’ (true breeding genotype), which is genetically uniform (homogeneous and homozygous)

Variation within a pure line is due to environment only

Selection from a population is only effective insofar as the population is genetically variable

19
Q

Progeny Test

A

Made by Louis Leveque de Vilmorin (1856) (France) utilized the progeny test to increase the sugar content of the wild sugar beet. The Progeny Test evaluates the breeding value of a single plant by performance of its progeny.

20
Q

4 disciplines that impact plant breeding:

A

Plant biochemistry and molecular biology
Entomology
Pathology
Crop Physiology

21
Q

3 advantages of molecular markers

A

Selections made on genotype rather than phenotype which can increase speed and efficiency
DNA can be isolated from nay tissue at any stage
DNA has longer shelf life

22
Q

3 advantages of transgenic crops

A

Advantages: Delay ripening and prevent softening, color and flavor, virus resistance, herbicide resistance

economic, and environmental

23
Q

3 disadvantages of transgenic crops

A

Disadvantages: Allergens, Antibiotic resistance, Gene flow from crop to week, new gene make up on non target, GM Protein leak into soil, disrupt of ecosystem

24
Q

Plant Variety Protection Act

A

(1970) gave intellectual property right protection to developers of sexually produced plants and stimulated seed company interest in self pollinated crops. Revised in 1995 to include some asexual crops like potato.

25
Q

Examples of breeding crops for improved human health benefits

A

Golden rice: Beta carotene (for Vitamin A) and iron
Carrot and Tomato : more calcium

spring 2024 (11 decks)

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