Micro Flashcards

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1
Q

If asplenic/sickle cell disease, what immunizations are needed against encapsulated m/o?

A

N. meningitidis, S. pneumonia, H. influenzae

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2
Q

What vaccines are consisted of against encapsulated m/o?

A

Capsular polysaccharide + protein conjugate –> serves as antigen in vaccine

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3
Q

What are encapsulated m/o?

A

S. pneumonia, B streptococcus (s. agalactie), n.meningitidis, h. influenza b, pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonela typhi, klebsiela pneumonia, E.coli

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4
Q

Why carrier protein is needed in encapsulated m/o vaccines?

A

To increase immunogenicity. A polysaccharide antigen cannot be presented to T cells. But protein promotes T cell activation and subsequent class switching ( thus incr. immunogenicity).

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5
Q

What are pneumococcal vaccines?

A

PCV13 (conjugated); PPSV23 (not conjugated)

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6
Q

What catalase does?

A

It converts H2O2 into H2O and O2, before it can be converted to microbicidal products by the enzyme myeloperoxidase.

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7
Q

What m/o (oxygen dependence) are susceptible to oxidative damage?

A

Anaerobes: clostridium; bacteroides; fusobacterium; actinomyces israelli. THEY LACK CATALASE and/or SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE.

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8
Q

3 features of anaerobes?

A

Foul smelling (short chain fatty acids)
Difficult to culture
Produce gas in tissue (CO2 and H2)

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9
Q

What are facultative anaerobes?

A

Streptococci, staphylococci, enteric gram negative bacteria

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10
Q

how facultative anaerobes produce energy?

A

They use O2 as a terminal electron acceptor to generate ATP
OR
can use fermentation or other O2-independent pathways.

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11
Q

What antibiotic is used as a test to define staphylococci?

A

Novobiocin

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12
Q

What antibiotic is used as a test to define alpha hemolysis causing streptococci?

A

Optochin

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13
Q

What antibiotic is used as a test to define beta hemolysis causing streptococci?

A

Bacitracin

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14
Q

Alpha hemolysis m/o? Hemolysis mechanism

A

Strp. pneumoniae; Strp. viridans

Partial reduction of Hb –> greenish or brownish color WITHOUT CLEARING AROUND GROWTH

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15
Q

Beta hemolysis m/o? Hemolysis mechanism

A

Strp. A (pyogenes); Strp. B (agalactiae); Staph. aureus

Complete lysis of RBCs –> CLEAR AREA AROUND GROWTH

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16
Q

6 m/o that form spores.

A

Bacillus anthracis and cereus;

Clostridium tetani, botulinum, difficile, perfringens

17
Q

Rusty sputum caused by …………………..

A

s. pneumoniae

18
Q

What m/o cause subacute endocarditis?

A

S. sanguinis (viridans group) –> makes dextrants, that bind fibrin-platelet aggregates on damaged valves
S. bovis
Enterococci (faecalis and faecium) –> following GI/GU procedures, because it is normal colonic flora

19
Q

What does pertussis toxin?

A

disables Gi –> impaired phagocytosis
disabled chemokine receptors for lymphocytes –> lymphocytosis –> impaired phagocytosis because lymphocytes cannot move to tissue.

20
Q

What does cyclase toxin by bordetella pertussis?

A

increases cAMP

21
Q

What does tracheal cytotoxin by bordetella pertussis?

A

damage cilliated epithelial tissue

22
Q

Legionnaire’s disease symptoms?

A

severe pneumonia + GI + fever +CNS symptoms

23
Q

Population of Legionnaires disease?

A

Smokers and chronic lung disease

24
Q

What causes pontiac fever?

A

Legionella pneumophila. Its mild flu-like symptoms. self limiting

25
Q

How to assess Legionella? (3)

A
  1. Silver stain
  2. Charcoal yeast extract medium with cysteine and iron
  3. Urine test –> antigen