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Medical Imaging > mi 120 unit 2 > Flashcards

mi 120 unit 2 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

organizations for radiation protection

A

evaluates the relationship between radiation Eqd & induced biological effects

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2
Q

International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP)

A

-international authority on the safe uses of ionizing radiation for the public and occupational
-1928
-only makes recommendation, does not enforce them
-has several subcommittees (in Canada)

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3
Q

National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurement (NCRP)

A

-nongovernmental, nonprofit
-1964
-reviews recommendations from ICRP and makes recommendations to the US
-Not a enforcement agency- must be enforced through the state and federal agencies

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4
Q

United Nations Scientific Committee on Effects of Atomic Radiation

A

-started 1955
-Evaluates human and environmental exposures from a variety of source: radioactive material, radiation accidents, radiation producing machines
-assesses radiation induced cancer and genetic effects (mainly studies Japanese atomic bomb survivors

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5
Q

biological effects of ionizing radiation committee

A

-formed by the National Research Council
-Organized by US National Academy of Sciences
-Reviews biologic effects of radiation and risk assessments
-groups examined: early radiation workers, atomic bomb survivors chernobly and fukushima

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6
Q

nuclear regulatory commission (NRC)

A

-enforcers of protection standards for the general public, patients and personnel
-formally known as Atomic Energy Commission
-does not regulate or inspect xray facilities
primary function is to oversee nuclear energy industries

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7
Q

NRC was formally known as

A

atomic energy commission

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8
Q

agreement state

A

state that abides by the NRC regulations through their state department
-non agreement states will have NRC come to into facilities
-PA became an agreement state March 31, 2008

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9
Q

environmental protection agency (EPA)

A

started in 1970 in D.C
responsible for protecting health of humans and safeguarding the environment
determines levels of radon
oversees development and enforcement of regulations in the environment

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10
Q

food and drug administration (FDA)

A

regulates design and manufacturing of electronic products like diagnostic xray equipment
-does onsite inspections for equipment, especially mammography to determine level of compliance
-MQSA (mammo .quality standards act of 1992)
-the white paper
-radiopharmaceticals fall under the FDA
-CFR 21

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11
Q

the white paper

A

supports: the right imaging exam, the right time and the right radiation dose

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12
Q

CFR 21

A

standards for protection against radiation for occupationally exposed; minimum source to skin distance; guidelines for fluro

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13
Q

occupationally safety and heath administration (OSHA)

A

-monitoring agency
-regulation occupational exposures
-right to know of employees examples: hazardous, substances, infectious agents, ionizing radiation, non ionizing radiation

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14
Q

state agencies

A

department of environmental protection (DEP) which is what the bureau of radiation protection falls under
-department of health (does onsite inspection)

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15
Q

PA patient safety authority

A

adverse patients events area required

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16
Q

department of transportation

A

controls the transportation of radioactive material:
mode, package, labeling

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17
Q

radiation safety program

A

facilities with imaging services must have effective and detailed program to ensure appropriate safety of patients and techs

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18
Q

radiation safety committee (RSC)

A

helps develop safety programs that are NRC mandated
PA state law: required a faculty w/2 or more modalities to have an RSC

19
Q

radiation safety officer (RSO)

A

RH’s Dr. Mohammad Aljallad
develop and oversee program, ensure everyone is protected, maintains radiation records and counsels after high readings, day to day supervision

20
Q

RSO qualifications

A

approved by the NRC and at the state
-usually a medical or health physicist, radiologist or individual deemed qualification

21
Q

radiation control for health and safety act of 1968

A

aka public law 90-602
protect the public from unnecessary exposure equipment like: microwaves tvs & xray equipment

22
Q

consumer patient radiation health & safety act 1981

A

aka public law 97-35
set guidelines requiring minimum standards for radiology programs and persons
there is no legal penality for non-compliance

23
Q

CARE bill

A

consistency, accuracy, responsibility & excellence
-ensures accreditation of education program and licensure of persons performing xray and radiation therapy
-demonstrate competency by experience, education and examination

24
Q

ALARA

A

1954
ICRP refers to it as ORP (optimization)
linear, non threshold
achieved by : proper safety procedure and qualifies workers

25
Q

effective dose limiting system

A

can be expressed in whole body, partial body, individual organ
-exposure in risk of biological damage to workers and the public

26
Q

NCRP #102

A

reports #102
-recommendations on design, performance and use of equipment
-guidelines for: lead equivalent for sheilds, minimum filtrations, exposure rates

27
Q

NCRP #116

A

1993
limitation of exposure to ionizing radiation: occupational, non occupational, cumulative effective dose, pregnant worker

28
Q

radiation induced responses

A

tissue response, cell killing, effect, dose not occur below a threshold , severity increase as dose increases

29
Q

early examples (radiation induced responses)

A

erythema, decreased wbc, epilation, hematopoietic, syndrome, GI syndrome, cerebrovascular syndrome

30
Q

late examples (RIR)

A

cataracts, fibrosis, organ atrophy, reduction of fertility , sterility

31
Q

genetic alterations

A

teratogenesis radiation of the fetus in utero
mutagenesis radiation of reproductive cells before conception

32
Q

radiation induced malignancy

A

change increases with an an increased dose to the somatic cells
-severity is not dose related but chance increases as dose increases

33
Q

objective of radiation protection

A

-prevent non-stochastic effects from happening by keeping doses below threshold
-limit risk of stochastic effects to a conservative level as compared to the benefit of the exposure
-radiation protection is linear non theshold
-radiation has benefits but also potential for destruction

34
Q

organ sensitivity example

A

critical organs: gonads, blood forming, organ lung, thyroid
medium: osteoblast- bone forming, fibroblast- connective tissue
low: muscles, nerve cells

35
Q

law of bergonie and tribondeau

A

cells are more sensitive when are immature and rapidly dividing (smaller and getting more mature)

36
Q

NCRP recommendations

A

occupational dose limits: effective dose 50 msv
eye 150 msv
localization of skin 500 msv
ICRP has lowered the effective dose to 20 msv but it has not been adopted by the uS

37
Q

cumulative effective dose

A

persons age in year x 10 msv

38
Q

non occupational dose limits

A

continuous exposed 1 msv
infrequent 5 msv
non radiology hopisital worker expose
patient dose limits not a specific dose limit

39
Q

embryo fetus limits

A

entire gestational period 5 msv
not exceeding any one month 0.5 msv

40
Q

students under the age of 18

A

1msv

41
Q

NIRL

A

negligible individual risk level
NCRP, exposure that is below risk of faculty compared to other risk of daily life

42
Q

`NID

A

negligible individual dose
provides a low level cut off for regulating agencies reduction level is unneeded; dismissed because the level if very low, 0.01 msv per repost 116

43
Q

NCRP #160

A

review of ionizing radiation exposure to the public, just like any radiation to the US

44
Q

stochastic

A

randomly occurring, dose does not determine who its infecting; no threshold

Medical Imaging (14 decks)

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