mi 120 unit 1 Flashcards
radiation protection safeguards who from unnecessary exposures from ionizing radiation
patients, personal and general public
ionizing radiation is..
positive and negative charged particles as it passes through matter
ex. x-ray
unnecessary exposure doesn’t benefit who
diagnostic information and enhancing the quality of the study
how to minimize exposures with proper techniques
technique books and proper measuring tools
how to minimize exposures with procedural factors
immobilizations, proper image receptors and positions around the patients limitation
human determinate examples
pathological condition, body habitus and movement
environmental determinate examples
humidity with film
good voluntary risk imagining for
screening purposes (mammo)
injury
illness
diagnosis efficacy
produces the basis for the justification of procedures
-reveals the presence or absence of the disease while following radiation safety guidelines
responsibilities of technologist
standards of practice and ASRT Code of ethics #5 & #7
technique- using the lowest or smallest amount of exposure to produce good images
proper shielding reduces exposures..
50% in females and 90-95% in males
ALARA
has similar definition to ORP
radiation induced cancers are
without a threshold (linear, non-threshold)
-any amount of radiation is not safe (linear) the more you git, the worse it gets
BERT
background equivalent radiation time
compares amount of radiation received during a specific procedure to the amount of natural background radiation over a certain period of time
radiographic dose documentation
dictating dose exposure and/ or fluro time into radiology reports
radiation
the emission of energy in the form of electromagnetic way or as moving subatomic particle passing through space from one location to another
types of radiation
mechanical vibration (ultrasound)
electromagnetic waves (x-ray)
electromagnetic spectrum
frequencies and wavelengths of electromagnetic waves
left side of spectrum
higher energy, higher frquency, shorter waves (x-ray)
right side of spectrum
non ionizing with lower energy
lower frequency
longer wavelength (micorwave)
middle of spectrum
visible light
examples of ionizing radiation
x-rays, gamma rays, UV waves (greater then 10 ev)
examples of non ionizing radiation
UV (less then 10 ev), visible light, infrared rays and microwaves
particulate radiation
ionzing radiation that has high speeds
terrestrial depends on
the composition of the soil and rocks
ex. uranium
50% of the source of radiation
radon
highest contributor of natural background radiation
colorless, odorless, radioactive gas present in the air
higher levels in soil that contains radon is
granite, shale, phosphate and pitchblend
radon is present in
building materials like bricks, concrete and gypsum wallboard
radon is the way leading cause in what
2nd; lung cancer
how many deaths in the US in a year from radon and lung caner
20,000
EPA recommendations
homes to have annually levels no greater than 4 pico curies per liter (4pCi/2)
what is cosmic radiation
interations with the sun or solar system
greatest intensity occurs at high altitudes
lower intensity at sea level
internal radioactive atoms that are…
made up of small percentages of the body tissue
-ingested
-inhaled
human made radiation
50% of radiation
found in consumer produce examples such as Tv’s, airport, smoke detectors, air travel etc
TMI (1979)
Three Mile Island Unit nuclear plant accident
Chernobly (1986)
thyroid cancer in adolescents and children
increase in breast cancer
lukemia
Fukushima (2011)
tsunami
type of medical radiation
diagnostic machines
radioisotopes
who discovered x rays and when was it discovered?
Wilhelm Roetgen on 11-8-1895
Who performed the first clinical xray, when and what was it?
Dr. Gilman Frost, february 1896 and it was a boys wrist
who was the first radiation death and when
Clarence Madison Dally, 1904
what did edison invent?
fluroscope
what year was the first cancer from exposure to a physician?
1910
what is radiodermatitis?
reddening of the skin from radiation exposure
-radiologist and dentist
aplastic enema
blood disorder
lukemia
abnormal overpopulation of WBC
what was established in 1921
british xray and radium protection committee
what is ICRU?
international commission or radiation units and measurements (established between the 1900-1930s)
what was Roentgen used and accepted for
a dose unit
REM was replaced with what?
SIEVERT
ICRP revised values of tissue radiosensitivity weighing factors from studies of
atomic bomb survivors
effective dose (EfD) was adopted and measured in what
sievert
what is somatic effect?
effect seen in the individual who received the exposure
short term effects of somatic effect
erythema, decrease in blood cells, CNS fatigue, disruption of GI
long term effects of somatic effect
cancer, cataracts, shortening of life span, embryonic effects in 1st trimester
what is genetic effect?
damage to the cells genetic code or DNA molecule
when are genetic effects seen and received?
seen in offspring of exposed individual and received pre-conception from exposure in fetus from eggs or sperm
exposure is used to measure what
radiation exposure or intensity to specific area
exposure applies only with what
xray and gamma
exposure is measure in what
C/kg or coulomb/kilogram
what is air kerma?
Si unit that can be used to describe radiation that is transferred to a point (skin surface) and used in fluro
what is air kerma measured in?
gray (Gy)
entrance to skin air kerma (ESAK)
dose index that is obtained from the center of the xray beam using a calibrated electric dose meter
in absorbed dose, higher atomic number = ?
higher absorbed dose
what is absorbed dose measured in
gray (Gy)
what is dose equivalent?
average dose in human tissue by different types of radiation that measures biological harm
what is dose equivalent measured in ?
sievert (sv)
dose equivalent measures what
the quantity of radiation received by radiation workers
what is the conversion for sievert?
1 sievert = 1000 millisievert
radiation weighing factor
dimensionless factor that was chosen for radiation protection purposes to account for differences in biologic impact among various types of ionizing radiations
what is radioactivity used to measure and what is it measured in?
-quantity of radioactivity
-becquerel (Bq)
-traditional was curie (ci)
what is the radioactivity conversion?
1 ci= 3.7 x 10^10 Bq
effective dose
measures an overall risk of exposure to humans from ionizing radiation (measured in sievert)
EX CAGES
-exposure
-coulomb/kilogram
-absorbed dose
-gray
-equivalent dose
-sievert
DAP (dose area product)
measures the amount of radiant energy that has been delivered into a portion of the patient’s body surface
collective effective dose (ColEfD)
cumulative dose to a population or group exposed to a given radiation source or group of sources
what is ColEfD measured in and what is an example
person-sievert
200 people receive 0.25 sievert
average effective dose
dose to an individual in a group exposed to a specific source
effective dose per individual in US (EUS)
dose per individual in the uS, whether you were exposed to a source or not
