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Medical Imaging > mi 120 unit 1 > Flashcards

mi 120 unit 1 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

radiation protection safeguards who from unnecessary exposures from ionizing radiation

A

patients, personal and general public

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2
Q

ionizing radiation is..

A

positive and negative charged particles as it passes through matter
ex. x-ray

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3
Q

unnecessary exposure doesn’t benefit who

A

diagnostic information and enhancing the quality of the study

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4
Q

how to minimize exposures with proper techniques

A

technique books and proper measuring tools

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5
Q

how to minimize exposures with procedural factors

A

immobilizations, proper image receptors and positions around the patients limitation

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6
Q

human determinate examples

A

pathological condition, body habitus and movement

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7
Q

environmental determinate examples

A

humidity with film

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8
Q

good voluntary risk imagining for

A

screening purposes (mammo)
injury
illness

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9
Q

diagnosis efficacy

A

produces the basis for the justification of procedures
-reveals the presence or absence of the disease while following radiation safety guidelines

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10
Q

responsibilities of technologist

A

standards of practice and ASRT Code of ethics #5 & #7
technique- using the lowest or smallest amount of exposure to produce good images

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11
Q

proper shielding reduces exposures..

A

50% in females and 90-95% in males

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12
Q

ALARA

A

has similar definition to ORP

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13
Q

radiation induced cancers are

A

without a threshold (linear, non-threshold)
-any amount of radiation is not safe (linear) the more you git, the worse it gets

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14
Q

BERT

A

background equivalent radiation time
compares amount of radiation received during a specific procedure to the amount of natural background radiation over a certain period of time

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15
Q

radiographic dose documentation

A

dictating dose exposure and/ or fluro time into radiology reports

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16
Q

radiation

A

the emission of energy in the form of electromagnetic way or as moving subatomic particle passing through space from one location to another

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17
Q

types of radiation

A

mechanical vibration (ultrasound)
electromagnetic waves (x-ray)

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18
Q

electromagnetic spectrum

A

frequencies and wavelengths of electromagnetic waves

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19
Q

left side of spectrum

A

higher energy, higher frquency, shorter waves (x-ray)

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20
Q

right side of spectrum

A

non ionizing with lower energy
lower frequency
longer wavelength (micorwave)

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21
Q

middle of spectrum

A

visible light

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22
Q

examples of ionizing radiation

A

x-rays, gamma rays, UV waves (greater then 10 ev)

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23
Q

examples of non ionizing radiation

A

UV (less then 10 ev), visible light, infrared rays and microwaves

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24
Q

particulate radiation

A

ionzing radiation that has high speeds

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25
Q

terrestrial depends on

A

the composition of the soil and rocks
ex. uranium
50% of the source of radiation

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26
Q

radon

A

highest contributor of natural background radiation
colorless, odorless, radioactive gas present in the air

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27
Q

higher levels in soil that contains radon is

A

granite, shale, phosphate and pitchblend

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28
Q

radon is present in

A

building materials like bricks, concrete and gypsum wallboard

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29
Q

radon is the way leading cause in what

A

2nd; lung cancer

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30
Q

how many deaths in the US in a year from radon and lung caner

A

20,000

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31
Q

EPA recommendations

A

homes to have annually levels no greater than 4 pico curies per liter (4pCi/2)

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32
Q

what is cosmic radiation

A

interations with the sun or solar system
greatest intensity occurs at high altitudes
lower intensity at sea level

33
Q

internal radioactive atoms that are…

A

made up of small percentages of the body tissue
-ingested
-inhaled

34
Q

human made radiation

A

50% of radiation
found in consumer produce examples such as Tv’s, airport, smoke detectors, air travel etc

35
Q

TMI (1979)

A

Three Mile Island Unit nuclear plant accident

36
Q

Chernobly (1986)

A

thyroid cancer in adolescents and children
increase in breast cancer
lukemia

37
Q

Fukushima (2011)

A

tsunami

38
Q

type of medical radiation

A

diagnostic machines
radioisotopes

39
Q

who discovered x rays and when was it discovered?

A

Wilhelm Roetgen on 11-8-1895

40
Q

Who performed the first clinical xray, when and what was it?

A

Dr. Gilman Frost, february 1896 and it was a boys wrist

41
Q

who was the first radiation death and when

A

Clarence Madison Dally, 1904

42
Q

what did edison invent?

A

fluroscope

43
Q

what year was the first cancer from exposure to a physician?

A

1910

44
Q

what is radiodermatitis?

A

reddening of the skin from radiation exposure
-radiologist and dentist

45
Q

aplastic enema

A

blood disorder

46
Q

lukemia

A

abnormal overpopulation of WBC

47
Q

what was established in 1921

A

british xray and radium protection committee

48
Q

what is ICRU?

A

international commission or radiation units and measurements (established between the 1900-1930s)

49
Q

what was Roentgen used and accepted for

A

a dose unit

50
Q

REM was replaced with what?

A

SIEVERT

51
Q

ICRP revised values of tissue radiosensitivity weighing factors from studies of

A

atomic bomb survivors

52
Q

effective dose (EfD) was adopted and measured in what

A

sievert

53
Q

what is somatic effect?

A

effect seen in the individual who received the exposure

54
Q

short term effects of somatic effect

A

erythema, decrease in blood cells, CNS fatigue, disruption of GI

55
Q

long term effects of somatic effect

A

cancer, cataracts, shortening of life span, embryonic effects in 1st trimester

56
Q

what is genetic effect?

A

damage to the cells genetic code or DNA molecule

57
Q

when are genetic effects seen and received?

A

seen in offspring of exposed individual and received pre-conception from exposure in fetus from eggs or sperm

58
Q

exposure is used to measure what

A

radiation exposure or intensity to specific area

59
Q

exposure applies only with what

A

xray and gamma

60
Q

exposure is measure in what

A

C/kg or coulomb/kilogram

61
Q

what is air kerma?

A

Si unit that can be used to describe radiation that is transferred to a point (skin surface) and used in fluro

62
Q

what is air kerma measured in?

A

gray (Gy)

63
Q

entrance to skin air kerma (ESAK)

A

dose index that is obtained from the center of the xray beam using a calibrated electric dose meter

64
Q

in absorbed dose, higher atomic number = ?

A

higher absorbed dose

65
Q

what is absorbed dose measured in

A

gray (Gy)

66
Q

what is dose equivalent?

A

average dose in human tissue by different types of radiation that measures biological harm

67
Q

what is dose equivalent measured in ?

A

sievert (sv)

68
Q

dose equivalent measures what

A

the quantity of radiation received by radiation workers

69
Q

what is the conversion for sievert?

A

1 sievert = 1000 millisievert

70
Q

radiation weighing factor

A

dimensionless factor that was chosen for radiation protection purposes to account for differences in biologic impact among various types of ionizing radiations

71
Q

what is radioactivity used to measure and what is it measured in?

A

-quantity of radioactivity
-becquerel (Bq)
-traditional was curie (ci)

72
Q

what is the radioactivity conversion?

A

1 ci= 3.7 x 10^10 Bq

73
Q

effective dose

A

measures an overall risk of exposure to humans from ionizing radiation (measured in sievert)

74
Q

EX CAGES

A

-exposure
-coulomb/kilogram
-absorbed dose
-gray
-equivalent dose
-sievert

75
Q

DAP (dose area product)

A

measures the amount of radiant energy that has been delivered into a portion of the patient’s body surface

76
Q

collective effective dose (ColEfD)

A

cumulative dose to a population or group exposed to a given radiation source or group of sources

77
Q

what is ColEfD measured in and what is an example

A

person-sievert
200 people receive 0.25 sievert

78
Q

average effective dose

A

dose to an individual in a group exposed to a specific source

79
Q

effective dose per individual in US (EUS)

A

dose per individual in the uS, whether you were exposed to a source or not

Medical Imaging (14 decks)

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