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Medical Imaging > MI 116 unit 5 > Flashcards

MI 116 unit 5 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

ASRT scope of practice

A

perform venipuncture as prescribed by a licensed practitioner; starting and maintaining and/or removing intravenous access as prescribed; identifying and administering medications as prescribed

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2
Q

ASRT practice standard

A

radiographers prepared administer, and document activities related to medications and radiation exposure in accordance w/ federal & state laws, regulation

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3
Q

professional liability

A

the professional radiographer who administers drugs is expected to know the safe dosage, the safe route of administration, and the limitations of the drug to be administered must also be known

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4
Q

negligence

A

court decisions against a health care provider may be centered on what another provider in your profession would have done under the same circumstances to determine if your actions were appropriate or inappropriate

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5
Q

employer policy

A

free will of management, to conduct its own affairs to achieve its purpose

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6
Q

drug

A

any substance that, when taken into a living organism may modify one or more of its functions

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7
Q

pharmacology

A

study of drugs and their origin, nature, properties and effects on living organisms

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8
Q

nomenclature

A

classified system of names:
chemical name
generic name
trade name

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9
Q

chemical group

A

action or function
grouped into families that have similar chemical actions
ex. family: relieve pain – analgesics
fight inflammation– anti inflammatories

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10
Q

legal purchase

A

prescription vs non prescription
all have a FDA label

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11
Q

mechanism and site of action

A

a term used to describe how a drug or other substance produces an effect in the body

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12
Q

primary effect

A

desired therapeutic effect of the drugs

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13
Q

pharmacokinetics

A

-study of how a drug is absorbed into the body, circulates within the body, is changed in the body and leaves the body
-must go through absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion
-disintegration is thought to be the 1st step of the pharmacokinetics

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14
Q

absorption

A

drug movement from its site of administration into the blood
-the drug must be absorbed and taken through the bloodstream to its intended site in order to act
-absorption also depends on the surface available
-blood takes meds to where they need to be through skin, GI, lungs, etc

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15
Q

absorption rate

A

rate and extend of drug absorption depends on route of drug administration, dosage, gastro intestinal motility, interaction with food/other drugs, absorption surface available, blood flow, age and present disease

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16
Q

distribution

A

after absorption, the drug is distributed via circulation to target tissues
-if circulation is compromised, distribution of the drug is also compromised
-some drugs accumulate in specific tissues which can prevent the drug from reaching target site

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17
Q

metabolism

A

-body alters the chemical structure of a drug or other foreign substance
-most drugs are metabolized in the liver
-many factors can alter drug metabolism
-delay drug metabolism could cause an adverse reaction
-rapid drug metabolism could interfere with intended effects

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18
Q

excretion

A

clearance rate= drugs removal from the body (kidneys excrete the most)
other removal intestines, lungs, breast milk
-slow clearance rate and drug given too often = toxic level
-contrast media is not metabolized = excretion in about 24 hours

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19
Q

excretion half life

A

the time it takes for a 50% decrease in a drugs presence in the body
-short half life equals more frequent doses

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20
Q

pharmacodynamics

A

“soul mate”
study of the method or mechanism of drug action on living tissues or the response of tissues to chemical agents at various sites in the body
-drugs can alter physiologic effects in the body

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21
Q

pharmacodynamics receptor

A

the particular area for which a drug us intended and that receives the maximum effect
-agonist vs antagonist

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22
Q

therapeutic index/ range

A

measures the safety of a drug
-the relation between dosage at which the intended effect of a drug is obtained and the amount that produces an unwanted effect

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23
Q

drug reactions: side effect

A

when a drug produces an effect that is mild, common, and or non toxic
-drug acts on unintended tissues

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24
Q

adverse reaction

A

when a drug produces a severe or more life threatening reaction
-toxic reaction: unwanted effect that is an extension of the therapeutic effect other wise known as overdose

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25
Q

drug tolerance

A

occurs when a drug received continually for the length of time creates a change in the response to the drug

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26
Q

pharmacogenetics

A

the study of how genes affect a persons response to drugs
-combines field of pharmacology and genomics

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27
Q

6 rights of drug administration

A

-medication
-dose
-patient
-time
-route
-documentation
My Doctor Prescribed The Right Drug

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28
Q

right medication

A

reading the label THREE times- check name carefully
-when container is removed from storage, container, and replaces
-check expiration dates

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29
Q

dose

A

calculate/measure dose accurately
-check the rad department protocols
-ask rad assistant or radiologist if theres questions

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30
Q

patient

A

follow protocols for patient identifiers
-verify the patients identification each time a medication is given
-check: name, MRN, DOB

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31
Q

time

A

radiologic tech does not determine the time of administration
-physician/ practitioner is responsible for ordering drugs and determining time of administration

32
Q

route

A

physician/protocol specifics route
-radiology follows protocol
most common: enteral, intravenous, intrathecal
consider: absorption, conscious state and ability to swallow

33
Q

common route sites

A

enteral: buccal (gums), rectal
tube/catheter
inhalation
topical
parenteral

34
Q

oral route

A

enteral
most common method, PO
-sublingual is placed under tongue
-buccal is placed between the gums and the inner lining of the cheek
pro: its safe and convenient
con: bad taste, irritator, aspiration, etc

35
Q

oral drug forms

A

tablets, capsules, troches, liquids

36
Q

rectal route

A

pro medications can be given when the stomach is traumatized, avoids bad taste and avoids irritating the UGI tract
con: unpredictable retention of drug; erratic

37
Q

tube or catheter route

A

drug introduced by tube or catheter in liquid form
-PICC line, nasogastric tube
may need to flush tube or catheter prior to administration of medication or contrast

38
Q

inhalation

A

high concentration of drug are deposited in the respiratory mucosa
-common: oxygen therapy, anesthesia, aersol inhalers

39
Q

topical

A

drug applied directly to the skin
do not apply with bare hands
lotion sprays and ointments

40
Q

parental

A

administered by injection or by route other than the GI tract
intravenous: directly into circulation
intra-arterial: into or entry of artery
intrathecal: into the subarachnoid space within the brain or spinal cord
intramuscular: administration below layer of skin but above muscle
intraosseous: into bone

41
Q

documentation

A

follow employer policy
any time a drug is given, it must be recorded in chart
include: name, dose, route, date and time, refusal and effects

42
Q

legal documentation problems

A

medication errors is the most common legal problem

43
Q

IV contrast administration

A

introduce contrast directly into the blood stream
-seen in CT, MIR and AIR
-contrast is clear and packed in a vial
-highlights the vessels/ organs
-ensure protocols and polices are followed precisely

44
Q

how does contrast circulate one in the blood?

A

heart- arteries- capillaries- veins

45
Q

oral, rectal, tube contrast administration

A

procedures in which you would see oral administration: esophagus, UGI and small bowel
-procedures in rectal: barium enema
-procedures in tube/catheter: fistuagram, loopogram and T-tube cholangiogram

46
Q

intrathecal contrast administration

A

myelograms, CT, MRI
injection into the subarachnoid space

47
Q

Analgesics

A

-relieve pain without causing loss of consciousness
-2 groups: opioids and nonopioids
-opioids: narcotic that treats moderate to severe pain; morphine and oxycodone
-nonopioids: treat mild to moderate pain; Tylenol

48
Q

anesthetics

A

-reversibly depress neuronal functions, producing loss of ability to perceive pain and/or other sensations
-two types: general and local
-general: produce muscle relaxations and loss of consciousness; diprovan or ultane
-local: blow nerve conduction from an area of the body to the centra; nervous system; novocain

49
Q

antianxiety or anxiolytics

A

treatment of anxiety; act on the central nervous system to calm/ relax anxiousness
-benzodiazepines: xanax, valium, ativan, versed

50
Q

anticholinergics

A

-reduce smooth muscle tone, motility of the GI tract, and secretions from respiratory tract and secretory glands
-oxybutinin: treatment for overactive bladder
-atripine: used preoperatively to inhibit the secretions that can be stimulated by genera anesthetics to prevent bradycardia

51
Q

antiarrythmics

A

treat variations from norma rhythm of the heart
-depends on type of arrthymia

52
Q

anticonvulsants (antiepliptic)

A

used to prevent or control the occurrence of seizures
-does not treat the cause of seizures
-some types are available as oral or parenteral

53
Q

antidiabetic

A

insulin: only treatment used for type 1 or type 2
-type 2 sometimes uses micronase, invokana, etc
-complication: hypoglycemia reactions
-temporarily discontinue metformin

54
Q

anticoagulants

A

inhibit clotting of the blood
-prevent/treat thromboembolic disorders
-patients will receive anticoagulants undergoing IR procedures

55
Q

coagulants

A

control hemorrhage or speed up coagulation
oral and Iv: phytonadione

56
Q

antidepressants

A

treatment of depression, panic disorder, OCD and depressive state of bipolar disorder
ex. prozac, zoloft
-treatment for 6-12 weeks
drug interactions can occur if receiving drugs in combination with anti depressants

57
Q

antiviral

A

-does not destroy their target pathogen; instead they inhibit its developments
-treats: herpes, chicken pox, flu, etc

58
Q

antiemetic

A

prevent/treat nausea and vomiting
most effective in prevention versus after the symptoms have started
-reduces motion sickness

59
Q

antihistamine

A

treat acute/ chronic allergic disorders
-treat symptoms; upper respiratory infections and common cold
-sedating; such as benadryl
-non sedating; claritin or allegra

60
Q

antihypertensives

A

treat high blood pressure
-hypertension caused by many factors = many different drugs use as treatment
-commonly used in combination with other drugs

61
Q

antibacterial

A

used to destroy or inhibit growth of microorganisms
-antibiotics: broad spectrum is effective against large # of microorganisms
-narrow spectrum: effective against a smaller #of microorganisms

62
Q

antiseptics

A

destroy microorganisms on living tissue ( skin)

63
Q

disinfectants

A

substances that are applied to non living objects to destroy microorganisms that are living on the objects

64
Q

anti-inflammatory

A

effective and widely used for mild/moderate pain
-NSAIDS- nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory analgesic drugs

65
Q

corticosteroids

A

-used to reduce symptoms associated with chronic inflammatory disorders or short term treatment of acute inflammatory conditions

66
Q

bronchodilators

A

treat asthma and COPD; relax bronchial muscles and dilate respiratory passages
-albuterol or oral

67
Q

antidiarrheal

A

helps to relieve diarrhea by slowing down the movement of the bowel
-may not be taken with certain medical conditions or certain medications
-usually 2 day use maximum

68
Q

cathartics

A

helps to empty and stimulate intestinal motility
-not to be used for extended periods of time and nay interact with other drugs causing improper absorption of that drugs

69
Q

laxatives

A

act to promote the passaing and elimination of feces from the large intestines
-frequently used in radiology to prep patients for GI procedures
-miralax: powder to mix in cold or hot beverages- stimulates bowl movement

70
Q

diuretics

A

increase the amount of urine excreted by the kidneys -aids in treatment of edema
-used in conjuction often times with treatment of high blood pressure
-water pill; trys to get rid of extra water

71
Q

sedatives

A

depress the central nervous sytem; effect ranges from mild sedation to inducing sleep
-treats anxiety related to painful or anxiety provking procedures

72
Q

vasodilators

A

causes blood vessels to dilates and useful in treating vascular diseases
-IV, Oral, topically
-nitroprusside

73
Q

vasoconstrictors

A

cause blood vessels to construct- increasing heart action and raising blood pressure
-can treat show symptoms (epi pen)

74
Q

hormones

A

affect the endocrine system
-useful in replacement therapy (synthroid)

75
Q

antiseptics

A

kill microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses and fungi using chemicals called biocides
-disinfectants are used to kill germs on noliving surfaces
-antispetics kill microorganisms on your skin

Medical Imaging (14 decks)

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