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medical emergencies Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

emergency

A

situation in which the condition of a patient or a sudden change in medial status requires immediate action
-ensure open airway, control breathing, take measurement to prevent or treat shock, attend to wounds or fractures, provide emotional support, continually evaluate

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2
Q

emergency equipment

A

be familiar with location of emergency equipment in each room where you work
-drug box or drug cart
-emergency cart or crash cart
-oxygen
-wall mounted suction
-AED

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3
Q

automatic external defibrilator

A

AED usually located on top of crash cart
-sometimes on wall
-useful in treating cardiac arrhythmia
-AEDs located in every department and outpatient center
-fully automatic: AED provides shock
-semi automatic: we provide the shock

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4
Q

SHS emergency information

A

red phones: call 911 only
receptionist desk- equipment
-AED
-nursing skills lab

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5
Q

code blue

A

code used to expedite the response of the appropriate medial team to participate in resuscitation of any person who has had a cardiopulmonary arrest/failure or who is experiencing a potential life threatening event
-a pediatric code blue will announce for all children 17 years and younger

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6
Q

conditions requiring cold blue

A

-lack of pulse or ventilation
-acute deterioration of airway, pulmonary, and/or circulatory systems
-acute unresponsiveness

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7
Q

how is cold blue called

A

in hospital- dial x6363
-tell operator to page code blue
-tell operator your location
-in outpatient centers call 911 only

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8
Q

RT role for code blue

A

-call for help
-assess vital signs
-get emergency equipment
-get chart to the room’-provide appropriate care while waiting for help
-begin CPR
-be prepared to provide history of events

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9
Q

rapid response team

A

a team of clinicians who bring critical care exposure to INPATIENT bedside
-response team called instead of code blue when the patient demonstrates signs of deterioration but does not meet criteria of a code blue
-if less serious situation arises call RRT and dial 6363. must be specific if it is a pediatric patient

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10
Q

members of rapid team

A

team leader, internal medicine resident , coach/ICU RN, respiratory therapist, lab tech, additional is needed

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11
Q

responsibilities of the rapid team

A

arrive within 5 minutes of the call, assess, stabilize, assist with communication, educate and support, assist with transfer, document and provide feedback

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12
Q

medical emergency

A

a team of healthcare individuals who will respond to a status change of an individual
-status changes: feeling faint, low blood sugar, fall, chest pain and panic attack
-for anybody
-not for serious conditions that warrant a code blue
-dial 6363 in patient and 911 outpatient

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13
Q

medical emergencies

A

head injury, shock, anaphylaxis, diabetic coma, respiratory distress and arrest, airway obstruction, cardiac arrest, CVA

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14
Q

head injury

A

levels of consciousness (LOC)
alert/conscious: least severe injury
semi conscious/serious head injury: patient may need to be gently poked/touched to be alert or loud verbiage
unconscious: unable to be awaken, reacts to painful shock
-comatose: unresponsive to all stimuli

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15
Q

indication of deteriorating consciousness

A

if patient changes LOC during exam, notify nurse or doctor immediately
-patient start to complain of headache
-lethargic: abnormal drowsiness
-slurred speech
-irritable
-slowing pulse
-slowing respiratory rate

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16
Q

RT response to deteriorating consciousness

A

stop procedure and get medical assistance, maintain open airway, stay with patient until help arrives, assess vital signs, move patient as little as possible

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17
Q

glasgow coma scale

A

a way to assess neurological functions
-three areas of functioning: eye open, motor response, verbal response

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18
Q

shock

A

a failure of the circulatory system to support vital body functions
-hypovolemic
-distributive
-anaphylactic
-neurogenic
-septic
-cariogenic

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19
Q

symptoms of shock

A

-restlessness
-apprehension/ anxiety
-tachycardia
-decreasing blood pressure
-cold: clammy skin
-pallor

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20
Q

hypovolemic shock

A

caused by loss of blood or tissue fluid. Heart is unable to pump enough blood to the body
-if bleeding from wound causes shock place pressure on wound site to reduce hemorrhage

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21
Q

distributive shock

A

results from excessive vasodilation and the impaired distribution of blood flow
-anaphylactic
-neurogenic
-septic

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22
Q

anaphylactic shock

A

-a type of distributive shock aka vasogenic
-most often caused by an allergy to food, insect bites, or certain medications
-most common encountered in radiology
-can range form mild to severe
-always monitor your patient

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23
Q

neurogenic shock

A

type of distributive shock that can occur after a spinal cord injury
-body has trouble regulating blood pressure, heart rate and temperature due to nervous system damage
-keeps oxygen from reaching your organs

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24
Q

septic shock

A

a type of distributive shock
last and most severe type
when an infection in your body causes extremely low blood pressure and organ failure due to sepsis
-frequent
-fast HR, fever, shaking or chills, clammy skin, confusion, hyperventilation, light headed, etc

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25
Q

cardiogenic shock

A

-when the heart cant supply enough oxygen-rich blood to the body to meet its needs
-can cause organs to fail without proper oxygen supply
-most often caused by heart attack or heart failure
-chest pain, trouble breathing, sweats or cold sweats, irregular heartbeat, fainting, etc

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26
Q

prevention/intervention

A

-prevention: maintaining normal body temperature, keeping patient converted or uncovered; avoid any rough or excessive handling/ be gentile throughout procedures; be aware of patients psychological care
-intervention: if situation is developing- stop the procedure; body temperature; call for assistance; take note of patient vital signs

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27
Q

diabetic crisis

A

diabetes: condition that happens when your blood sugar glucose is too high. develops when the pancreas doesn’t make enough insulin or any at all
-may be temporary (gestational diabetes)
-normal levels = 70-110 mg

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28
Q

hypoglycemia

A

excessive insulin is present
-can occur if patient takes normal dose of insulin and does not eat
-intensely hungry, weak and shaky, excessive sweating, confused and irritable and aggressive

29
Q

insulin shock and insulin reaction

A

-mild symptoms: tremor, sweating, hunger, tachycardia, irritability
-moderate symptoms: dizziness, headache, numbness of lips or tongue, confusion, cold and clammy skin and blurred vision
-severe symptoms: disorientation, difficulty/ arousing from sleep, impaired motor function, diminishing level of consciousness, seizure, coma

30
Q

hyperglycemia

A

excessive sugar in blood and Is the characteristic typically associated with diabetes
-excessive thirst, dry mucosa, rapid and deep breathing, drowsiness and confusion

31
Q

ketoacidosis

A

body starts breaking down fat at a rate that is too fast
-liver processes the fat into a fuel called ketones which can cause the blood to be acidic
-ketone bodies in blood stream cause metabolic acidosis or diabetic coma
-most common in type one and can be fatal

32
Q

respiratory distress and arrest

A

asthma: condition characterized by difficulty breathing, wheezing; may happen in imaging department
-bronchial swelling on inspiration, collapse on exhalation
-increased mucous production

33
Q

major emergency: chocking

A

-chocking occurs when a foreign object becomes logged in the throat or windpipe, blocking the flow of air
-stridor: abnormal breathing sound that resembles wheezing or creaking or whistling sound
-encourage to cough and if that doesnt work then helmich move

34
Q

heimlich maneuver

A

-increase intrathoracic enough to propel the lodged object out of the throat
view slide 52

35
Q

unconscious patient

A

for unconscious patient, start with CPR in case object became dislodged
check for object in mouth do not do blind finger sweeps

36
Q

cardiac arrest

A

-the sudden stoppage of cardiac output that leads to permanent organ damage or death if not treated

37
Q

cardiac tamponade

A

blood/fluid fill the space between the sac that encases the heart and the heart muscle
-uses chest tube

38
Q

cpr

A

CAB: circulation, airway and breathing

39
Q

AED

A
  • a portable electronic device that automatically diagnose life threatening cardiac arrhythmia in a patient and treats them through defibrillation allowing the heart to reestablish effective rhythm
    -ventricular fibrillation is fluttering that prevents blood flow
    -ventricular tachycardia
40
Q

cerebrovascular accident

A

stroke or brain attack: onset may be sudden or develop gradually over time
-paralysis, slurred speech, extreme dizziness, loss of vision, complete loss of consciousness

41
Q

nausea and vomiting

A

can instruct the patient to breath slowly and deeply through their mouths
-provides patients with emesis basin/bag and moist clothes
-patient should be positioned erect or lateral , if supine, they should roll on their side

42
Q

epistaxis

A

nosebleed
-have patient lean forward and pinch nostril
-do not place patient recumbent or tilt head back
-apply moist compress if gentle pressure fails to stop the bleeding
-call help after 15 minutes

43
Q

vertigo

A

dizziness
-those who have been not mobile for a period of time can experience vertigo or fainting when standing
-often a precursor to syncope
-should be assisted to a seated or recumbent position
-watch for vertigo when sitting patients up from.a recumbent position

44
Q

postural hypotension

A

-a drop in blood pressure due to change in body position, more common in older people
-temporary
-no treatment needed

45
Q

syncope

A

-self correcting, temporary state of shock and the result of lack of blood flow to the brain
-assist patient into a recumbent position with feet elevated
-faiting

46
Q

seizure

A

mild: brief loss of consciousness, stare into space for a brief time, slight confusion or weak after the episode
severe: involuntary contraction of muscles on one or both sides of the body; could last several minutes; loss of bodily functions; non-convulsive; stare into space

47
Q

during and after seizure

A

-do not attempt to restrain patient
-call for help and RRT or medical emergency
-place pillow under head and clear area and lower to floor
-make sure theres an open airway, they could be weak and forgetful and need post-pone procedure

48
Q

wounds

A

-hemorrhage, burns, dehiscence
-woulds often are sustained previously or during surgery.
-wear gloves when dealing with wounds

49
Q

hemorrhage

A

-bleeding outside of a vessel = most often refers to severe bleeding, not all hemorrhages are serious
-can be internal such as in the brain or external such as on the skin
-wounds need to be observed for signs of hemorrhages
-slide 70

50
Q

steps for superficial lacerations

A

-stop the bleeding; apply pressure
-clean the area: apply an antibiotic cream; apply a sterile bandage

51
Q

steps for deep lacerations

A

-lacerations is bleeding severely; blood is spurting from the laceration
-clamping the arteries
-hemostat to artery/vein that is profusely bleeding

52
Q

dehiscence

A

-patients sutures separate allowing the content to be visible or spill out
-place sterile dressing over site
-place patient in seated position , bending forward to relieve pressure on wound
-do not attempt to place tissues back inside wound
-medical attention sought immediately

53
Q

burns

A

1st: superficial
2nd: outermost and second most
3rd: fatty and all layers
-disrupt the protective function of the skin
-very prone to infection
-imperative to maintain sterile precautions
-extremely painful
-never remove clothing from burn if it is stuck to skin

54
Q

latex allergy

A

latex comes from the sap of the rubber treat, allergies can build up due to repeated exposure, dermatitis, cramps, hives, etc
-can cause anaphylaxis

55
Q

treatment/ prevention of agitating allergy

A

-needs to be treated immediately
-if the patient has latex allergy, remove latex from exam room
-its only non latex gloves
-wash down the room before the patient enters

56
Q

trauma

A

a physical injury or wound caused by external force or violence
-sudden, unexpected, dramatic, forceful or violent event

57
Q

head injuries

A

a head injury is any trauma that injuries the scalp, skull, or brain
-closed
-open

58
Q

common accident causes

A

accidents at home , work, outdoors or while playing sports
-falls
-physical assault
-traffic accidents
-most of these injuries are minor because the skull protects the brain

59
Q

symptoms associated with head injuries

A

drowsiness, slurred speech
abnormal behavior
develops a severe headache or stiff neck
loses consciousness
seizures
-visual disturbance

60
Q

steps to take with mild and severe head injury

A

mild: observe adults/children after injury for increased symptoms
severe: check persons airway, breathing, circulation; stabilize head/neck, stop any bleeding, apply ice packs to swollen areas

61
Q

immobilization

A

cervical collar: limits patient mobility, cannot be removed by radiologic tech, physician must clear the c-spine for removal

62
Q

spinal injuries

A

injury that can cause loss of movement below the site of injury

63
Q

common causes for spinal injury

A

-bullet or stab wound
-traumatic injury to the face, neck, head, chest, or back
-driving accident
-electric shock
-extreme twisting
-landing on the head
-fall from great height

64
Q

symptoms of spinal injury

A

-unusual head position, numbness in the arm or leg, weakness, difficulty walking, paralysis of arms or legs, no bladder control, shock, lack of alertness, stiff neck

65
Q

steps to take with spinal injury

A

-never move anyone who has spinal injury
-hold the persons head and neck in the position in which they were found
-do not allow the person to get up and walk unassisted
-dont let them get up to walk around
-check breathing

66
Q

immobilizations

A

-cervical collar : places traction on cervical spine, prevents life threatening movement, must remain on and
-backboard/spine board: radiotranslucent

67
Q

fractures

A

compound: open fracture when a bone breaks through the skin tissue
closed: closed fracture when the bone causes little or no damage to the surround tissue

68
Q

traction

A

-never remove traction apparatus
-never relieve the pull of tractions
splints: used on lower extremities
-exert steady force on limb
-contain radiopaque materials

Medical Imaging (14 decks)

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