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AVIATION FLASH CARDS > Meterology > Flashcards

Meterology Flashcards

1
Q

States of matter

A

Solid
Liquid
Gas

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2
Q

6 changes of state are

A

MDS FEC

MELTING
DEPOSITION
SUBLIMATION
FREEZING
EVAPORATION
CONDENSATION

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3
Q

Melting

A

When a solid becomes a liquid

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4
Q

Evaporation

A

When a liquid changes to a gas,
(heat energy is absorbed by the liquid)

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5
Q

Condensation

A

When a gas becomes a liquid
(gives up heat)

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6
Q

Freezing

A

Liquid changes to a solid
(When cools gives up heat)

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7
Q

Deposition

A

When gas becomes a solid
(releases, energy/heat)

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8
Q

Sublimation

A

When a solid becomes a gas
(Absorbs energy/heat) Ie. dry ice

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9
Q

Dew point

A

The temperature that air must be cool to in order to reach 100% saturation

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10
Q

Relative humidity

A

The ratio of the actual water vapour present in the air to the amount which the same volume of air would hold if it were saturated at the same atmospheric pressure and temperature

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11
Q

When do clouds form?

A

When warm air rises, as it rises, it will expand and cool.

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12
Q

Environmental lapse rate

A

The measured decrease in temperature with height above the ground. It is actually observed not a theoretical one.

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13
Q

Adiabatic process

A

The heating or cooling of the atmosphere without adding or subtracting heat

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14
Q

Dry adiabatic, lapse rate
DALR

A

3°C per 1000 feet of altitude. Use this calculations of temperature at altitude for dry air.

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15
Q

What is the decrease in dewpoint temperature?

A

0.5°C per 1000 feet.

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16
Q

Calculating cloudbase height equation

A

1000 x (temp-dew point) / 2.5= cloud base height 

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17
Q

Calculation of temperature at altitude in unsaturated air:

A

1.5°C per 1000 feet of increase in altitude.

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18
Q

When does Precipitation occur?

A

When water droplets, gross, efficiently in size and weight to overcome lifting agents, such as fronts and up drafts

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19
Q

Three types of rainfall

A

1 Convergent and cyclonic,
2 Orographic or relief
3 convectional

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20
Q

Convergent and cyclonic rainfall:

A

Caused by the convergence of two air masses or Fronts
Warm front rainfall =steady
Cold front rainfall =showery

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21
Q

Orographic or relief rainfall

A

When warm, moist air is forced to rise over an obstacle mountain range it cools

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22
Q

Convectional rainfall

A

When ground surface is locally heated, and the adjacent air expands and rises

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23
Q

When does snow form?

A

Under the same conditions as rain, except that the dewpoint temperatures are below freezing, so the vapour condenses straight to a solid (deposition)

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24
Q

How to determine base of cull is clouds (FGU)

A

Determine the spread between temperature and dewpoint, and multiplied by 400

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25
Q

Stable air

A

A small changes resisted and stable. System returns to its previous state.

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26
Q

Unstable air

A

A small change, initiate a bigger change, leading to one bigger, still…

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27
Q

Dry adiabatic, lapse rate
DALR

A

A balloon rising (air parcel) will cool at 3°C per 1000 feet

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28
Q

Saturated adiabatic lapse rate
SALR

A

A balloon rising (air parcel) will cool at 1.5°C per 1000 feet.

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29
Q

Stable air will be:

A

Smooth flying
Poor visibility
Steady precipitation
Layer cloud (stratus)
Ultimate – fog
Shallow lapse rate
Inversion
Warm air moving over cold air

30
Q

Unstable air will be:

A

Bumpy flying
Good visibility
Showery precipitation
Cumulus clouds (heap)
Ultimate – thunderstorm
Steep lapse rate
High temperature/do point spread

31
Q

Lapse rate in atmospheric stability

A

Steep lapse rate
Shallow lapse rate
Inversion
Isothermal layer

32
Q

Ways to cause surface heating

A

Radiation – reflection of the earths rays
Conduction – warm air, contacting cold air
Advection – horizontal movement of air
Convection - unequal surface heating

33
Q

Lifting processes
convection:

A

This happens due to unequal surface heating

34
Q

Lift processes
Convergence:

A

Excess air rises as pressure systems meet

35
Q

Lifting processes,
mechanical disturbance:

A

Surface friction

36
Q

Lifting processes
Orographic lift:

A

Air moving up hills/mountains (anabatic)

37
Q

Lifting processes,
frontal lift:

A

Advancing air being pushed up by cold air on the bottom

38
Q

What is a cloud?

A

Visible aggregate of tiny water, droplets, and/or ice crystals that are suspended in the atmosphere

39
Q

SKC

A

Clear sky

40
Q

FEW

A

1/8 to 2/8 of the sky covered

41
Q

SCT

A

Scattered 3/8 to 4/8 of the sky covered

42
Q

BKN

A

Broken 5/8 to less than 8/8 of the sky covered

43
Q

OVC

A

Overcast, 8/8 covered

44
Q

When is there a ceiling?

A

Whenever the sky is either broken BKN or overcast OVC

45
Q

Clouds are classified into for families

A

High clouds
Middle clouds
Low clouds
Clouds with vertical development

46
Q

Hi clouds are:

A

Cirrostratus (CS)
Cirrocumulus (CC)
Cirrus (CI)
20,000-40,000ft

47
Q

Middle clouds are:

A

Altostratus (AS)
Altocumulus (AC)
Altocumulus Castellanus (ACC)

48
Q

Low clouds are:

A

Stratus (ST)
Stratocumulus (SC)
Nimbostratus (NS)
Stratus Fractus (SF)
Cumulus Fractus (CF)

(Found at altitudes between the surface to 6500 feet)

49
Q

Clouds with vertical development are:

A

Cumulus (CU)
Towering cumulus (TCU)
Cumulonimbus (CB)
Alto, cumulus, Castellanus (ACC)

50
Q

Cirrus clouds:

A

High and wispy typically found at heights greater than 20,000 feet, a current high pressure systems. They point in the direction of air movement mainly composed of ice crystals.

51
Q

Cirrostratus

A

Sheet like high-level clouds, composed of ice crystals. Somewhat rare characterized by high ice crystals.

52
Q

Altocumulus (AC)

A

These are puffy, cotton ball type clouds. On a warm and humid summer morning they may be followed by a thunderstorm.

53
Q

Stratus (ST)

A

Low layer cloud. Smooth air. Resembles fog, but does not rest on the ground.

54
Q

Altostratus (AS)

A

Layer cloud with no definite pattern, stele, or bluish in color. Sometimes the sun or moon can be seen dimly through.

55
Q

Altocumulus, Castellanus (ACC)

A

Created from instability associated with air flows, having Mark vertical, sheer and weak thermal stratification.

56
Q

Stratus (ST)

A

No, for a drizzle or freezing drizzle updrafts associated with stratus clouds are very weak.

57
Q

Nimbostratus (NS)

A

Dark, low level, clouds, often accompanied by steady, light to moderate continuous precipitation.

58
Q

Stratocumulus (SC)

A

Low lumpy layer of clouds. Sometimes accompanied by weak intensity precipitation.

59
Q

Stratus Fractus (SF)

A

Stratus cloud that has been torn by wind into fragments. Drizzle may fall from these clouds.

60
Q

Cumulus (CU)

A

Appearance of floating cotton or popcorn, popping, and have a lifetime of 5 to 40 minutes.

MUST KNOW:
Indicates the presence of significant vertical currents at low levels without precipitation.

61
Q

Cumulus (CU)

A
62
Q

Towering cumulus (TCU)

A

Growing cumulus cloud. On the way to becoming a cumulonimbus.

63
Q

Cumulonimbus (CB)

A

Thunder and lightning are associated with. Fuelled by vigourous convective updrafts that at times are in excess of 50 kn and contain the greatest turbulence.

64
Q

The suffix “Nimbus”
means:

A

Precipitation
Like the prefix “nimbo”

65
Q

Mammatus

A

Powerful cumulonimbus clouds may have appendages protruding from the base of them called Mammatus clouds

66
Q

Orographic clouds

A

Developed when air is forced to rise by the Earth topography (mountains)

67
Q

Lenticular clouds

A

Forms in the wave crest, very high and hundreds of miles long

68
Q

Rotor clouds

A

Associated with mountain wave activity

69
Q

Cap clouds

A

Lies over the top of the mountain, and extends partially down the leeward slopes, indicating an extremely strong downdraft

70
Q

Contrails

A

A cloud that is formed by the water vapour contained in the exhaust of jet engines. At high enough altitudes, the cold temperatures will instantly turn the vapour into ice crystals.

71
Q

Roll cloud

A

Associated with thunderstorms. Exercise, extreme caution around roll clouds!

AVIATION FLASH CARDS (31 decks)

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