Aviation General Flashcards
Indicated altitude
This is the altitude read directly from altimeter (uncorrected) when set to the current altimeter setting
Pressure altitude
The altitude that Is indicated when the altimeters barometric scale is set to 29.92 inch Hg. Pressure altitude is based on the standard atmosphere. It is used to determine:
True altitude
Density altitude
True airspeed
True altitude
This is our exact height above mean, sea level. Heights on aeronautical charts are given in terms of true altitude.
Absolute altitude
The actual height above the Earth surface in AGL with the altimeter setting correctly set an non-standard variation temperature taken into consideration.
Saskatoon ground control station
121.9 (Ground Control)
Saskatoon tower station
118.3
Atis station
128.4
DEPARTURE PROCEDURE:
The winds are at. _____at_____KTs, So we are anticipating Runway_______With a crosswind of_______.
Anticipating Taxi instructions of __
Upon Clearance onto the active Runway I will make a________(left, right) turn to enter the runway.
After takeoff Expecting a turn to the____(right, left)
TAKEOFF BREIFING
This will be a___________(normal, short, soft, XW) Takeoff, flaps at_______-
The calls will be:
POWER SET
ENGINE GAUGES GREEN
AIRSPEED ALIVE
I will ROTATE at ______(55KTs)
Any abnormality affecting safety before rotation, I will call REJECT, REDUCE power, Exit Runway, INFORM ATC
ENGINE FAILURE IMMEDIATELY AFTER TAKEOFF
A Mad Father Introduces Wicked Magic
A Mad Father Introduces Wicked Magic
1 airspeed - 65 KIAS flaps up
60 KIAS flaps down
2 mixture – idle cut-off
3 fuel selector valve - off
4 ignition switch- off
5 wing flaps – as required
6 master switch - OFF
Engine failure-IF INSUFFICIENT RUNWAY REMAINING, I will:
Land up to 30 degrees left/right of centre line at best glide of 65/70KTs
AFTER ENGINE RUN UP:
CALL FOR TAXI CLEARANCE - 121.90(GROUND CONTROL)
Saskatoon ground_THIS IS…ready for taxi with information________-(ATIS)
(IF 09/15 ACTIVE) (Requesting intersection departure at______(15=Alpha;
09=bravo), remaining rwy length sufficient.
Listen to ground…Repeat REGISTRATION
CALL FOR CLEARANCE:
118.3
Saskatoon Tower_____(registration) holding short of runway________at taxiway________ ready for departure
Normal TAKE-OFF:
FLAPS ________0-10 degrees
Carb Heat _____COLD
THROTTLE ____FULL
POWER SET
ENGINE GAUGES GREEN
AIRSPEED ALIVE
LIFT NOSE _____55 KTs
CLIMB________70-80 KTs
400/500 ft checks
NO- SMOKE, FIRE, FLUIDS
LANDING LIGHT OFF
FLAPS - UP
Maintain runway heading
Climb to 2650ft
ENTERING TRAINING AREA
126.7 (ENROUTE)
Saskatoon Training area traffic______(Registration)
Where you are_________ (Altitude, Cory mine, Agrium mine-Vanscoy)
Where you will be working_________(N/S/E/W;Deslile, Vanscoy, N/S of Highway Etc,
At_______(Altitude and below)
RETURNING FROM TRAINING AREA:
118.3 (ATC)
Saskatoon Tower________(Registration)
Requesting to enter (L/R Downwind)_____
For Runway _______
For a (Touch & go, full stop)_________
(Repeat instructions or clearance) _____________(Registration)
PRELANDING CHECKS…
On downwind -mid field
Primer in - locked
Master switch———ON
Mags on both
LANDING LIGHT———ON
CARB HEAT______ HOT
Mixture__________RICH
FUEL SELECTOR——BOTH
Tap the breaks
Power reduced___1500 RPM
FLAPS 10 degrees Below VFE (arch) ——70 KTS
AIR SPEED 75
Passenger Safety Briefing
NORMAL LANDING:
1-Carb heat hot -SLOW TO 70kts 10Degrees FLAPS
2-BASE -FLAPS 20 degrees 70Kts
3-TRIM
4-TURN to FINAL-ALIGN Active RWY
5-Establish glide path - RWY (60-70kts)
Control a/s w/ attitude & decent w/pwr
6-Keep airplane in trim until Flare
7-Reduce power-idle when RWY is ensured
8-start flare 30’ above ground (pitch back, never forward)
9-keep pulling back, hold airplane off ground, until no longer flies
10- land in first 1/3 of runway (always have Go/No Go point
OVERSHOOT
- FULL POWER
- CLIMB OUT
- FLAPS STAGES
- IF NEEDED:
- Turn gently to right of runway
- While doing avoid departure stall
Don’t climb to high, may be aircraft crossing field
ON TAXIWAY AFTER LANDING:
121.90 (GROUND CONTROL)
Saskatoon Ground________(registration)
On taxiway ____________
Requesting Taxi to the Hanger.
(Confirm by repeating_______(registration)
500 ft base to final turn
Ft ASL?
2150 ASL
Stable by 200 AGL
Ft ASL?
1850 ASL
False assumption
False assumptions are when you make assumptions base on incorrect information or ignored information
Expectancy
As a pilot you may be expecting the take off clearance but are given a hold short
Experience could just as well serve to strengthen expectancy
Fixation
Fixing your attention on one item while something more important goes unnoticed
For example dropping your pencil, while trying to retrieve it you neglect to control the altitude
Ignoring bad news
Get home itis over bad weather report
High concentration
There is a tendency to relax and make false assumptions after periods of high concentration.
For example you successfully fly through bad weather only to land at your destination airport in good weather-but downwind
Regression
A pilot with lots of experience on one type of airplane could be vulnerable to false assumptions by operating switches that are reversed in a different type.
Example
Throttle and mixture positions
Landing gear and flaps position
Stress
Many things cause stress, lack of sleep, fatigue, heat, illness, poor diet and interpersonal problems to name a few.
Low stress arousal
Some stress is not always bad
It alerts us (arousal) and this can help us think clearly and operate efficiently
To much can result in discomfort, or even panic
Overload
Stress can be seen as an overload caused by pressures.
These can be physical pressures such as an extreme temperature and/or moisture, noise, vibration or lack of oxygen.
Altimeter settings
Station pressure reduced to Sea Level Pressure using the standard temperature of 15° C and the standard lapse rate of 1.98°C per 1000 ft
Turning DOWN the Altimeter sub-scale results in:
A LOWER indicated Altitude
If altimeter, setting, given by an aerodrome varies more than ————-the the Altimeter needs to be re-calibrated.
50 feet from field elevation
Station pressure reduced to Sea Level Pressure is know as
Altimeter setting
In Determining MSL pressure we use what temperature
The average temperature over the past 12hrs
To determine Alt Setting we use what temperature
Standard temperature
Always try to use alt setting for nearest field preferably with/in ————miles
100 miles
Decrease in pressure equals a————-in Altitude
Increase
Increase in Pressure equals a ————in Altitude
Decrease in altitude
What are the two methods by which the altimeter pointers can be moved?
1 changes in air pressure (climbing/descending)
2 strictly Mechanical (rotating the knob on the altimeter)
FROM HIGH (pressure+temperature) TO LOW (pressure+tempere)
Look out below
Flying lower than altimeter reads
FROM LOW (pressure + Temperature ) TO HIGH (pressure+temperature )
To much Sky
Flying higher than altimeter reads
When Alt setting goes down in in Hg the Altimeter goes up or down?
Down in height
Air pressure is:
The sum force applied by all the air molecules in the atmosphere above us.
AIM
Aeronautical Information Manuel
Colder than standard temp will place the aircraft———than the alt indicates
LOWER
FROM HOT TO COLD ————
You are being BOLD
(Indicated alt will be higher than true)
Pressure Altitude
Altitude that is indicated when the barometric scale on the Altimeter is set to 29.92 in Hg
ISA
Sea level
Perfectly dry
Lapse rate 1.98°C per 100ft
29.92 in Hg pressure
Pressure altitude is used to determine:
Density altitude
True Altitude
True airspeed
Density Altitude =
Pressure altitude corrected for non standard temperature variations (actual temperature for the pressure altitude)
Also the height the aircraft thinks it is flying Above Sea Level
High density altitude means:
The aircraft feels like it is at a high altitude (poorer performance)
True altitude is
Our exact Height above sea level
Absolute altitude is
Our exact height above terrain
Calculating True Altitude RULE OF THUMB METHOD
Multiply 4ft per 1000ft for each 1 degree Celsius the temperature varies from ISA
Eg:
-outside air temp is 0°C
-ISA at 5000 feet is 15° (Sea level) - 10° (2°C/1000 ft) = 5°C
- 0° -5° equals -5° colder than ISA
- 5 (thousand) x 4 feet = 20 feet
- 20 feet x -5= -1000 feet
- actual altitude is 5000 ft - 100 feet = 4900 feet
True altitude rule of thumb equation:
True altitude= indicated altitude + ( ISA deviation x4/1000) x indicated altitude
Take off and landing performance data in POH and AFM are typically given in
Density Altitude
ENGINE FAILURE ABOVE 500FT:
Best glide of 65/70Kts, reassess at that time, with a potential to turn back to the airfield
Lapse rate =
The rate of change of temperature with height (1.98°C per 1000 feet)
Inversions
Temp of the atmosphere increases with an increase in altitude
(When an inversion occurs the air is very stable)
5 phases of Landings
Approach
Round out
Flare
Touchdown
Rollout
Forward slip=
Moving forward
Path over the ground
(Rudder all the way to floor (or as much as you can manage), use aileron to keep airplane moving in forward flight path)
Side slip
Moving forward and sideways path over ground. Point ailerons in the way you want to go and just enough rudder to keep lined up with runway.
Wind shear
Rapidly changing wind.
“Tearing” of the wind as it changes abruptly.
It could be horizontal, such as from a low level, jetstream, or vertical, such as from convective weather.
NOTAMS
1 Continuity number
2 NOTAM type (new, replace, cancel)
3 Qualifier line
4 FIR (flight info region)
5 Code group 5 letters (1st Q)
6 Traffic type I, V or IV
7 NOTAM purpose (N,B,O,M, K)
8 Applicable scope of NOTAM
9 Lower limit/upper limit
10 Geographical Coordinates
11 Radius of area of Influence
12 Item A location indicator
13 Item B start time
14 Item C end time
15 Item D if occurs on specific time
16 Item E English text decoded NOTAM
17 Item F lower limit for NOTAM
18 item G upper limit airspace restrictions/ Nav warnings
P6SM
Plus 6 statute miles visibility
Intensity symbols
(-) light
(No sign) moderate
(+) Heavy
IFR
Less than 1000 feet AGL, and or less than 3SM
MVFR
Between 1000 and 3000 AGL, and or between 3 to 5SM
VFR
More than 3000 feet AGL and or more than 5SM
LCL
Local
Special coverage 25% or less
PTCHY
Patchy
26 to 50% coverage
XTENSV
Extensive
Greater than 50% coverage
Instruments needed for date VFR:
Magnetic compass
Airspeed indicator
Sensitive altimeter: (to Needles)
Time piece
Engine instruments:
Tachometer
Oil pressure
Oil temperature
Fuel gauge is for each main tank
MP gauge (for aircraft with variable pitch propeller’s, super charged, or turbo, charged engine, or helicopters)
Radio if operating in an MS or class B, C, or D airspace
Position and anti-collision lights:
Navigation position lights:
Red light on the left wing tip
Green light on right wing tip
White light on the tail
Anticollision lights
Flashing white, red, or both
What anticollision late is required if flying at night with passengers?
If functioning landing light
FLAPS
Devices on the wing to increase lift and drag by increasing the camber of the wing
Defined night
EECT-BMCT
EECT-BMCT
The time between the end of evening, civil twilight, and the beginning of morning civil twilight
Computed heading =
Magnetic heading 
What will change the stalling angle of attack? 
Flaps setting, and contamination will change the stolen angle of attack

What will change the stalling speed of an aircraft? 
Weight, CG & bank angle.
