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METABOLISM > Metabolism Histology (Alimentary System) > Flashcards

Metabolism Histology (Alimentary System) Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 4 phases of nutrient absorption

A

Fragmentation, digestion, absorption, elimination

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2
Q

What is MALT?

A

Mucosa associated lymphoid tissue - in lamina propria of GI tract with organised lymphoid aggregates

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3
Q

Where is MALT found?

A

Lamina propria of cells in the GI tract

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4
Q

What are Peyer’s patches?

A

Lymphoid follicles in the ileum of the small intestine

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5
Q

Where are Peyer’s patches found?

A

Ileum

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6
Q

Describe IgA secretion in the gut?

A

Synthesised by plasma cells as monomer –> forms dimer (joined by J-linkage) –> binds to poly-Ig receptor on basolateral surface (secretory component attached)–> internalisation –> transported across mucosa –> secreted into gut lumen (secretory component protects from proteolysis)

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7
Q

What is the role of the secretory component in IgA secretion?

A

Protect IgA from proteolysis

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8
Q

Outline the basic structure of the GI tract

A

Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis propria (externa), adventitia/serosa

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9
Q

Outline the composition of alimentary mucosa generally

A

Epithelium, lamina propria and muscularis mucosae

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10
Q

Outline the composition of alimentary submucosa generally

A

Loose connective tissue containing blood/lymph vessels and submucosa/Meissner’s plexus of parasympathetic nerves (to muscularis mucosae, glandular secretions and local blood flow)

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11
Q

Outline the composition of alimentary muscularis propria (externa) generally

A

Inner circular layer and outer longitudinal smooth muscle responsible for peristalsis AND myenteric/Auerbach’s plexus are found between muscle layers (control activity)

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12
Q

Outline the composition of alimentary adventitia/serosa generally

A

Major vessels and nerves travel in this outermost layer

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13
Q

What is Meissner’s plexus?

A

Paraympathetic nerve ganglia in the submucosa of alimentary trac involved in local blood flow, glandular secretions and control of muscularis mucosa

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14
Q

What is Auerbach’s plexus?

A

Myenteric plexus supplying the muscularis externa/propria and controls peristalsis (in alimentary system)

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15
Q

What is the structural difference between adventitia and serosa?

A

Serosa has a thin loose CT covered by mesothelium whereas adventitia just has an outer CT layer

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16
Q

When is the outermost part of the alimentary tract referred to as a serosa?

A

When it is located within the peritoneal cavity

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17
Q

Describe the histological characteristics of the small intestine

A

Mucosa has finger-like villi, has crypts in the mucosa (below epithelia), then light staining submucosa, then smooth muscle, then muscularis externa

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18
Q

Where are villi found?

A

Small intestine only (duodenum, jejunum, ileum)

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19
Q

What is chyme?

A

Watery digesting food

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20
Q

What are lacteals?

A

Lymphatic vessels in the lamina propria which carry absorbed materials away from the small intestine

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21
Q

What type of epithelia is present in the oesophagus?

A

Stratified squamous epithelia (resists abrasion)

22
Q

Where are the glands in the oesophagus located?

A

Submucosa

23
Q

Describe the histological structure of the muscularis externa in the oesophagus

A

Upper 1/3 of oesophagus has muscularis externa with skeletal muscle within it, middle 1/3 contains a mix of skeletal and smooth muscle and the lower 1/3 is comprised of only smooth muscle

24
Q

Describe the histological characteristics of the stomach

A

Has glandular mucosa with tubular glands

25
Q

What are the 4 divisions of the stomach?

A

Cardia, fundus, body and pylorus

26
Q

Which cells secrete mucus in the stomach, and where?

A

Mucous neck cells, in all areas of the stomach

27
Q

Which cells secrete HCl in the stomach and where?

A

Parietal cells in the fundus and body

28
Q

Which cells secrete pepsin in the stomach and where?

A

Chief cells (pepsin hydrolyses proteins) in the fundus and body

29
Q

Which cells secrete gut hormones (including gastrin) in the stomach and where?

A

Endocrine cells in the fundus and body and G cells in the pylorus (Gastrin here)

30
Q

How can you identify chief cells histologically?

A

Largest of the glandular cells in the stomach and have a dark staining

31
Q

How can you identify mucous neck cells histologically?

A

Smaller cells pf the stomach (than chief cells) and have a dark staining

32
Q

How can you identify parietal cells histologically?

A

Have a high cytoplasm:nucleus ratio

33
Q

What is the ‘gastric pit’?

A

The opening of a gland lined by surface mucous cells

34
Q

Define ‘dyspepsia’

A

Indigestion

35
Q

What are plicae circularis?

A

Larger folds of the small intestine (than microvilli) to further increase surface area for absorption

36
Q

What type of epithelia is present in the stomach?

A

Simple columnar epithelia

37
Q

What type of epithelia is present in the small intestine?

A

Simple columnar

38
Q

What type of epithelia is present in the large intestine?

A

Simple columnar

39
Q

What are brush border enzymes?

A

Enzymes present on the luminal surface of enterocytes which facilitate digestion

40
Q

What type of stain allows visualisation of goblet cells?

A

PAS stain, stains the carbohydrate in mucin –> red/pink

41
Q

What is a glycocalyx?

A

A coating of glycoproteins and polysaccharides that protects the small intestine against autodigestion and binds digestive enzymes to facilitate final stages of digestion (stained pink by PAS)

42
Q

What are the intestinal glands of the small intestine known as?

A

Crypt of Lieberkühn

43
Q

What is the location of enterocytes in the small intestine and what is their function?

A

Lining villi - digestion (brush border enzymes) and absorption
Crypt - secretion of watery intestinal juice

44
Q

What is the location of goblet cells in the small intestine and what is their function?

A

Along villus between enterocytes (mucus secretion)

45
Q

What is the location of endocrine cells in the small intestine and what is their function?

A

Crypts - regulation of gut function

46
Q

What is the location of stem cells in the small intestine and what is their function?

A

Crypts - regeneration of epithelium

47
Q

What is the location of Paneth cells in the small intestine and what is their function?

A

Crypts - antimicrobial agents, defensins and lysozyme

48
Q

What is the role of enteropeptidase?

A

Crypt enterocytes secrete this to activate pancreatic trypsin

49
Q

Describe Paneth cells histologically

A

Found only in small intestine and have bright pink granules and are at the base of crypts

50
Q

What is taenia coli?

A

The collection of three band of longitudinal smooth muscle in the muscularis externa of the large intestine

51
Q

Describe the histological characteristics of the large intestine

A

Glands are longer than in the small intestine and look like tubes in a rack

METABOLISM (22 decks)

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