Metabolism

Question 1

Glycolysis occurs in the ____ state

Answer 1

Fed

Question 2

The breakdown of glucose into pyruvate to produce energy

Answer 2

Glycolysis

Question 3

End product of glycolysis

Answer 3

pyruvate

Question 4

Endogenous formation of glucose from non carbohydrate sources

Answer 4

Gluconeogensis

Question 5

What are common substrates for gluconeogenesis

Answer 5

fat, amino acids, lactic acid

Question 6

What is the purpose of gluconeogenesis

Answer 6

to maintain plasma glucose during the fasted state and hypoglycemia

Question 7

Where does gluconeogenesis occur

Answer 7

the liver , kidneys and small intestines

Question 8

Gluconeogenesis occurs in the ___ state

Answer 8

fasted

Question 9

Which counterregulatory hormones are involved in gluconeogensis

Answer 9

epinephrine, norepinephrine, cortisol, glucagon, thyroid hormone, growth hormone

Question 10

what are the precursors for gluconeogenesis

Answer 10

lactic acid, alanine or glutamine amino acids and glycerol from broken down triglycerides

Question 11

what is the preferred amino acid for gluconeogenesis

Answer 11

alanine (it converts into oxaloacetate from malate)

Question 12

Gluconeogenesis will start within ____ ____ when there is no glucose

Answer 12

10-18 hours

Question 13

How long until glycogen is depleted in a 70 kg male during starvation

Answer 13

24 hours

Question 14

what are the fasting hormones (catabolic)

Answer 14

Glucagon, glycogenolytic, gluconeogenic, lipolytic and ketogenic hormones. Also released during stress and infection

Question 15

Lipolysis

Answer 15

catabolism of the storage form of fat

Question 16

Lipolysis happens during a ____ state

Answer 16

fasted state/ stress

Question 17

Which hormone suppresses lipolysis

Answer 17

insulin

Question 18

Lipolysis is triggered by the hormone ____ when blood glucose is ____

Answer 18

glucagon, low

Question 19

Lipolysis is inhibited by the hormone ____ when blood glucose is ____

Answer 19

insulin, high

Question 20

Branched Chain Amino Acids are stored in the ____state

Answer 20

Fed

Question 21

which amino acid is used in gluconeogenesis

Answer 21

alanine

Question 22

what is the role of amino acids in the kidney and brain

Answer 22

gluconeogenic amino acids that are made into glucose during gluconeogenesis. Works for the brain as neurotransmitters, pre-cursors to catecholamines etc.

Question 23

an antioxidant derived from amino acids that plays a role in the development of arginine and nitrous oxide for preventing oxidative damage

Answer 23

glutathione

Question 24

the primary substrate for gluconeogenesis in starvation

Answer 24

Protein

Question 25

ketogenesis will start within ________ ______ during starvation

Answer 25

48 hours

Question 26

Glucagon is released in response to _____ BG as well as _____ and _____

Answer 26

low blood glucose, stress, sepsis

Question 27

quaternary amine needed for transport and metabolism of long chain fatty acids into the matrix of the mitochondria for beta oxidation

Answer 27

carnitine

Question 28

_____deficiency leads to impaired fatty acid oxidation which can increase the chance for hepatic steatosis

Answer 28

carnitine

Question 29

Insensible water losses come from primarily the ____ and ___ and make up for ____mL/kg/day

Answer 29

skin and lungs