Metabolism Flashcards
Glycolysis occurs in the ____ state
Fed
The breakdown of glucose into pyruvate to produce energy
Glycolysis
End product of glycolysis
pyruvate
Endogenous formation of glucose from non carbohydrate sources
Gluconeogensis
What are common substrates for gluconeogenesis
fat, amino acids, lactic acid
What is the purpose of gluconeogenesis
to maintain plasma glucose during the fasted state and hypoglycemia
Where does gluconeogenesis occur
the liver , kidneys and small intestines
Gluconeogenesis occurs in the ___ state
fasted
Which counterregulatory hormones are involved in gluconeogensis
epinephrine, norepinephrine, cortisol, glucagon, thyroid hormone, growth hormone
what are the precursors for gluconeogenesis
lactic acid, alanine or glutamine amino acids and glycerol from broken down triglycerides
what is the preferred amino acid for gluconeogenesis
alanine (it converts into oxaloacetate from malate)
Gluconeogenesis will start within ____ ____ when there is no glucose
10-18 hours
How long until glycogen is depleted in a 70 kg male during starvation
24 hours
what are the fasting hormones (catabolic)
Glucagon, glycogenolytic, gluconeogenic, lipolytic and ketogenic hormones. Also released during stress and infection
Lipolysis
catabolism of the storage form of fat
Lipolysis happens during a ____ state
fasted state/ stress
Which hormone suppresses lipolysis
insulin
Lipolysis is triggered by the hormone ____ when blood glucose is ____
glucagon, low
Lipolysis is inhibited by the hormone ____ when blood glucose is ____
insulin, high
Branched Chain Amino Acids are stored in the ____state
Fed
which amino acid is used in gluconeogenesis
alanine
what is the role of amino acids in the kidney and brain
gluconeogenic amino acids that are made into glucose during gluconeogenesis. Works for the brain as neurotransmitters, pre-cursors to catecholamines etc.
an antioxidant derived from amino acids that plays a role in the development of arginine and nitrous oxide for preventing oxidative damage
glutathione
the primary substrate for gluconeogenesis in starvation
Protein
ketogenesis will start within ________ ______ during starvation
48 hours
Glucagon is released in response to _____ BG as well as _____ and _____
low blood glucose, stress, sepsis
quaternary amine needed for transport and metabolism of long chain fatty acids into the matrix of the mitochondria for beta oxidation
carnitine
_____deficiency leads to impaired fatty acid oxidation which can increase the chance for hepatic steatosis
carnitine
Insensible water losses come from primarily the ____ and ___ and make up for ____mL/kg/day
skin and lungs
