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Physiology yr 2 > Metabolism > Flashcards

Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

cellular respiration from carbohydrates is when reactions complete the oxidation of ??? yielding ???, ???, and ATP

A

oxidation of glucose, fielding CO2, H2O and ATP

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2
Q

Conversion of glucose to pyruvic acid is called

A

glycolysis

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3
Q

polymerisation of glucose to form glycogen (glucose storage) is called

A

glycogenesis

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4
Q

glycogenolysis is the hydrolysis of glycogen to ??? monomers

A

glucose monomers

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5
Q

gluconeogenesis is the formation of ??? from ??? precursors

A

glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors

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6
Q

krebs cycle is best described as the complete breakdown of ??? to CO2, yielding small amounts of ATP snd reduced coenzymes

A

breakdown of pyruvic acid

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7
Q

Beta oxidation (lipids) is the conversion of ??? to acetyl CoA

A

fatty acids

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8
Q

lipolysis occurs when lipids are broken down into ??? and ???

A

fatty acids and glycerol

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9
Q

the formation of lipids from acetyl CoA and glyceraldehyde phosphate is called ???

A

lipogenesis

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10
Q

??? is the transfer of an amine group from an amio acid to a-ketoglutaric acid which gets transformed into glutamic acid

A

transamination

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11
Q

oxidative deamination is the removal of an ??? from glutamic acid as ammonia and regeneration of a-ketoglutaric acid

A

amine group

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12
Q

in the liver, insulin promotes glycogenesis and inhibits ???

A

glycogenolysis

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13
Q

GLUT2 doesn’t require ??? to move ??? into the cell

A

insulin to move glucose

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14
Q

Insulin receptor (IR) is a ??? receptor

A

tyrosine kinase receptor

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15
Q

Which transporter mediates facilitated diffusion of glucose into cell?

A

GLUT2 transporter

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16
Q

increased ??? influx stimulates glucose metabolising which leads to an increase in ATP, ADP and ???/???

A

NADH and NAD+

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17
Q

an increase in ??? in the cell or ??? inhibits the Katp channel

A

ATP or NADH

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18
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Closure of the K+ channel causes Vm to become more positive (depolarisation)

A

TRUE

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19
Q

depolarisation of Vm due to closure of K+ channel activates ??? Ca2+ channel in the ???

A

voltage-gated Ca2+ channels in the Plasma membrane

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20
Q

the activation of the ??? channel promotes influx, evoking Ca2+ induced ???

A

Ca2+ release

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21
Q

elevated [Ca2+] in the cell leads to ??? and release of ??? contained within secretory granules into the blood

A

exocytosis and release of insulin

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22
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Insulin directs post-absorptive processes

A

TRUE

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23
Q

Feedforward feedback is when neural ??? signal is sent to prime the ??? and is initiated from the brain via the ???

A

neural anticipatory sent to prime the control region, initiated via ANS

24
Q

anabolic processes ??? whilst catabolic processes ???

A

builds
breaks

25
Q

why must oxidation-reduction processes be controlled in the body?

A

so that there aren’t dangerous levels of heat

26
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Direct calorimetry: heat provides a measure of food energy composition as Kcalories

A

TRUE

27
Q

TRUE or FALSE Respiratory Quotient (RQ) is not a measurement for what type of fuel we predominantly burn

A

FALSE, it is

28
Q

Respiratory quotient is: (RQ= CO2/???)

A

(RQ= CO2/O2)

29
Q

what is measured by indirect calorimetry, resting or non-resting metabolic rate?

A

resting metabolic rate

30
Q

Basal Metabolic rate is the measurement of your ??? under different standardised conditions when you are awake

A

metabolism

31
Q

energy intake is intermitent or continuous in comparison to energy expenditure?

A

intermitent

32
Q

Transporter proteins such as ??? carry monosaccharides across intestinal cells to interstitial space and then onto bloodstream

A

Glucose transporter 5 and 2 (GLUT5, GLUT2) and Na+/Glucose Transporter 1 (SGLT1

33
Q

once lipids make it to cells, long chain fatty acids are converted into ???

A

triacylglycerides, phospholipids and esters of cholesterol in the SER

34
Q

TRUE or FALSE long chain fatty acids can enter bloodstream directly

A

FALSE only short chain fatty acids can

35
Q

Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) is a ???. These are exported from cell to endothelium, where they are held in reserve. When cell is triggered, LPL is triggered to push to ??? (this is usually stimulated by insulin), to breakdown circulating ??? for storage

A

group of proteins
cell membrane
triglycerides (fatty acids)

36
Q

what induces Lipoprotein lipase?

A

Insulin

37
Q

Amino acids exit basal membrane via ???

A

amino acid transporter

38
Q

Insulin in the liver promotes ???

A

glycogenesis

39
Q

insulin in the liver inhibits ??? and ???

A

glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

40
Q

TRUE or FALSE Glucose can enter the liver via GLUT2 transport which is insulin insensitive

A

TRUE

41
Q

??? secretion from pancreatic beta cell is stimulated by the presence of ??? and some amino acids

A

Insulin, glucose

42
Q

insulin in a muscle cell will promote ??? and inhibit ???

A

glycogenesis, glycogenolysis

43
Q

TRUE or FALSE: insulin in a muscle cell will promote:
Carb metabolism (glycolysis TCA, e-TC)
Lipogenesis (inhibits lipolysis)
Protein synthesis (inhibits proteolysis)

A

TRUE

44
Q

insulin in an adipocyte binds to ??? receptor, causing activation which recruits GLUT4 from vesicles in cell wall. This causes ??? to enter cell

A

Insulin Receptor
Glucose

45
Q

GLUT4 is insulin sensitive or insensitive?

A

insulin sensitive

46
Q

GLUT4 in adipocyte promotes ??? , lipogenesis , synthesis of lipoprotein lipase, inhibition of HSL

A

glycolysis

47
Q

HSL (hormone sensitive Lipase) initiates lipolysis whilst ??? inhibits lipolysis

A

insulin

48
Q

??? activates Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) enzyme
Breaks FFA from chylomicrons for storage/fuel

A

insulin

49
Q

when is lipoprotein lipase active?

A

after food intale

50
Q

Insulin receptor is a tyrosine ??? receptor

A

tyrosine kinase receptor

51
Q

what phosphorylates insulin receptor?

A

tyrosine kinase receptors

52
Q

TRUE or FALSE: lipolysis in adipocytes works the same as in muscle and liver, BUT protein kinase activates HSL

A

TRUE

53
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Hormone sensitive lipase is NOT a major determinants of circulating fatty acid concentration

A

FALSE, it is a determinant

54
Q

in the blood, fatty acids are transported by being bound to a carrier ??? eg albumin

A

protein

55
Q

does the CNS use fatty acids as a source of energy?

A

NO

56
Q

glucagon is secreted from pancreatic beta or alpha cells?

A

alpha

57
Q

glucagon induces fat oxidation in the liver by stimulating ??? stores in mitochondria which activates carnitine ??? protein

A

fatty acid
carnitine carrier protein

Physiology yr 2 (14 decks)

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