Metabolism

Question 1

cellular respiration from carbohydrates is when reactions complete the oxidation of ??? yielding ???, ???, and ATP

Answer 1

oxidation of glucose, fielding CO2, H2O and ATP

Question 2

Conversion of glucose to pyruvic acid is called

Answer 2

glycolysis

Question 3

polymerisation of glucose to form glycogen (glucose storage) is called

Answer 3

glycogenesis

Question 4

glycogenolysis is the hydrolysis of glycogen to ??? monomers

Answer 4

glucose monomers

Question 5

gluconeogenesis is the formation of ??? from ??? precursors

Answer 5

glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors

Question 6

krebs cycle is best described as the complete breakdown of ??? to CO2, yielding small amounts of ATP snd reduced coenzymes

Answer 6

breakdown of pyruvic acid

Question 7

Beta oxidation (lipids) is the conversion of ??? to acetyl CoA

Answer 7

fatty acids

Question 8

lipolysis occurs when lipids are broken down into ??? and ???

Answer 8

fatty acids and glycerol

Question 9

the formation of lipids from acetyl CoA and glyceraldehyde phosphate is called ???

Answer 9

lipogenesis

Question 10

??? is the transfer of an amine group from an amio acid to a-ketoglutaric acid which gets transformed into glutamic acid

Answer 10

transamination

Question 11

oxidative deamination is the removal of an ??? from glutamic acid as ammonia and regeneration of a-ketoglutaric acid

Answer 11

amine group

Question 12

in the liver, insulin promotes glycogenesis and inhibits ???

Answer 12

glycogenolysis

Question 13

GLUT2 doesn’t require ??? to move ??? into the cell

Answer 13

insulin to move glucose

Question 14

Insulin receptor (IR) is a ??? receptor

Answer 14

tyrosine kinase receptor

Question 15

Which transporter mediates facilitated diffusion of glucose into cell?

Answer 15

GLUT2 transporter

Question 16

increased ??? influx stimulates glucose metabolising which leads to an increase in ATP, ADP and ???/???

Answer 16

NADH and NAD+

Question 17

an increase in ??? in the cell or ??? inhibits the Katp channel

Answer 17

ATP or NADH

Question 18

TRUE or FALSE: Closure of the K+ channel causes Vm to become more positive (depolarisation)

Answer 18

TRUE

Question 19

depolarisation of Vm due to closure of K+ channel activates ??? Ca2+ channel in the ???

Answer 19

voltage-gated Ca2+ channels in the Plasma membrane

Question 20

the activation of the ??? channel promotes influx, evoking Ca2+ induced ???

Answer 20

Ca2+ release

Question 21

elevated [Ca2+] in the cell leads to ??? and release of ??? contained within secretory granules into the blood

Answer 21

exocytosis and release of insulin

Question 22

TRUE or FALSE: Insulin directs post-absorptive processes

Answer 22

TRUE

Question 23

Feedforward feedback is when neural ??? signal is sent to prime the ??? and is initiated from the brain via the ???

Answer 23

neural anticipatory sent to prime the control region, initiated via ANS

Question 24

anabolic processes ??? whilst catabolic processes ???

Answer 24

builds
breaks

Question 25

why must oxidation-reduction processes be controlled in the body?

Answer 25

so that there aren't dangerous levels of heat

Question 26

TRUE or FALSE: Direct calorimetry: heat provides a measure of food energy composition as Kcalories

Answer 26

TRUE

Question 27

TRUE or FALSE Respiratory Quotient (RQ) is not a measurement for what type of fuel we predominantly burn

Answer 27

FALSE, it is

Question 28

Respiratory quotient is: (RQ= CO2/???)

Answer 28

(RQ= CO2/O2)

Question 29

what is measured by indirect calorimetry, resting or non-resting metabolic rate?

Answer 29

resting metabolic rate

Question 30

Basal Metabolic rate is the measurement of your ??? under different standardised conditions when you are awake

Answer 30

metabolism

Question 31

energy intake is intermitent or continuous in comparison to energy expenditure?

Answer 31

intermitent

Question 32

Transporter proteins such as ??? carry monosaccharides across intestinal cells to interstitial space and then onto bloodstream

Answer 32

Glucose transporter 5 and 2 (GLUT5, GLUT2) and Na+/Glucose Transporter 1 (SGLT1

Question 33

once lipids make it to cells, long chain fatty acids are converted into ???

Answer 33

triacylglycerides, phospholipids and esters of cholesterol in the SER

Question 34

TRUE or FALSE long chain fatty acids can enter bloodstream directly

Answer 34

FALSE only short chain fatty acids can

Question 35

Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) is a ???. These are exported from cell to endothelium, where they are held in reserve. When cell is triggered, LPL is triggered to push to ??? (this is usually stimulated by insulin), to breakdown circulating ??? for storage

Answer 35

group of proteins cell membrane triglycerides (fatty acids)

Question 36

what induces Lipoprotein lipase?

Answer 36

Insulin

Question 37

Amino acids exit basal membrane via ???

Answer 37

amino acid transporter

Question 38

Insulin in the liver promotes ???

Answer 38

glycogenesis

Question 39

insulin in the liver inhibits ??? and ???

Answer 39

glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

Question 40

TRUE or FALSE Glucose can enter the liver via GLUT2 transport which is insulin insensitive

Answer 40

TRUE

Question 41

??? secretion from pancreatic beta cell is stimulated by the presence of ??? and some amino acids

Answer 41

Insulin, glucose

Question 42

insulin in a muscle cell will promote ??? and inhibit ???

Answer 42

glycogenesis, glycogenolysis

Question 43

TRUE or FALSE: insulin in a muscle cell will promote: Carb metabolism (glycolysis TCA, e-TC) Lipogenesis (inhibits lipolysis) Protein synthesis (inhibits proteolysis)

Answer 43

TRUE

Question 44

insulin in an adipocyte binds to ??? receptor, causing activation which recruits GLUT4 from vesicles in cell wall. This causes ??? to enter cell

Answer 44

Insulin Receptor Glucose

Question 45

GLUT4 is insulin sensitive or insensitive?

Answer 45

insulin sensitive

Question 46

GLUT4 in adipocyte promotes ??? , lipogenesis , synthesis of lipoprotein lipase, inhibition of HSL

Answer 46

glycolysis

Question 47

HSL (hormone sensitive Lipase) initiates lipolysis whilst ??? inhibits lipolysis

Answer 47

insulin

Question 48

??? activates Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) enzyme Breaks FFA from chylomicrons for storage/fuel

Answer 48

insulin

Question 49

when is lipoprotein lipase active?

Answer 49

after food intale

Question 50

Insulin receptor is a tyrosine ??? receptor

Answer 50

tyrosine kinase receptor

Question 51

what phosphorylates insulin receptor?

Answer 51

tyrosine kinase receptors

Question 52

TRUE or FALSE: lipolysis in adipocytes works the same as in muscle and liver, BUT protein kinase activates HSL

Answer 52

TRUE

Question 53

TRUE or FALSE: Hormone sensitive lipase is NOT a major determinants of circulating fatty acid concentration

Answer 53

FALSE, it is a determinant

Question 54

in the blood, fatty acids are transported by being bound to a carrier ??? eg albumin

Answer 54

protein

Question 55

does the CNS use fatty acids as a source of energy?

Answer 55

NO

Question 56

glucagon is secreted from pancreatic beta or alpha cells?

Answer 56

alpha

Question 57

glucagon induces fat oxidation in the liver by stimulating ??? stores in mitochondria which activates carnitine ??? protein

Answer 57

fatty acid carnitine carrier protein