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Physiology yr 2 > Cardiac system > Flashcards

Cardiac system Flashcards

1
Q

Transports O2, nutrients, substrates, endocrine hormones, ???, removes waste products, immune function via ???

A

neurotransmitters
specialised blood cells

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2
Q

TRUE or FALSE: the cardiovascular system aids in heat regulation due to shunting blood from deep to surface

A

TRUE

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3
Q

The CV system influences ??? which helps regulate BP and control HR, etc

A

fluid volume

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4
Q

Systolic pressure has highest or lowest BP in each cardiac cycle?

A

highest

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5
Q

distolic pressure has highest or lowest BP in each cardiac cycle?

A

Lowest

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6
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Pulse pressure: pulsation of blood propelled into the arteries following contraction of ventricle (systole)

A

TRUE

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7
Q

Mean Arterial Pressure is equal to Diastolic pressure plus ??? pulse pressure which is usually ~93mmHG

A

1/3 pulse pressure

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8
Q

Ohm’s law for hydrodynamics applies to blood flow drive as we have a pressure difference between two points (aorta and vena cava) that is equal to the product of the ??? multiplied by resistance

A

flow

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9
Q

Blood flow depends on the ??? i.e the main driving force as well as resistance (hindrance to flow, created by friction)

A

pressure gradient

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10
Q

TRUE or FALSE blood will still flow without a pressure gradient

A

FALSE

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11
Q

Hydrostatic pressure refers to the force exerted by a fluid pressing against a ??? (fluid force effected by gravity)

A

wall

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12
Q

Blood pressure is comprised of pressure generated by the heart and hydrostatic pressure which are dependant or indapendant of each other?

A

indapendant of each other

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13
Q

resistane/opposition to blood flow occurs in the ???

A

peripheral, called peripheral resistance

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14
Q

Is blood flow inversely proportional to changes in blood vessel length (when one goes up, the other goes down)?

A

yes

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15
Q

resistance depends on ??? of blood i.e the ??? is inversely proportional to blood flow

A

viscosity
viscosity

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16
Q

resistance to blood flow is dependant on ??? of a vessel, doubling the ??? = a 16 fold increase in flow

A

radius

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17
Q

Radius of a vessel is not kept ??? in the body

A

constant

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18
Q

viscosity and length are kept ??? in the body

A

constant

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19
Q

TRUE or FALSE: in reference to radius of a vessel and blood flow, aggregate flow (total flow in each vessel type) does NOT differ between types even though radius changes

A

TRUE

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20
Q

Serial arrangement (type of anatomical arrangement of vessel) ??? flow, but volume is ??? in serially arranged small vessels

A

reduces flow
velocity is increased

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21
Q

Parallel arrangement of a vessel ??? flow in parallel vessels (lower resistance)

A

increases

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22
Q

is when one vessel branches into many (=lower resistance from increased combined radius) parallel or serial arrangement?

A

parallel arrangement

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23
Q

is when you add sections which always results in increased resistance and reduce flow (increased vessel length) parallel or serial arrangement?

A

serial arrangement

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24
Q

what fibres give a blood vessel it’s rigidity?

A

elastic fibres and collagen (fibrous) fibres

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25
Elastic or collagen fibres allow the stretching and recoil of blood vessel walls?
elastic fibres
26
elastic or collagen fibres allow blood vessel walls to be less extensible and resist stretching?
Collagen (fibrous) fibres
27
circumferential change in blood dimensions is influenced by ??? (ACTIVE) and relaxed vessel but tension in wall resists pressure (elastin/collagen fibres) (PASSIVE)
smooth muscle
28
change in blood vessel dimensions is influenced also by blood pressure and ??? pressure
hydrostatic
29
transmural pressure when positive allows vessel expansion or collapse?
expansion
30
transmural pressure refers to the difference between the intravascular pressure (pressure in vessel) and ??? pressure (just outside vessel)
external pressure
31
External pressure refers to tissue pressure, muscle activation and interstitial ??? pressure
hydrostatic
32
intravascular pressure refers to ??? eg heart and hydrostatic pressure
Blood Pressure
33
compliance refers to the ease of ??? expansion with positive transmural pressure
vessel
34
when a vessel's walls are rigid, they are less or more compliant?
less compliant-- related to arterioles which are resistance vessels
35
arterioles are resistance vessels because they have lots of smooth muscle but minor ???
minor elasticity
36
elastic walled vessels are more compliant because the veins are ??? vessels and accept large blood volumes without increased pressure
capacitance
37
Zero compliance means that once a vessel is full, no more ??? can't be added BUT can handle high pressure due to full ???
no more volume added full resistance
38
Infinite compliance means that further ??? can be added to the vessel whilst simultaneously no pressure increase occurs eg veins
further volume can be added
39
Finite compliance means a bit of extra volume can be added but this causes a bit of extra ??? as walls of vessel distend
extra pressure
40
Conductance is the ability of a blood vessels to accept blood flow for a given ???
pressure gradient
41
for conductance, the greater the ??? the lower the blood vessel conductance occurs (i.e reduced blood flow)
greater the resistance = lower BV conductance
42
arterioles are low or high conductance vessels?
low conductance (resistance vessels)
43
veins are high or low conductance vessels?
high conductance as they are capacitance vessels
44
TRUE or FALSE: conductance influences blood volume distribution
TRUE
45
most blood volume resides in systemic veins, hence a change in vein diameter causes major impact on central blood volume and blood ???
pressure
46
blood volume distribution is roughly 85% systemic, 10% pulmonary and ???% in ???
5% in heart chambers
47
of the 85% systemic blood volume, 20% is arterial, 65% is venous, 10% pulmonary and 5% in ???
heart
48
TRUE or FALSE blood volume distribution in high and low pressure vessels = 15% in high pressure vessels, 80% in low pressure vessels
TRUE
49
Distension of vessels acts to absorb blood pressure, for example it smooths/lowers systemic pressure swings, lowers ??? pressure and sustains ??? blood flow
lowers systolic pressure sustains constant blood flow
50
peak flow distends ??? and downstream vessels, lowering systemic pressure and helping vessels withstand distension
the aorta
51
vessels absorb ??? during distension (systole) which returns to normal during diastole = constant blood flow (DISTENSION)
elastic energy
52
Vascular Smooth Muscle is found in arteries and arterioles, pre-capillary sphincters and ???
large veins
53
there is a proportional increase in VSM as arteries become ???, relative to elastic fibres/ tissue
smaller
54
myogenic tone refers to Vascular Smooth Muscle ???
activation
55
Vasoconstriction is when vessel diameter enlarges or becomes smaller?
becomes smaller
56
active constriction is an increase in ??? which causes vasoconstriction of vessels
myogenic tone
57
Vasodilation is when vessel diameter enlarges or decreases?
enlarges
58
vasodilation can be passive dilation which is when myogenic tone is ??? causing VSM relaxation which means vessel diameter becomes bigger
myogenic tone is reduced
59
vasodilation can be active dilation which is when VSM is stretched in some vessels, causing a big ??? in myogenic tone which causes a big increase in vessel diameter
big decrease
60
Vasoconstriction can lead to 20-50% decrease or increase in arterial diameter?
decrease
61
venoconstriction (constriction in veins) is less powerful than vasoconstriction but even 20% diameter constriction can mean ~650ml blood volume reduction or increase?
reduction
62
pre-capillary sphincters are smooth muscle rings that determine how much ??? goes into capillary beds. Mostly not ???, respond to changes in local tissue states
blood flow mostly NOT innervated
63
TRUE or FALSE: if reduce pre-capillary pressure(/resistance) and post-capillary pressure (/resistance) is increased, then capillary pressure rises and moves closer to arteriole pressure
TRUE
64
TRUE or FALSE: under normal conditions, pre-capillary resistance is more than post-capillary resistance, hence capillary pressure is more close to venous pressure
TRUE
65
TRUE or FALSE: when there is an increase in pre-capillary pressure or post-capillary pressure is decreased, capillary pressure moves closer to arteriole pressure
TRUE

Physiology yr 2 (14 decks)

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