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Physiology yr 2 > Cardiac system > Flashcards

Cardiac system Flashcards

1
Q

Transports O2, nutrients, substrates, endocrine hormones, ???, removes waste products, immune function via ???

A

neurotransmitters
specialised blood cells

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2
Q

TRUE or FALSE: the cardiovascular system aids in heat regulation due to shunting blood from deep to surface

A

TRUE

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3
Q

The CV system influences ??? which helps regulate BP and control HR, etc

A

fluid volume

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4
Q

Systolic pressure has highest or lowest BP in each cardiac cycle?

A

highest

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5
Q

distolic pressure has highest or lowest BP in each cardiac cycle?

A

Lowest

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6
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Pulse pressure: pulsation of blood propelled into the arteries following contraction of ventricle (systole)

A

TRUE

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7
Q

Mean Arterial Pressure is equal to Diastolic pressure plus ??? pulse pressure which is usually ~93mmHG

A

1/3 pulse pressure

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8
Q

Ohm’s law for hydrodynamics applies to blood flow drive as we have a pressure difference between two points (aorta and vena cava) that is equal to the product of the ??? multiplied by resistance

A

flow

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9
Q

Blood flow depends on the ??? i.e the main driving force as well as resistance (hindrance to flow, created by friction)

A

pressure gradient

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10
Q

TRUE or FALSE blood will still flow without a pressure gradient

A

FALSE

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11
Q

Hydrostatic pressure refers to the force exerted by a fluid pressing against a ??? (fluid force effected by gravity)

A

wall

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12
Q

Blood pressure is comprised of pressure generated by the heart and hydrostatic pressure which are dependant or indapendant of each other?

A

indapendant of each other

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13
Q

resistane/opposition to blood flow occurs in the ???

A

peripheral, called peripheral resistance

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14
Q

Is blood flow inversely proportional to changes in blood vessel length (when one goes up, the other goes down)?

A

yes

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15
Q

resistance depends on ??? of blood i.e the ??? is inversely proportional to blood flow

A

viscosity
viscosity

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16
Q

resistance to blood flow is dependant on ??? of a vessel, doubling the ??? = a 16 fold increase in flow

A

radius

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17
Q

Radius of a vessel is not kept ??? in the body

A

constant

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18
Q

viscosity and length are kept ??? in the body

A

constant

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19
Q

TRUE or FALSE: in reference to radius of a vessel and blood flow, aggregate flow (total flow in each vessel type) does NOT differ between types even though radius changes

A

TRUE

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20
Q

Serial arrangement (type of anatomical arrangement of vessel) ??? flow, but volume is ??? in serially arranged small vessels

A

reduces flow
velocity is increased

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21
Q

Parallel arrangement of a vessel ??? flow in parallel vessels (lower resistance)

A

increases

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22
Q

is when one vessel branches into many (=lower resistance from increased combined radius) parallel or serial arrangement?

A

parallel arrangement

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23
Q

is when you add sections which always results in increased resistance and reduce flow (increased vessel length) parallel or serial arrangement?

A

serial arrangement

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24
Q

what fibres give a blood vessel it’s rigidity?

A

elastic fibres and collagen (fibrous) fibres

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25
Q

Elastic or collagen fibres allow the stretching and recoil of blood vessel walls?

A

elastic fibres

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26
Q

elastic or collagen fibres allow blood vessel walls to be less extensible and resist stretching?

A

Collagen (fibrous) fibres

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27
Q

circumferential change in blood dimensions is influenced by ??? (ACTIVE) and relaxed vessel but tension in wall resists pressure (elastin/collagen fibres) (PASSIVE)

A

smooth muscle

28
Q

change in blood vessel dimensions is influenced also by blood pressure and ??? pressure

A

hydrostatic

29
Q

transmural pressure when positive allows vessel expansion or collapse?

A

expansion

30
Q

transmural pressure refers to the difference between the intravascular pressure (pressure in vessel) and ??? pressure (just outside vessel)

A

external pressure

31
Q

External pressure refers to tissue pressure, muscle activation and interstitial ??? pressure

A

hydrostatic

32
Q

intravascular pressure refers to ??? eg heart and hydrostatic pressure

A

Blood Pressure

33
Q

compliance refers to the ease of ??? expansion with positive transmural pressure

A

vessel

34
Q

when a vessel’s walls are rigid, they are less or more compliant?

A

less compliant– related to arterioles which are resistance vessels

35
Q

arterioles are resistance vessels because they have lots of smooth muscle but minor ???

A

minor elasticity

36
Q

elastic walled vessels are more compliant because the veins are ??? vessels and accept large blood volumes without increased pressure

A

capacitance

37
Q

Zero compliance means that once a vessel is full, no more ??? can’t be added BUT can handle high pressure due to full ???

A

no more volume added
full resistance

38
Q

Infinite compliance means that further ??? can be added to the vessel whilst simultaneously no pressure increase occurs eg veins

A

further volume can be added

39
Q

Finite compliance means a bit of extra volume can be added but this causes a bit of extra ??? as walls of vessel distend

A

extra pressure

40
Q

Conductance is the ability of a blood vessels to accept blood flow for a given ???

A

pressure gradient

41
Q

for conductance, the greater the ??? the lower the blood vessel conductance occurs (i.e reduced blood flow)

A

greater the resistance = lower BV conductance

42
Q

arterioles are low or high conductance vessels?

A

low conductance (resistance vessels)

43
Q

veins are high or low conductance vessels?

A

high conductance as they are capacitance vessels

44
Q

TRUE or FALSE: conductance influences blood volume distribution

A

TRUE

45
Q

most blood volume resides in systemic veins, hence a change in vein diameter causes major impact on central blood volume and blood ???

A

pressure

46
Q

blood volume distribution is roughly 85% systemic, 10% pulmonary and ???% in ???

A

5% in heart chambers

47
Q

of the 85% systemic blood volume, 20% is arterial, 65% is venous, 10% pulmonary and 5% in ???

A

heart

48
Q

TRUE or FALSE blood volume distribution in high and low pressure vessels = 15% in high pressure vessels, 80% in low pressure vessels

A

TRUE

49
Q

Distension of vessels acts to absorb blood pressure, for example it smooths/lowers systemic pressure swings, lowers ??? pressure and sustains ??? blood flow

A

lowers systolic pressure
sustains constant blood flow

50
Q

peak flow distends ??? and downstream vessels, lowering systemic pressure and helping vessels withstand distension

A

the aorta

51
Q

vessels absorb ??? during distension (systole) which returns to normal during diastole = constant blood flow (DISTENSION)

A

elastic energy

52
Q

Vascular Smooth Muscle is found in arteries and arterioles, pre-capillary sphincters and ???

A

large veins

53
Q

there is a proportional increase in VSM as arteries become ???, relative to elastic fibres/ tissue

A

smaller

54
Q

myogenic tone refers to Vascular Smooth Muscle ???

A

activation

55
Q

Vasoconstriction is when vessel diameter enlarges or becomes smaller?

A

becomes smaller

56
Q

active constriction is an increase in ??? which causes vasoconstriction of vessels

A

myogenic tone

57
Q

Vasodilation is when vessel diameter enlarges or decreases?

A

enlarges

58
Q

vasodilation can be passive dilation which is when myogenic tone is ??? causing VSM relaxation which means vessel diameter becomes bigger

A

myogenic tone is reduced

59
Q

vasodilation can be active dilation which is when VSM is stretched in some vessels, causing a big ??? in myogenic tone which causes a big increase in vessel diameter

A

big decrease

60
Q

Vasoconstriction can lead to 20-50% decrease or increase in arterial diameter?

A

decrease

61
Q

venoconstriction (constriction in veins) is less powerful than vasoconstriction but even 20% diameter constriction can mean ~650ml blood volume reduction or increase?

A

reduction

62
Q

pre-capillary sphincters are smooth muscle rings that determine how much ??? goes into capillary beds. Mostly not ???, respond to changes in local tissue states

A

blood flow
mostly NOT innervated

63
Q

TRUE or FALSE: if reduce pre-capillary pressure(/resistance) and post-capillary pressure (/resistance) is increased, then capillary pressure rises and moves closer to arteriole pressure

A

TRUE

64
Q

TRUE or FALSE: under normal conditions, pre-capillary resistance is more than post-capillary resistance, hence capillary pressure is more close to venous pressure

A

TRUE

65
Q

TRUE or FALSE: when there is an increase in pre-capillary pressure or post-capillary pressure is decreased, capillary pressure moves closer to arteriole pressure

A

TRUE

Physiology yr 2 (14 decks)

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