Efferent pathways to effectors- and arteriolar tone regulation cardiovascular

Question 1

the sympathetic vasoconstrictor pathway to blood vessel follows neurons from the medulla which project axons to the thoracic spinal cord. Pre-ganglionic symp. neurons synapse on the ??? trunk ganglion

Answer 1

sympathetic trunk ganglion

Question 2

short term regulation of blood pressure is triggered by both high and low ???

Answer 2

baroreceptors

Question 3

autoregulation of arteriolar tone: vascular smooth muscle creates myogenic. local flow modifications are induced by intra??? pressure changes

Answer 3

intravascular pressure changes

Question 4

intrinsic control of arteriolar tone from metabolism causing vasodilation or vasoconstriction? (i.e. increased tissue metabolism leads to increased blood flow)

Answer 4

vasodilation

Question 5

increased tissue metabolism leads to increased blood flow because cellular metabolism produces waste which is excreted through blood flow = intrinsic or extrinsic control of arteriolar tone?

Answer 5

intrinsic control

Question 6

thermal, local temp control is another way of intrinsic or extrinsic arteriolar tone?

Answer 6

intrinsic

Question 7

humoral intrinsic control of arteriolar tone refers to the paracrin substances released into ??? fluids

Answer 7

local fluids

Question 8

endothelial intrinsic control of arteriolar tone refers to substances released from vessel ??? straight into blood

Answer 8

endothelium

Question 9

Bradykinin is an endothelial intrinsic control of ??? tone formed in plasma and which binds to recepters expressed by endothelial cells, causing vasodilation.

Answer 9

arteriolar

Question 10

Nitric Oxide is an endothelial substance that acts on vascular smooth muscle cells causing vasodilation or vasocontraction?

Answer 10

vasodilation

Question 11

Adenosine is metabolic cause of vasodilation for intrinsic or extrinsic control of arteriolar tone?

Answer 11

intrinsic

Question 12

Histamine is released from local nerve terminals and immune cells, binding to receptors on vascular smooth muscle cells to cause vasodilation or vasocontraction?

Answer 12

vasodilation

Question 13

Extrinsic control of arteriolar tone is from autonomic NS and ???

Answer 13

endocrine system

Question 14

extrinsic endocrine control of arteriolar tone includes adrenal medulla releasing epinephrine and norepinephrine which adds to ??? tone

Answer 14

sympathetic

Question 15

extrinsic endocrine control of arteriolar tone includes anti-diuretic hormone release from posterior pituitary, causing body fluid retention (= increased BP) and vasoconstriction from binding to receptors on vascular ??? cells

Answer 15

vascular smooth muscle cells

Question 16

extrinsic endocrine control of arteriolar tone includes ADH release which causes increase blood pressure through ??? retention

Answer 16

body fluid retention

Question 17

angiotensin II is an endocrine extrinsic control of arteriolar tone that binds to receptors on vascular smooth muscle cells, causing vasoconstriction or vasodilation?

Answer 17

vasoconstriction

Question 18

intrinsic control of heart rate comes about from the ??? activity from SA node due to the current (Na+ causing hyperpolarisation)

Answer 18

pacemaker activity

Question 19

TRUE or FALSE: extrinsic control of heart rate maintains blood pressure, blood gas regulation and blood flow

Answer 19

TRUE

Question 20

TRUE or FLASE: parasympathetic NS has a much weaker influence on SA node than sympathetic NS.

Answer 20

FALSE: it has a much stronger influence on SA node

Question 21

bainbridge reflex: LPB sense increased filling of atria = increased blood pressure. triggers PNS to slow heart down. = tachycardia or bradycardia? also increases pressure to glomerulus to increase urination (lowers blood volume)

Answer 21

tachycardia