metabolic reactions Flashcards
glucose is converted to 2 pyruvate molecules in a series of 10 reactions
glycolysis
five energy requiring steps of glycolysis, 2 ATP invested, turned into DHAP, immediately turns into G3P
glycolysis 1
five energy releasing steps of glycolysis, 2 G3P are turned into 2 pyruvate molecules, 2 ATP and 2 NADH are produced
glycolysis 2
glycolysis 1 starts with glucose, ends with G3P, glycolysis 2 starts with G3P, ends with pyruvate. 2 pyruvate produced, 2 ATP, 2 NADH
glycolysis overall
contains transport protein (porin) that acts as a pore and is permeable to pyruvate through diffusion
outer membrane
contains pyruvate container that allows pyruvate to enter matrix, contains phospholipid cardiolipin making it impermeable to ions, important for e- transport chain
inner membrane
fluid filled space that becomes a H+ reservoir for ATP synthesis
intermembrane space
folding of inner membrane
cristae
enzyme rich fluid surrounded by inner membrane, where transition reaction and krebs cycle occur
matrix
pyruvate forms acetyl co-A, 2 NADH and 2 CO2 are formed
transition reaction
acetyl co-A goes in and 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP and 4 CO2 are formed
krebs cycle
made directly by phosphorylation of a phosphate group to ADP
substrate level phosphorylation
electron transport chain and atp synthase using oxidative phosphorylation
highest production of ATP in cellular respiration
NADH dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase, cytochrome complex, cytochrome oxidase
electron transport chain enzymes
ubiquinone, cytochrome
ETC electron carriers
pump H+ ions from matrix to intermembrane space, NADH dehydrogenase, cytochrome complex, cytochrome oxidase
ETC proton pumps
NADH and FADH2
ETC reduced coenzymes needed
diffusion of ions across a membrane
chemiosmosis
inner membrane impermeable to H+ ions, H+ ions pumped into intermembrane space during electron transport create proton gradient allowing H+ to flow through ATP synthase through diffusion synthesizing ATP from ADP and P during oxidative phosphorylation
proton motive force
coenzymes oxidized and donate electrons, component of the ETC is reduced
oxidation of electron carriers
oxygen
final electron acceptor
high energy electrons pass from one protein component in the chain to the next
movement of electrons
energy received allows proteins to pump hydrogen across the membrane so they can be pumped back across by ATP synthase, drives enzyme to synthesize ATP from ADP + P
movement of hydrogen ions
when electrons come to the end of the chain they combine with oxygen, which combines with hydrogen to form water
production of water
NADH enters ETC at NADH dehydrogenase, resulting in protons being pumped through all 3 proton pumps into intermembrane space, 3 ATP being formed
NADH from matrix reactions
FADH2 donated to ETC at the succinate dehydrogenase which then donates e- to ubiquinone, only through complex III and IV, two proton pumps, 2 ATP being formed
FADH2 from krebs cycle
NADH transported through membrane via oxidation reaction @ malate aspartate shuttle, e- used to reduce NAD+ to NADH, NADH donates its electrons to the ETC at NADH dehydrogenase resulting in 3 ATP being formed
complete cellular respiration NADH from glycolysis
NADH transported through membrane via oxidation reaction @ glycol-phosphate shuttle, e- used to reduce FAD to FADH2, FADH2 donates its electrons to ETC at succinate dehydrogenase which then donates electrons to ubiquinone resulting in 2 ATP being formed
incomplete cellular respiration NADH from glycolysis
38 ATP
complete cellular respiration
36 ATP
incomplete cellular respiration
set of metabolic reactions that convert biochemical energy into ATP and release waste
cellular respiration
chemical, mechanical and transfer work
ATP used for
electron carrier, NAD+ oxidized form, NADH reduced form
NAD+ oxidized form
