Carbohydrates Flashcards
all organisms store energy as ____
carbohydrates
carbohydrates contain C, H and O in a ratio of
1:2:1
general formula for carbohydrates
CnH2nOn
chain of carbon atoms with two or more hydroxyl groups attached to the chain, simple sugars
monosaccharides
monosaccharide classification
number of carbons, type of carbonyl group
name for monosaccharides w carbons 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
triose, tetrose, pentose, pentose, hexose, heptose
monosaccharide containing an aldehyde e.g. glucose
aldose
monosaccharide containing a ketone e.g. fructose
ketose
aldopentose, component of RNA
ribose
aldohexose, blood sugar + source of energy
glucose
alpha anomer
-OH bottom
beta anomer
-OH top
aldopentose, component of DNA
deoxyribose
aldohexose, bonds with glucose to form lactose
galactose
ketopentose, artificial sweetener
ribulose
ketohexose, fruit sugar
fructose
carbs containing aldehyde form ____ in water
hemiacetal
carbs containing ketones form ___ in water
hemiketal
carbonyl carbon, stereogenic centre
anomeric carbon
2 or 3 simple sugars attached by covalent bonds (glycosidic linkages)
oligosaccharides
two monosaccharides linked by a glycosidic linkage formed by a condensation reaction, e.g. maltose, sucrose, lactose
disaccharides
two glucose joined by α-1,4 glycosidic linkage found in grains, production of beer, product of starch digestion
maltose
α glucose joined together with a fructose by a α- 1,2 glycosidic linkage, table sugar
sucrose
β galactose joined with glucose by a β- 1,4 glycosidic linkage, found in milk
lactose
free -OH that was originally the carbonyl at the anomeric carbon, the carbonyl can now turn into a carboxyl -COOH
reducing sugar
carbonyl group on anomeric carbon is attached or linked
non reducing sugar
used to identify reducing sugars, blue alkaline solution that contains CuSO4
benedicts solution
indicates that it is a non reducing sugar
negative test (blue)
indicates that there is a reducing sugar
positive test (red, orange, yellow green)
cupric ion is reduced to cuprous ion by carbonyl group of reducing sugar to form cuprous oxide, the precipitate, which changes colour, carbonyl is oxidized to carboxylic acid
procedure for benedicts solution testing
complex carbs, long chains that may be straight or branched, energy storage and structural support
polysaccharides
polymer of glucose, plants use it for storage converting from excess glucose, amylose and amylopectin
starch
linear unbranched chains chains of α-glucose, α -1,4 glycosidic linkages, relatively easy to digest
amylose
branched chains of glucose, containing α -1,4 glycosidic linkages in the main branch and α - 1, 6 glycosidic linkages at branching points, harder to digest
amylopectin
excess glucose stored as ___ for animals, similar structure to amylopectin but more frequent shorter branches, α -1,4 glycosidic linkages and α - 1,6 glycosidic linkages, stored in muscle and liver cells
glycogen
straight chain polymer of β- 1,4 glycosidic linkages, hydroxyl at 1&4 carbons cause every other monomer to be inverted, difficult to digest, dietary fibre
cellulose
tight bundles used in cell walls of plants used for structural support
microfibrils
exoskeleton of insects/sealife and cell walls of some fungi, repeating units of N-acetylglucosamine, glucose with nitrogen groups
chitin
