Carbohydrates

Question 1

all organisms store energy as ____

Answer 1

carbohydrates

Question 2

carbohydrates contain C, H and O in a ratio of

Answer 2

1:2:1

Question 3

general formula for carbohydrates

Answer 3

CnH2nOn

Question 4

chain of carbon atoms with two or more hydroxyl groups attached to the chain, simple sugars

Answer 4

monosaccharides

Question 5

monosaccharide classification

Answer 5

number of carbons, type of carbonyl group

Question 6

name for monosaccharides w carbons 3, 4, 5, 6, 7

Answer 6

triose, tetrose, pentose, pentose, hexose, heptose

Question 7

monosaccharide containing an aldehyde e.g. glucose

Answer 7

aldose

Question 8

monosaccharide containing a ketone e.g. fructose

Answer 8

ketose

Question 9

aldopentose, component of RNA

Answer 9

ribose

Question 10

aldohexose, blood sugar + source of energy

Answer 10

glucose

Question 11

alpha anomer

Answer 11

-OH bottom

Question 12

beta anomer

Answer 12

-OH top

Question 13

aldopentose, component of DNA

Answer 13

deoxyribose

Question 14

aldohexose, bonds with glucose to form lactose

Answer 14

galactose

Question 15

ketopentose, artificial sweetener

Answer 15

ribulose

Question 16

ketohexose, fruit sugar

Answer 16

fructose

Question 17

carbs containing aldehyde form ____ in water

Answer 17

hemiacetal

Question 18

carbs containing ketones form ___ in water

Answer 18

hemiketal

Question 19

carbonyl carbon, stereogenic centre

Answer 19

anomeric carbon

Question 20

2 or 3 simple sugars attached by covalent bonds (glycosidic linkages)

Answer 20

oligosaccharides

Question 21

two monosaccharides linked by a glycosidic linkage formed by a condensation reaction, e.g. maltose, sucrose, lactose

Answer 21

disaccharides

Question 22

two glucose joined by α-1,4 glycosidic linkage found in grains, production of beer, product of starch digestion

Answer 22

maltose

Question 23

α glucose joined together with a fructose by a α- 1,2 glycosidic linkage, table sugar

Answer 23

sucrose

Question 24

β galactose joined with glucose by a β- 1,4 glycosidic linkage, found in milk

Answer 24

lactose

Question 25

free -OH that was originally the carbonyl at the anomeric carbon, the carbonyl can now turn into a carboxyl -COOH

Answer 25

reducing sugar

Question 26

carbonyl group on anomeric carbon is attached or linked

Answer 26

non reducing sugar

Question 27

used to identify reducing sugars, blue alkaline solution that contains CuSO4

Answer 27

benedicts solution

Question 28

indicates that it is a non reducing sugar

Answer 28

negative test (blue)

Question 29

indicates that there is a reducing sugar

Answer 29

positive test (red, orange, yellow green)

Question 30

cupric ion is reduced to cuprous ion by carbonyl group of reducing sugar to form cuprous oxide, the precipitate, which changes colour, carbonyl is oxidized to carboxylic acid

Answer 30

procedure for benedicts solution testing

Question 31

complex carbs, long chains that may be straight or branched, energy storage and structural support

Answer 31

polysaccharides

Question 32

polymer of glucose, plants use it for storage converting from excess glucose, amylose and amylopectin

Answer 32

starch

Question 33

linear unbranched chains chains of α-glucose, α -1,4 glycosidic linkages, relatively easy to digest

Answer 33

amylose

Question 34

branched chains of glucose, containing α -1,4 glycosidic linkages in the main branch and α - 1, 6 glycosidic linkages at branching points, harder to digest

Answer 34

amylopectin

Question 35

excess glucose stored as ___ for animals, similar structure to amylopectin but more frequent shorter branches, α -1,4 glycosidic linkages and α - 1,6 glycosidic linkages, stored in muscle and liver cells

Answer 35

glycogen

Question 36

straight chain polymer of β- 1,4 glycosidic linkages, hydroxyl at 1&4 carbons cause every other monomer to be inverted, difficult to digest, dietary fibre

Answer 36

cellulose

Question 37

tight bundles used in cell walls of plants used for structural support

Answer 37

microfibrils

Question 38

exoskeleton of insects/sealife and cell walls of some fungi, repeating units of N-acetylglucosamine, glucose with nitrogen groups

Answer 38

chitin