Cells

Question 1

polar head and a non polar hydrophobic tail region

Answer 1

phospholipids are made of

Question 2

made up of a polar group (choline), phosphate functional group, 3 carbon glycerol

Answer 2

polar head

Question 3

2 long fatty acid chains

Answer 3

non polar tail

Question 4

nonpolar, repels large objects that attempt to pass through

Answer 4

interior of phospholipid bilayer

Question 5

located in inner/outer layer, maintains membrane fluidity by limiting phospholipid packing, allows cell membrane to function at wide range of temperatures and rigidity

Answer 5

cholesterol molecules

Question 6

speed up biochemical reactions in the cell

Answer 6

enzymes

Question 7

only at surface of lipid bilayer, allow for cell to cell interactions

Answer 7

surface/peripheral proteins

Question 8

span the entire lipid bilayer, allow for movement of molecules by passive or active transport, proteins for signal transduction which allows for identification of chemical messengers, proteins for cell adhesion which allow for intercellular joining

Answer 8

transmembrane/integral proteins

Question 9

transport channels, carrier proteins, protein pumps & coupled channels

Answer 9

examples of transmembrane/integral proteins

Question 10

contain chains of carbohydrates on outer layer of cell membrane that are attached to surface, allow for cell to cell recognition and communication, cell identity markers for self recognition, enables immune cells to process antibodies

Answer 10

glycoproteins/glycocalyx

Question 11

attach to the cytoskeleton to provide anchorage and support

Answer 11

proteins attached to cytoskeleton

Question 12

chains of carbohydrates that are attached to lipid molecules embedded in the lipid bilayer, cellular recognition, cell connections and tissue formation as well as immune response

Answer 12

exterior glycolipids

Question 13

cell membranes are reinforced by a network of protein supporting fibres of cytoskeleton on inside of plasma membrane which are attached to transmembrane proteins in the lipid bilayer

Answer 13

network of supporting fibres

Question 14

phospholipids & components of the cell membrane, including proteins are able to drift sideways laterally, due to fluid consistency of phospholipid bilayer

Answer 14

fluid mosaic model

Question 15

moving from high to low concentration down the concentration gradient, no energy

Answer 15

passive transport

Question 16

random movement of molecules down the concentration gradient

Answer 16

diffusion

Question 17

cell membrane is a semi permeable membrane, small uncharged, hydrophobic molecules can move through

Answer 17

diffusion occurs bc

Question 18

water can move across semi-permeable membrane, doesn’t allow large/charged molecules (sugar, salt, amino acids, ions)

Answer 18

osmosis happens bc

Question 19

movement of water by diffusion across the phospholipid bilayer

Answer 19

osmosis

Question 20

lower concentration of solute

Answer 20

hypotonic solution

Question 21

equal concentration of solute and solvent

Answer 21

isotonic solution

Question 22

greater concentration of solute

Answer 22

hypertonic solution

Question 23

animal cell in hypotonic solution

Answer 23

lysed

Question 24

plant cell in hypotonic solution

Answer 24

turgid

Question 25

animal cell in hypertonic solution

Answer 25

shriveled

Question 26

plant cell in hypertonic solution

Answer 26

flaccid

Question 27

plant cell in an extremely hypertonic solution

Answer 27

plasmolysed

Question 28

water pressure

Answer 28

osmotic pressure

Question 29

help maintain cell structure, vacuole expands to hold excess water and cell wall maintains shape through rigidity and flexibility

Answer 29

cell wall + vacuole

Question 30

transmembrane proteins can transport molecules e.g. ions, salt and glucose to cross semipermeable membrane, down the concentration gradient more quickly than regular diffusion

Answer 30

facilitated diffusion

Question 31

transmembrane proteins, always open, tunnel for molecules to pass through

Answer 31

channel proteins

Question 32

through hydrophobic interactions, hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds etc. transmembrane/integral proteins change shape when right molecule is met, allowing it to pass through

Answer 32

carrier proteins

Question 33

transmembrane/integral proteins that are just for water allowing water to move more quickly than simple diffusion

Answer 33

aquaporins

Question 34

movement of materials against concentration gradient, requires energy e.g. from low to high or movement between equilibrium reached liquids

Answer 34

active transport

Question 35

when food is digested, carrier proteins must continue to absorb glucose even when glucose levels increase in intestinal cells

Answer 35

ex of active transport

Question 36

materials (ions, sugars, amino acids) moved to be stockpiled, ions e.g. Na, K are used to ensure cell functioning

Answer 36

why active transport is used

Question 37

ribose sugar attached to adenine base and three phosphates, bonds between phosphates are high energy bonds that are released when ATP is broken down into ADT (adenine triphosphate) and inorganic phosphate

Answer 37

ATP

Question 38

low internal concentration of Na, high internal concentration of K. Pumps 3 Na ions out of cell, then 2 K into the cell. Protein changes shape as it pumps ion similar to active site change and when ions are released, it returns to original shape

Answer 38

sodium potassium pump

Question 39

mitochondria and chloroplasts, 2 special transmembrane protein channels, 1st pumps protons outside of membrane, creating proton gradient higher on outside of membrane, protons move through second channel pump by diffusion, coupled with production of ATP

Answer 39

proton pump

Question 40

two transmembrane work together, one transports largest molecule, other is usually sodium potassium pump or proton pump, creates concentration gradient that target molecule links to Na or H across cell membrane

Answer 40

coupled channels

Question 41

kidney cell membrane contains sodium glucose that transports glucose accompanied by Na, concentration outside of kidney cell is high bc of sodium potassium pump, as Na diffused back into the cell through sodium glucose coupled channel bringing glucose w it

Answer 41

ex of coupled channels

Question 42

movement of large molecules into the cell requiring energy, cell membrane wraps around and engulfs it in a endocytic vesicle

Answer 42

endocytosis

Question 43

cell eating, particles/bacteria/viruses, engulfed and taken into cell in a vesicle

Answer 43

phagocytosis

Question 44

cell drinking, extracellular water contains solutes is taken in the cell in a vesicle

Answer 44

pinocytosis

Question 45

surface receptor proteins bind to specific molecules, collect into a pit coated with proteins called clathrin, pit forms a vesicle which enters the cell

Answer 45

receptor mediated endocytosis

Question 46

movement of large molecules out of the cell requiring energy, secretory vesicles form around a molecule, combining w cell membrane to release contents outside of the cell

Answer 46

exocytosis