Mental health Flashcards
What is the ideal way to sit with a patient
At a right angle to one another
Are white coats needed in psych
No they should not be worn because they can make the patient feel intimidated
How should you end an interview
Always end by asking the patient if they have any questions
Can patients access notes and information about themselves
Yes they can
What are the neurodevelopmental disorders
These are the psychiatric conditions that are diagnosed in childhood e.g. Intellectual disabilities, autism
What are the Schizophrenia spectrum disorders
This encompeses diseases like schizophrenia, delusional disorders and schizoaffective disorders
What are the bipolar and related disorders
These are the disorders that are related to dysregulations in the regulation of mood e.g. Bipolar mood disorders and cyclothymia
What are the depressive disorders
These are the disorders that have depressive symptoms like major depressive disorder and dysthymia
What are the anxiety disorders 4
These are the diseases where anxiety is experienced as the major disorder e.g. Panic disorders, phobias, social phobias and general anxiety disorders
What are the OCD conditions
There are diseases that involve some sort of compulsion e.g. OCD, body dysmorphic disease and Trichotillomania [Pulling out of hair]
What are the trauma and stressor related conditions
These are the disorders that are related to a significant previos stressor e.g. PTSD, Acute stress disorder and Adjustment disorder
What are the dissociative conditions
These are the conditions that are experienced as a result of a disconnect between thoughts and memories seen in conditions like Dissociative identity disorders and dissociative amnesia
What are somatic symptom disorders
This is where there is excessive thought that is given to physical symptoms e.g. illness anxiety disorder[hypochondriac], factitious disorder
What are the feeding and eating disorders
This is a group of condions like selective eating disorders, bulimia and anorexia
What are the elimination disorders
There are disorders that involve a person urinating or defecating in unusual or inappropriate places e.g. bed wetting
What are the sleep wake disorders
Narcolesy, breathing related sleep disorders and Hypersomnolence [Exessive daytime sleeping]
What are the sexual dysfunction disorders
These are conditions that affect desire[wanting to have sex] and arousal
What are the Disruptive impulse control and conduct disorders 4
These are a group of disorders that include disorders where there is a lack o impulse control and conduct. These are conditions like kleptomaina,Oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorders, ADHD
What are the neurocognitive disorders
These are the conditions that involve some sort of neurocognitive decline e.g. delirium and dementia
WHat are the main types of personality disorders
- Dependent
- Narcissistic
- Boarderline
- Paranoid
What are the paraphilic disorders
These are the disorders that contain recurrent urges of sexual behavior that are often distressing and can involve children, animals, inanimate objects and non consenting individuals
What are the medication induced movement disorders
There are movement related disorders that are caused by the medications that are used in psych
What are the 5 axis of the DSM 5
Axis 1: Mental health and substance use disorders
Axis 2: Personality and mental retardation
Axis 3: General medical conditions
Axis 4: These are the environmental and psychosocial issues
Axis 5: Overall functioning
What is the affect of a person
This is the externally observable features of a person’s emotions and feelings
What is meant by the range of affects
This is the wide range of things that a person can express on their face
What is the word used to describe normal people
Euthymic
What is meant by blunted affect
This is when there is hardly any emotional expression on the person’s face
What is a Labile affect
This is a person whos emotional state changes from happy to sad very rapidly
What are the 4 aspects under which thought can be assessed
- Rate and flow: This is how fast or slow the thoughts move through a patients mind
- Form: This refers to if the speech is clear and has a logical order with correct grammar
- Content: This involves what the person is thinking about
- Possession: This involves if the person feels in control of their own thoughts or can it be influence by others e.g. the patient can feel that others are reading their mind
What are some of the types of disturbances in form
- Tangentiality
- Neologism
- Perseveration
- Loosening of association
- Flight of ideas
- Clang of ideas
- Derailment
Tangentiality: Responding to questions with unrelated or only loosely connected answers, never addressing the original point.
Neologism: Creation of new, nonsensical words or phrases that hold meaning only to the speaker.
Perseveration: Repetition of the same word, phrase, or idea despite a shift in the conversation or context.
Loosening of Association: Disorganized thinking where ideas are disconnected or illogically related.
Flight of Ideas: Rapid, continuous speech with abrupt changes in topic, often seen in mania.
Clang Associations: Speech driven by rhyming or phonetic similarity rather than meaning.
Derailment: Sudden shifts in conversation that completely stray from the intended topic, resulting in incoherence.
What is meant by tangentiality
This is where the answer to a question is completely off the point of the question
What is neologism
This is where the patient uses words that do not exist
What is meant by preservation
This is where the patients answer to several different questions is the same answer
What is meant by loosening of association
This is where there is no clear or logical association from one word to another in a sentence
What is the definition of a delusion
This is a fixed false belief in the absence of proof
How would you classify a delusion
- Is it simple or complex [Simple does not have much detail whereas complex is very detailed]
- Is it bizarre or non- bizarre [A bizarre delusion is within human reason and a non- bizarre is outside] e.g. someone in a squatter camp can not have lots of money and so non- bizarre
- Theme e.g. someone who thinks that they are rich has a grandiose delusion
What is a hallucination
This is a sensory preconception that occurs in the absence of simulation and involves all 5 senses
What is an illusion
This is a misconception about a real sensory input e.g. a coat in the dark is a person
What is depersonalisation
This is where there is a detachment form ones real self
What is derealisation
This is where things or people around you seem unreal
What is the diagnosis here:
A patient says he hears the neighbors down the road speaking about him when he is in his bedroom. He believes that they are poisoning the drinking water destined for his ho
non bizarre delusions with a persecutory theme and auditory hallucination
What is the diagnosis here:
A patient says she is the most beautiful women in Africa because aliens are directing special beauty energy to her via the planet Venus. She says she can smell the fragrance of roses whenever this happens which is four times a day
Bizarre delusions with a grandiose theme with olfactory hallucinations
A patient says she has been feeling very sad and tearful for three months and her affect is also observed to be depressed. She often thinks that she will be better off if she were dead. There is no recent stressor or bereavement
Major depression
What is meant by transference
This is the transfer of feelings about one person to another e.g. you project your feelings about someone onto other people
What is countertransference
This is where the therapists project their own feelings or biases onto the patient e.g. a therapist with an alcoholic father might be more angry at an alcoholic patient
What is the difference between psychoanalytic therapy and interpersonal therapy
Interpersonal therapy is a short term treatment model that focuses on patients that are depressed by focussing primarily on the previous and current relationships whereas psychoanalytic theory focuses on on past forces that dictate current emotion
What is behavioral theropy
This is where there will be modification of a particular behaviour over time through exposure to the triggering item
What is cognitive behavioral theory
This is theropy that targets specific patterns of negative thoughts about self and the world to alter unwanted patterns of behavior
What is meant by group theropy
This is theropy that is done by several individuals that share a common problem
How do antipsychotic drugs function
They act to block dopamine receptors in the brain
What is the difference between the typical and the atypical antipsychotic drugs
The typical drugs block dopamine and the atypical drugs block both dopamine and seratonin
What is the main side effect of typical and atypical antipsychotics
- Typical: These have severe symptoms related to movement disorders
- Atypical: These have metabolic side effects that cause weight gain
What are mood stabilisers
Mood stabilisers are drugs that are used to treat both depressed and manic poles of the mood
What are the 2 major classes of mood stabilisers
Lithium and anticonvulsant medications
What is the problem that mood stabilisers can have in pregnancy
They are teratogenic
How do antidepressants work
They act on preventing the monoamine uptake receptors for serotonin and noradrenaline
What are the 4 classes of antidepressant
- Tricyclic antidepressants
- Monoamine oxidase inhibitors
- SSRI
- SNRI (Serotonin noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors)
How do benzodiazepines work
They work by affecting GABA transmission. They cause sedation and work to decrease anxiety
What is the common pathway that causes abuse of psychoactive substances in the brain
Mesolimbic dopamine pathway
What are the stimulants in substance abuse
There are drugs that induce the feeling of euphoria e.g. Cocaine and amphetamines
How do the stimulants work
They increase the central action of dopamine and both decrease and increase the central and peripheral action of noradrenaline
WHat is a hallucinogen/empathogen/psychotomimetics
These are a range of drugs that cause hallucinations and increase interpersonal feelings e.g. LSD, Psilocybin, MMDA
What is the mechanisms of hallucinogens
They mediate the central action via dopamine and noradrenaline
What are sedative hypnotics
They bring about a calm feeling similar to benzos, these include drugs like Mandrax
What are Hydrocarbons and volitile substances and how are they used
These are inhaled solvents like glue that cause giddy delirium
What does Phencyclidine do to the body
Causes hallucinations and psychotic reaction
What is the developmental approach to child psychology
This is were children are compared to those that are around them to see if their development is on par with everyone else
What is meant by age appropriate methods in interviewing the child
This is where the interview is done in the presents of toys or while colouring to make the child feel comfortable
What was the first typical antipsychotic that were discovered
Chlorpromazine, Haloperidol and trifluoperazine
What are the atypical antipsychotic drugs
Risperidone, Clozapine and Olanzepine
What are the anticonvulsants that are used to stabilize mood
Carbamazepine, sodium Valproate and Lamotrigine
What is the potenically life treating complication of Clozapine
Agranulocytosis
What are 3 examples of tricyclic antidepressants
Amitryptiline, Imipramine and Clomipramin
What is the compont that monoamine oxidase enzymes break down
And what is the side effect of having too much of it
Tyramine is a potent vasopressor and a hypertensive crisis could develop with the risk of a stroke if it accumulates in the blood
What are some common SSRI
Fluoxetine[Prozac],Paroxetine, citalopram and sertraline
What is an example of a SNRI
Venlafaxine
What are 3 examples of benzodiazepines
Diazepam, clonazepam, lorazepam
What examples of non benzodiazepine sedative drugs
Zolpidem and Zopiclone
